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Use commas to set off all introductory adverb clauses and to set off internal adverb
clauses that interrupt the flow of a sentence.
 adverb clause = a clause that tells when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under
what conditions.
 EX: Before I took the test, I studied for hours.
 EX: Since the concert had already started, we had to wait in the lobby.
 EX: David, after he had been accepted into the program, threw his hat into the air
and whooped!
Generally, do not set off an adverb clause at the end of a sentence unless the clause is
parenthetical or it would be misread without the comma.
 EX: Dad was disappointed because he had to miss my softball game.
Use commas to set off an antithetical phrase.
 antithetical phrase = words such as not or unlike qualify what precedes it
 EX: Melanie, unlike her brothers, enjoys sports.
Use commas to set off titles when they follow a person’s name.
 EX: Donald Trump, president of the United States, lives at the White House.
Use commas after the various parts of an address, a geographical term, or a date.
 Imlay City High School is located at 1001 Norlin Dr., Imlay City, MI 48444.
 Abraham Lincoln was shot on April 14, 1865, and died the next morning.
A comma is NOT used when only the month and the day or the month and the year
are given.
 EX: In July 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia.
 July 4 has become the American national holiday.
Use commas to set off the parts of a reference that direct the reader to the exact
source.
 Please turn to Act III, Scene ii, of Romeo and Juliet.
 You’ll find the answer to that question in Part Three, Chapter 89, page 768.
Use commas to set off words or names used in direct address.
 Dad, may I borrow the car this weekend, please?
 Listen, my darling child, you may not have a snack before dinner time.
Use commas to set off a tag question.
 These notes are really long, aren’t they?
 It’s okay because we love grammar, right?

Place a comma after the salutation of an INFORMAL letter and after the closing of ALL
letters.
 EX: Dear Uncle Alex,
 EX: Dear diary,
 EX: Love,

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Use a comma after a short introductory prepositional phrase ONLY IF the sentence
would be misread without the comma.
 EX: In the barn, cats hunt for mice. (Otherwise it would sound like “barn cats.”)
 EX: In the barn we store hay and farm equipment.
Use a comma after a LONG prepositional phrase or after the final phrase in a
succession of phrases.
 To find a prepositional phrase:
o Identify the preposition word (EX: in, for, with, to, from, by).
o Say with attitude, “Preposition WHAT?”
o Answer = object of the preposition
o Preposition + object = prepositional phrase
 EX: At the bottom of the painting in the first room, I saw the artist’s signature.
(three prepositional phrases in a row)
Use commas to set off introductory participles and participial phrases.
 A participle is a VERB THAT ACTS AS AN ADJECTIVE. In other words, it’s not the
verb of the sentence but rather a description of a noun or pronoun.
 EX: Singing, the protesters marched down the street.
 EX: Scampering quickly across the road, the groundhog avoided the car.
Do NOT use a comma if the phrase is immediately followed by a verb.
 EX: At the bottom of the painting in the first room was the artist’s signature.

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Use commas to set off participles, infinitives, and their phrases if they are NOT
ESSENTIAL to the meaning of the sentence.
 EX: A customer, complaining loudly, stepped up to the counter.
 I have no idea, to be honest, what you would like for a graduation present.
Use commas to set off a nonessential adjective clause.
 A nonessential clause can be considered an extra clause because it gives optional
information about a noun.
 EX: Atlanta, which is the capital of Georgia, is the transportation center of the
Southeast.
DON’T set off an essential adjective clause.
 EX: People who are afraid of heights don’t like to look down from balconies or
terraces.
Use commas to set off an appositive if it is NOT ESSENTIAL to the meaning of the
sentence.
 EX: Nelson Mandela, the former president of South Africa, was freed from a South
African prison in 1990.

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Place a comma between the main clauses in a compound sentence.
 What is a “main clause”?
o A main clause is a sentence that can stand alone. It expresses a full thought
and is a complete sentence.
 What is a “compound sentence”?
o A compound sentence is one that has two main clauses joined together with a
FANBOYS conjunction.

 F- for
 A- and
 N- nor
 B- but
 O- or
 Y- yet
 S- so
Examples:
 I am not going to the concert, for I am too busy.
 Many prospectors searched for years, but others found gold at once.
 Lindy wanted her own guitar, so she started saving all of her paper-route income.
Do not use a comma if what comes after the conjunction is NOT a complete sentence.
Examples:
 I love to read books and write short stories.
o “write short stories” cannot stand alone, so there is NO COMMA after “books.”

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Place a comma between coordinate adjectives that precede a noun.
 What is a coordinate adjective? They describe a noun equally; in other words,
reverse their order or put the word and between them. If the sentence still sounds
natural, the adjectives are coordinate.
 EX: Popeye is a playful, affectionate, intelligent cat.
 EX: Popeye is an affectionate, intelligent, playful cat.
 EX: Popeye is an intelligent, playful, affectionate cat.
DON’T use a comma between adjectives preceding a noun if the adjectives sound
unnatural with their order reversed or with and between them. In general,
adjectives that describe size, shape, age, and material do NOT need to be separated
by commas.
 EX: Jelani grew up in a small white frame house.
 EX: Jelani grew up in a white frame small house. → This sounds wrong and weird!
Therefore, commas are not necessary between these adjectives.

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Archetype: An archetype is a pattern or model that gets repeated in various stories. It serves as the basis for different, but related, versions of character, plot, or theme.
Examples: Trickster character, Origin stories, Tragic hero character, Love stories, Epic Hero Cycle.
Who Is the Hero?: Usually the hero will have some sort of remarkable birth or upbringing
Folktale hero: Ordinary person who may have had a difficult childhood (stepchild or neglected). Exceptionally kind, clever, or resourceful.
Sometimes helped by people, animals, or magical being.
Mythic hero: Possibly unaware of origins and raised by foster parents, superhuman strength, powers.
Six Elements of the Epic Hero Cycle.
1)The Call: The call invites the hero into the adventure (quest). The hero may choose to undertake the quest or he may be dragged into it unwillingly. There is often a guide or a "helper" throughout the journey.
2)The Threshold: Once called to the adventure, the hero must pass over the threshold. This is the "jumping off point" for the adventure. Once past the threshold, the hero enter a world filled with challenges and dangers.
3)The Tests:The hero begins the journey into the unknown. He will face a series of challenges or temptations.
4)Into the Abyss: This is the lowest point and greatest challenge of the journey. The hero must face his greatest fear, alone. Once the hero conquers the abyss and overcome his fears, he is transformed (death and rebirth). He has a sudden dramatic change in the way he thinks or views life (revelation).
5) The Atonement: After the hero has been transformed he goes on to achieve atonement. This means he is "at one" with his new self. He grows and becomes a better person.
6) The Return: This is the final stage of the journey. It is the return to everyday life. The hero has some new gift or skill (riches, strength, leadership, understanding, etc).

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Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series (list).
 EX: A chair, a table, a lamp, and a sofa were the room’s only furnishings.
 EX: The cat ran into the room, across the floor, and up the curtain.
 EX: Skim the section titles, study the picture captions, and make a note of any
boldface terms.
The comma before the and is called the SERIAL or OXFORD COMMA. Some grammar books
say that this comma is optional; however, for the sake of your sentence’s clarity, you should
always use it.
 UNCLEAR: Bob, Joe and Tim are ready. {Are all three ready or is this a direct
address to Bob?}
 CLEAR: Bob, Joe, and Tim are ready.
When all items in a series/list are connected by conjunctions, no commas are necessary.
 EX: It was a hot and sunny and humid day in July.
 EX: I want red or black or orange or purple.
Nouns that are used in pairs to express one idea are usually considered single units and
should not be separated with commas. If such pairs appear with other nouns or groups of
nouns in a series, however, they must be set off from the other items in the series/list.
 EX: thunder and lightning, table and chairs, bread and butter
 EX: My favorite breakfast is toast, bacon and eggs, and tomato juice.

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When a pronoun is followed by an appositive, chose the
case of the pronoun that would be correct if the
appositive were omitted.
o EX: We beginners hope to learn fast.
o EX: We beginners hope to learn fast.
 Use the nominative case for a pronoun that is an
appositive to a subject or a predicate nominative.
o Nominative case: I, he, she, we, they
o EX: The producers, Mrs. Singh and she, have raised
enough money. (appositive to a subject)
o EX: The leads will be two sophomores, Liam and
she. (appositive to a predicate nominative)
 Use the objective case for a pronoun that is an
appositive to a direct object, an indirect object, or an
object of the preposition.
o Objective case: me, him, her, us, them
o EX: The director rehearsed the leads, Liam and
her. (appositive to a direct object)
o EX: The prompter gave the minor actors, Barbara
and me, our cues. (appositive to an indirect object)
o EX: Fancy costumes went to the dancers, Keesha
and him. (appositive to the object of a preposition)

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An appositive is a noun or a pronoun that further identifies or
names another noun or pronoun.
o My younger sister Alex is a German teacher.
o My daughter, Hadley, has blond hair and blue eyes.
 An appositive phrase is the appositive along with any modifiers
(words that describe).
o Alex, my younger sister, is a German teacher.
o We rented bicycles to ride through that area, the most
charming part of town.

 If an appositive or appositive phrase is NOT necessary to the
meaning of the sentence, it is set off with commas.
o Susan’s husband, John, is a mechanical engineer.
 If you must have the appositive or appositive phrase to keep the
meaning of the sentence clear, then do not use commas!
o My neighbor Terry is very kind and helpful.

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Scout Finch (narrator):
Is a Female, she is the main character who is looking back at memories of her childhood. The youngest, and is six years old, she can read but hasn't started school. Jean louise is her real name. She is a tomboy in a way and dislikes when Jem and Dill they say she is "acting like a girl"
Jem Finch:
Is a Male, He is the brother of Scout Finch, Jem is 4 years older then scout and he is 10 years old. Broke his arm. (At 13 years). Loves to play football
Dill Harris:
Dill comes to Maycomb in the summer to visit his aunt Miss Rachel, From Mississippi. Is seven years old and likes to read. divorced parents? small
Atticus Finch
The father of Scout Finch, and Jem Finch, He works as a attorney's and as well representative in state leg. He acts the same in the house and outside.
Arthur "Boo" Radley:
Got into trouble as a teenager. Was on house arrest and stabbed his dad with scissors. He might be crazy.
Uncle Jack:
Is a doctor and Atticus's younger brother. And lives in Boston. Has a weird relationship  with Miss Maudie
Aunt Alexandra:
Atticus's sister, lives at a family farm.
Calpurnia
She was a cook and maid and looks for the kids, she is black. She been with them since the day Scout was born.
She was skinny and near sighted.
Mrs. Dubose
Was described as plain hell, is old
Mr. Radley:
Is very strict and mean, dies
Mrs Radley:
Nathan Radley:
Older brother, replaces his fathers place. Son of Mr and Mrs Radley
Rachel Haverford: aunt of Dill and lives next door
Stephanie Crawford: The neighborhood scold and gossips.
Walter: He is in Scouts grade, he seems to be poor because of the great depression, Is shy at most times.
Ewells: They are the ones being trial, they seem to not care about the law and their education. Describe as very rude and mean fellows.
Miss Maudie: Is very peaceful and loves taking good care of her garden.

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For decades, To Kill a Mockingbird was the only novel author Harper Lee ever published
In July of 2015, her long-awaited novel Go Set a Watchmen was published
This novel was written first and can be read as a "first draft" for To Kill a Mockingbird
This novel takes place when Scout, The main character in TKAM, Is grown up and a young woman.
Go Set a Watchmen was submitted to publishers in 1957; however, Lee's editor asked for a rewrite that focused on Scout's childhood. Harper Lee based the novel on some of her own childhood experiences. Harper Lee grew up in the 1930's in a rural southern Alabama town and this setting is the same for Scout Finch's childhood. Both in Harper Lee's father and Scouts father are both attorneys who served in the state legislature. Harper Lee's mother maiden name was Finch. In the book Scouts family last name is Finch. At the age of six there was a story on the newspaper that Harper Lee used in her story but with slight differences. The real trial and the trial in the story are both very similar, they both take place in the 1930's in Alabama, as well what happened during the trial and throughout are as well very similar even when they find out when the woman who accused the man about false rape was a lieing.

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What does “nominative case pronoun” mean?
o If you use a pronoun (= replaces a noun) in a
sentence as a SUBJECT or PREDICATE
NOMINATIVE, then it is a nominative case
pronoun.
CASE SINGULAR
PRONOUNS

PLURAL
PRONOUNS

FUNCTION
IN
SENTENCE

NOMINATIVE I, you, he, she,
it

we, you, they

Subject,
Predicate
nominative

 EXAMPLES:
o He and I are going to the movies.
 Subject of the sentence
o Ronnie and she are cousins.
 Subject of the sentence
o The winner of the race is she!
 Predicate nominative

 Hint: Often you can “hear” the correct answer (which
pronoun should you choose?), but double check your
work!

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Summary: Emily was girl that's dies and the town explain how she is a tradition and they start with the story of Emily. She starts to meet a man named Homer and they become good friend and she has feeling for him but find he is gay and poisons him and keeps him in her bed upstairs and sleeps with the body, she later dies and the town are very eager to know what's inside and when they do they find the rottening body that's been in her bed since the day she killed him
Literary devices: The foreshadowing of Emily getting a lot of expensive jewelry with Homers initials on them and it made it seem they were gonna get married but they don't because he is dead in her attic.

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The Minister's Black Veil By: Nathaniel Hawkthrone

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The Minister's Black Veil By: Nathaniel Hawkthrone

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Summary: The minister ends up one day with a black veil and the town is very afraid and confused on why he is wearing this veil. They never seen his face after the one day of having this veil on. This veil makes him lose his all his friends, as well he grows old still with this black veil on  and they tell him to take it off but he doesn't. He dies and it ends up he never made a sin but trying to show a message to the town but the people never understood it.
Literary devices: The figurative language which they talked about someone looking like the sun, this show the very descriptive details that make the story better and not so boring.

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There is two men who are sworn enemies during a day hunting in a forest. They were planning to fight and kill each other but a tree falls on both of them. They end up becoming friends and later wolves appear and they end up getting killed by the wolves.
Literary devices: Symbolism was the flask because they weren't friends before the tree fell on them being forced to help each other.

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The specific details shows the scenes well and makes the story be a type of movie in your head.
The summary: A nameless narrator one day gets very intoxicated and ends up cutting one of the cats eye out. He hangs the cat which name is pluto, and on that same day his house burned down. The narrator finds another cat who he feels is after him. The cat one day almost trips the man and with anger he got a bat and swinged but the blow killed his wife instead. Getting more angry about that he gets a axe and goes for his wife's head and turns around for the cat but was gone, He bury's his wife in a wall and the cops find out about it and he gets arrested for her murder.

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There are ACTION verbs and LINKING verbs.
o Linking verbs show a state of being rather than an
action.

 Linking verbs include:
is, was, am, are, were
look, feel, taste, sound, smell,
grow, remain, seem, turn, become,
appear, stay.
 Think of a linking verb as an EQUAL SIGN.
o Subject = (linking verb) = __________________
o What comes after the linking verb is either…
 Predicate nominative (noun or pronoun)
 Predicate adjective

 Examples:
o Hannah is a girl on the cross country team.
o Hannah (subject) = _________________
o girl – predicate nominative
o This school is always freezing!
o This school (subject) = __________________
o freezing – predicate adjective

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What does "objective case pronoun" mean?
If you use a pronoun (= replace a noun) in a sentence  as an object, then it is an OBJECTive case.
Case: Singular pronouns
Objective: me, you, her, him, it.
Case: Plural pronouns
Objective: us, you, them
Case: Function in sentence
Objective: DO, IO, or object of preposition
Examples: This secret needs to stay between you and me.
Object and preposition
Please give him the book.
IO
I really miss them.
DO
Hint: Often you can "hear" the correct answer ( which pronoun...especially with objects of a preposition!

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Direct objects (DO) and indirect objects (IO) are found only in action verbs.
Direct object: Use the formula to find the DO
Subject + verb + what?=DO
Ex:Sandy+ ate+ what?
Do= Cookie
Indirect Objects: In order  to find a IO, you must find the DO first!
The IO will always be located between the verb and the DO. If It's not in that spot , you didn't find IO.
Use this formula to find IO:
Subject + verb + DO + to/for what/whom?= IO
Ex: John gave Sandy a cookie.
(First find DO)- John + gave + what?
DO=Cookie
John + gave  + cookie +  to whom?
IO= Sandy
Sandy is located between the verb gave and DO cookie.

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To find a prepositional phrase, follow these steps: Locate the preposition in the sentence. (EX: in, to for, with,by)
Say "PREPOSITION WHAT?" with attitude. (EX: In what?)
The answer is the object of the preposition.
Add it together like a formula:
Preposition + object = Phrase
Example: Over the river and through the woods to Grandmother's house we go!
Over what? (the river = object) over the river

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Mr Nutty: A very distraught and confused man who has a type of nerve disorder. He is very new to many surroundings.

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The attitude the writer takes towards a subject or characters.

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The main idea expressed in a literary work; it give insight bout human life.

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Any object, person, place, or action that has a meaning in itself and that also stands for something larger than itself.

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A comparison between two unlike things using words such as like or as.

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Than is used to introduced the second part of a comparison; then means "at that time" or "in that case." Use then to finish the second part of an If statement.
EX: Imlay City High School is better than Capac High School. (Comparison)
It is better to study than to fail a quiz. (Comparison)
Ex: If it rains today , then the soccer game will be canceled. (If Statement)
We ate lunch and then washed the dishes. (time)
Ex: "Ah, but i was so much older then, I'm younger than that now" --Bob Dylan

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The time and place in which the events of a story,novel, or play occur; the setting often helps create an atmosphere or mood.
Setting is not just physical; it includes ideas,customs, values, and beliefs of a particular time and place

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The build up of events or suspense in a story.

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The outcome of the conflict in a play or story

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The vantage point from which a narrative is told. (First, second, or third.)

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The sequence of events or happening in a literary work.

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A state of mind or feeling established by a written piece.

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A comparison between two unlike things(DOESN'T use like or as)

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The kind of writing that tells a story, real or imagined.

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Verbal irony- a contrast between what is stated and what is really meant
Situational irony- a contrast between what is expected to happen and what actually does happen.

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Language that appeals to the senses (sight, touch, smell, taste, and sound)

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The use of hints or clues to suggest what action is to come.

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A scene in a short story, novel, or play that interrupts the action to show an event that happened in an earlier time.

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All of the action in a play/story that follows the climax.

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The kind of writing that is intended to present information at the beginning of a story.

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The audience knows something that the character does not.

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Character vs. character- involves a conflict between people
Character vs. society- involves a conflict between an individual and larger group
Character vs. nature- involves a conflict between an individual and the natural world
Character vs. self- involves characters' psychological conflicts with themselves.

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That point of greatest emotional intensity, interest or suspense in a narrative.

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The personality a character displays; also, the means by which an author reveals that personality
Direct- the author gives specific details about the character's appearance and personality
Indirect- the reader infers the character's personality through clues, such as conversation's with other characters

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Indefinite pronouns that end in -one or -body are singular. Do not use their or they with those pronouns.
Instead use he/she or his/her.
Ex: anyone/anybody
someone/somebody
everyone/everybody
Ex: Everyone ate his or her lunch in the cafeteria.