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"Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945." Library of Congress, LOC,

www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/

timeline/depwwii/race/.

Lynch, Hollis. "African Americans." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia

Britannica, inc., 11 May 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/African-American/

African-American-life-during-the-Great-Depression-and-the-New-Deal.

Accessed 22 Aug. 2018.

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Pg.100:

"Calpurnia's hands went to our shoulders and we stopped and looked around: standing in the path behind us was a tall negro woman. Her weight was on one leg; she rested her left elbow in the curve of her hip, pointing at us with upturned palm. She was bullet-headed with strange almond-shaped eyes, straight nose, and an Indian-bow mouth. She seemed even seven feet high. I felt Calpurnia's hand dig into my shoulder. 'What you want, Lula?' she asked, in tones I had never heard her use. She spoke quietly, contemptuously. 'I want to know why you bringin' white chillun to n----- church.' 'They's my comp'ny,' said Calpurnia. Again I thought her voice strange: she was talking like the rest of them."

This passage can relate to the Brown vs Board where when an inappropriate human tries to enter an area where he/she is not supposed to be, a person can be seen disrespectful or rude since the territory was strong and did not allow any of the opponents to mix.

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Pg.63:

"With this in mind, I faced Cecil Jacobs in the schoolyard next day: 'You gonna take that back, boy?' 'You gotta make me first!' he yelled. 'My folks said your daddy was a disgrace an' that n----- oughta hang from the water-tank!'

This passage clearly shows how people around Atticus were opposing not only against Atticus himself, but also his relatives. This may suggest how people were really resistant and showing their hostility toward those with different ideas and perception.

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Pg.63:

‘If you had been on that jury, son, and eleven other boys like you, Tom would be a free man,’ said Atticus. ‘So far nothing in your life has interfered with your reasoning process. Those are twelve reasonable men in everyday life, Tom’s jury, but you saw something come between them and reason. You saw the same thing that night in front of the jail. When that crew went away, they didn’t go as reasonable men, they went because we were there. There’s

something in our world that makes men lose their heads – they couldn’t be fair if they tried. In our courts, when it’s a white man’s word against a black man’s, the white man always wins. They’re ugly, but those are the facts of life.’

‘‘Doesn’t make it right,’ said Jem stolidly. He beat his fist softly on his knee. ‘You can’t just convict a man on evidence like that – you can’t.’

in this passage, atticus is talking to the judge about how he was a good man in not taking race as a factor when it came to justice. Atticus points out how the judges were very reasonable in everyday life, but when it came to the court and segregation, they were blinded, and therefore in atticus’s opinion they made the wrong decision. This shows that some reasonable men back then know that racism is wrong and has no factor whatsoever when it comes to truth, but then it was still taken as law that a white man’s words were superior to a black one’s. This points out the growth of wisdom, and how racism was known by some to be wrong, but was still reinforced like law.

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Even though racial segregation caused Maycomb to have restrictions such as separate racial areas or biased jury in court, not much has changed in the coming years after the release of To Kill a Mockingbird.

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Question

How did segregation and racial bias against African Americans take form during the mid 1900s?

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The following year he presented a speech during the Washington March, he received a nobel peace prize, acknowledging his braveness.

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1963, Aug 28th, In front of Lincoln Museum, Martin presented a speech toward the African Americans.

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- Not allowed to be involved in politics
- Having no access to public facilities

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Although the exclusion laws were not generally enforced, they had their intended effect of discouraging black settlers. The 1860 census for Oregon, for example, reported 128 African Americans in a total population of 52,465. In 2013, only 2 percent of the Oregon population was black.

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1929, 10.24
- 1/4 of the citizens lost their jobs
- Decreasing value of investment/stocks
- Fluctuating economy

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To reduce foreign competitors.
But eventually, reduced trade therefore making it unbalanced.

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Led to decline in production since manufactures and merchandisers noticed an unintended rise in inventories.

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Black received less aid than the whites

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The Great Depression of the 1930s worsened the already bleak economic situation of African Americans. They were the first to be laid off from their jobs, and they suffered from an unemployment rate two to three times that of whites. In early public assistance programs African Americans often received substantially less aid than whites, and some charitable organizations even excluded Blacks from their soup kitchens.

This intensified economic plight sparked major political developments among African Americans. Beginning in 1929, the St. Louis Urban League launched a national "jobs for Negroes" movement by boycotting chain stores that had mostly Black customers but hired only white employees. Efforts to unify African American organizations and youth groups later led to the founding of the National Negro Congress in 1936 and the Southern Negro Youth Congress in 1937.

Virtually ignored by the Republican administrations of the 1920s, Black voters drifted to the Democratic Party, especially in the Northern cities. In the presidential election of 1928 African Americans voted in large numbers for the Democrats for the first time. In 1930 Republican Pres. Herbert Hoover nominated John J. Parker, a man of pronounced anti-Black views, to the U.S. Supreme Court. The NAACP successfully opposed the nomination. In the 1932 presidential race African Americans overwhelmingly supported the successful Democratic candidate, Franklin D. Roosevelt.

The Roosevelt administration's accessibility to African American leaders and the New Deal reforms strengthened Black support for the Democratic Party. A number of African American leaders, members of a so-called "Black cabinet," were advisers to Roosevelt. Among them were the educator Mary McLeod Bethune, who served as the National Youth Administration's director of Negro affairs; William H. Hastie, who in 1937 became the first Black federal judge; Eugene K. Jones, executive secretary of the National Urban League; Robert Vann, editor of the Pittsburgh Courier; and the economist Robert C. Weaver.

African Americans benefited greatly from New Deal programs, though discrimination by local administrators was common. Low-cost public housing was made available to Black families. The National Youth Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps enabled African American youths to continue their education. The Works Progress Administration gave jobs to many African Americans, and its Federal Writers Project supported the work of many Black authors, among them Zora Neale Hurston, Arna Bontemps, Waters Turpin, and Melvin B. Tolson.

The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), established in the mid-1930s, organized large numbers of Black workers into labour unions for the first time. By 1940 there were more than 200,000 African Americans in the CIO, many of them officers of union locals.

The industrial boom that began with the outbreak of World War II in Europe in 1939 ended the Depression. However, unemployed whites were generally the first to be given jobs. Discrimination against African Americans in hiring impelled A. Philip Randolph, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, to threaten a mass protest march on Washington. To forestall the march, scheduled for June 25, 1941, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 banning "discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government" and establishing a Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) to investigate violations. Although discrimination remained widespread, during the war African Americans secured more jobs at better wages in a greater range of occupations than ever before.

In World War II as in World War I, there was a mass migration of Blacks from the rural South; collectively, these population shifts were known as the Great Migration. Some 1.5 million African Americans left the South during the 1940s, mainly for the industrial cities of the North. Once again, serious housing shortages and job competition led to increased tension between Blacks and whites. Race riots broke out; the worst occurred in Detroit in June 1943.

During the war, which the United States had entered in December 1941, a large proportion of African American soldiers overseas were in service units, and combat troops remained segregated. In the course of the war, however, the army introduced integrated officer training, and Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., became its first African American brigadier general. In 1949, four years after the end of World War II, the armed services finally adopted a policy of full integration. During the Korean War of the early 1950s, Blacks for the first time fought side by side with whites in fully integrated units.

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African Americans - Great Depression, New Deal, Struggles

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African Americans - Great Depression, New Deal, Struggles: The Great Depression of the 1930s worsened the already bleak economic situation of African Americans. They were the first to be laid off from their jobs, and they suffered from an unemployment rate two to three times that of whites.

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The great depression affected all groups of Americans. As long as some whites were out of the economy, most of the African Americans were fired from their jobs.

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Race During the Great Depression - American Memory Timeline- Classroom Presentation | Teacher Resources - Library of Congress

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The problems of the Great Depression affected virtually every group of Americans. No group was harder hit than African Americans, however. By 1932, approximately half of black Americans were out of work. In some Northern cities, whites called for blacks to be fired from any jobs as long as there were whites out of work.