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The Great Smog of London: "65 years on from the Great Smog nothing has changed. We're still choking"

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The Great Smog of London: "65 years on from the Great Smog nothing has changed. We're still choking"

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https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/05/smog-day-warning-18000-die-london-great-smog-1952-air-pollution

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Sarah & Aldian 11C

Source: https://www.nps.gov/articles/george-washington-and-the-cherry-tree.htm

Summary of Article:

The story goes that when Washington was six years old, he received a hatchet as a gift, after which he promptly went and cut down his father’s favorite cherry tree. When his father found out about it, he was understandably angry and confronted his son, asking if he had done it, to which little George replied that yes, indeed, he had done it. And with those brave words, father’s anger melted away and he embraced his son, exclaiming that his honesty was worth more than a thousand trees. This was the story mentioned in Mason Locke Weems or Parson Weems’ book about the life of washington, Parson Weems was a minister and a itinerant bookseller. He published the book on 1800 which became an immediate bestseller that cemented Washington’s legendary status.

KQ:

To what extent can we speak of validity when it comes to claims made in history?

AOK:

History

KF:

Concepts and Language: the conspiracy theories or myths are made based on imagination and stories available. Because it is a myth, the language used in conveying those ideas and theories must be convincing enough so that people would actually take it for granted and believe it.

WOK:

1. Imagination

2. Language

3. Emotion

KC:

1. George Washington had wooden teeth and he was so strong he could throw a silver dollar across the Potomac or that he wore a wig

2. He chopped down a cherry tree when he was a boy and told his dad the truth about it

3. When Washington was six years old, he received a hatchet as a gift, after which he promptly went and cut down his father’s favorite cherry tree

4. Washington’s admission of guilt was proof that his public greatness was due to his private virtues, to which anyone could aspire and would follow

5. People view him as their first national heroes

Link Between KQ & Article:

The KQ states how believed myths are impacting people’s beliefs today. This KQ and article are related because the article is talking about George Washington childhood in which he claims that he cuts down a cherry tree when he was six years old. He tells his dad the truth about it, he realised his mistake and say sorry to his dad. While the knowledge question “to what extent can we speak of validity when it comes to claims made in history?” tells us more about how truthful and valid is an information and claims made in history. And also How far are all the claims made in history can be trust. This is a question that people are debating about the myth that George Washington cut down a cherry tree when he was 6 years old.

Link Between KQ & KC:

As the KQ stated on how far does myths influence the beliefs of individuals, the KC listed states how believed historical events still affect individuals today. Our KCs claims that believed myths in the past can positively affect people's mental and emotional health. Washington’s admission of guilt was proof that his public greatness was due to his private virtues, to which anyone could aspire and would follow. A majority of people who have heard this story or myth could tend to be more of a person who are much more honest. This myth could possibly exist for the sake of passing on a lesson to the children when told.

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Why 90 Percent of Danish Jews Survived the Holocaust 

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Why 90 Percent of Danish Jews Survived the Holocaust 

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Blakemore, E. (2019). Why 90 Percent of Danish Jews Survived the Holocaust. [online] HISTORY. Available at: https://www.history.com/news/wwii-danish-jews-survival-holocaust [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019]

Summary
During the second world war, there was a warning about the Nazis trying to wipe out the jewish population of Denmark. However, the people of Denmark helped warn their Jewish neighbors, friends and family. With that, the Jewish population in Denmark fled Copenhagen and left to Sweden who was neutral. With the help of the Danes 90 percent of Danish Jews were safe. The people of Denmark were still able to save most Danish Jews from the holocaust (only 51 people did not survive). As the article states, it was all thanks to “ordinary people”. It is important to note that Denmark’s government negotiated with the Nazis after the Nazis/German forces invaded Denmark and the Nazis did comply, respecting their rules as well as their neutral position in the war. However, Danish workers started to sabotage the war efforts, showing resistance towards the Nazis. The Nazis told the Denmark’s government to have harsh curfews, forbid public assemblies as well as to have the saboteurs go through death sentence, Denmark refused causing the Nazis to establish a martial law and targeting Danish Jews, leading to the event of the evacuation.

AOK
History
KQ
"What role does ethics have in justifying a group of people's or an individual's actions in history?"

KC
- The event happened when the holocaust was in full swing all across Europe
- Due to the Danish Government not agreeing to the Nazis demands (harsh curfews, forbid public assemblies as well as to have the saboteurs go through death sentence), the Nazis established a martial law and targeted the Danish Jews
- With the help of Danish citizens, many Danish Jews were able to evacuate to Sweden or went into hiding
- There were people showing resistance to the Nazis that were in Denmark
- Only 51 Danish Jews did not survive the holocaust

KF
Language:
The article was written in a way that they were glorifying the Danish citizens only.

Link (Article to KQ)
The article states that there were people calling Jew house holds and also warning their Jewish neighbors warning them about the Nazis that night and the holocaust. For a large number of Danish citizens to help with this, of course the people had to have a similar moral compass/ethics to know that what their doing is right and know that they are helping lives, knowing that the holocaust had bad intentions to it, if they did not then the citizens would have just let the holocaust play out.

Link (KQ to KC)x
The KQ relates or is linked with the KCs because there were actions that a group of people and/or individuals did because they believe it was the right thing to do as they have their own ethics. Like how Danish citizens helped Danish jews escape from the holocaust, the citizens that helped must have shared the same ethics and justified (either to each other or themselves) that what they were doing was right.

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Bernita & Dion
link: https://www.thejournal.ie/propaganda-nation-how-north-korea-spreads-its-message-309343-Dec2011/#slide-slideshow12

Summary: The article is about how North Korean government spread propaganda to the North Korean citizens through their daily life activities. One of the most significant way of spreading propaganda was by limiting the access of internet and television broadcast show. To replace internet, North Korean government provides censored intranet access called the “Kwangmyong”. For the TV broadcast, it only begins after 5 p.m. unless there is emergency news such as Kim Jong Il’s death. The news are packed with messages portraying the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea as an idyllic paradise. Moreover, the TVs and radios are distributed without tuning features as they are all pre-tuned under the approval of the government. Aside from that, the only source of news provided for the North Korean citizens is the “Korean Central News Agency” which provides a series of daily press statements governing the news agenda for that day. With complete control of what the citizens hear and see, the government spread the image that their nation is idyllic being targeted by other nations as a result of envy. The United States is the main target for this propaganda as the North Korean government regularly send image to their citizens that the “imperialist” US is attacking imminently. However, the government always reassure the public that the North Korea’s military will offer easy retaliation.

KQ: To what extent is the information spread by north korean government to their people is reliable enough in telling the truth about the rest of the world?

KC:

North Korean government blocks access to internet, instead they offered censored intranet called “Kwangmyong”

TV broadcast only begins after 5 p.m. unless there is emergency news

TV broadcasts, newspapers, and radio broadcasts are packed with messages portraying the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea as an idyllic paradise

The country uses “Democratic People’s Republic of Korea” instead of “North” as the prefix

Some electronics like radio and TV, are pre-tuned to the tune of a song glorifying Kim Jong Il and the North Korean government

North Korean government regularly send image to their citizens that the “imperialist” US is attacking imminently. However, the government always reassure the public that the North Korea’s military will offer easy retaliation.

AOK: - History= the information told is the past and part of the history today

-Ethics= the information told are not ethical to people outside of north korea since some information are not truthfully told.

WOK:

Language= The North Korean government uses language to manipulate their citizens and twists information to create an image that North Korea is the greatest and most beautiful nation in the world.

Link of article to KQ: the article is about how the informations and messages about north korea and the outside world is delivered inside the north korean government to their people. The article is related to KQ because the article contains the types of information being told to north korean citizens and what the information is through posters, banners etc. from this information, the answer of the KQ is based on how and what the people will get and think on the messages given form the north korean government.

Link of KC to KQ: The KQ questioned how reliable is the North Korean government in terms of telling the truth about the rest of the world to their citizens. And the KC gave us pictures of how the North Korean government spreads propaganda and covers the real truth of the world to their citizens. Based on the KC, they used varieties of ways to manipulate information and twist facts.

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The Great Smog of London: 65 years on from the Great Smog nothing has changed. We're still choking

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The Great Smog of London: 65 years on from the Great Smog nothing has changed. We're still choking

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Valerie & Sharlyne 11L
SOURCE
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/05/smog-day-warning-18000-die-london-great-smog-1952-air-pollution

SUMMARY
A ground-breaking anti-pollution laws were being passed in London due to the toxic of Great Smog of London for the past 65 years. It has descended on 1952. However, the air still hasn’t cleared, causing more than one person per hour dies prematurely from a range of conditions such as asthma, emphysema, and congestive heart failure. Sadiq Khan (The mayor of London), has called for a new Clean Air Act that would eternalize a right to clean air. Lancet Commission on pollution and health, points out that air-quality improvements doesn’t only save lives, but creates other benefits. Every $1 that has been invested over nearly half a century in the US to improve the air quality has resulted estimated $30 in additional benefits. About 200 countries are in the process of negotiating a series of resolutions on pollution at the United Nations, and cities around the world are being encouraged to be part of the  UN Environment's Breathe Life campaign to clear their air to meet health targets by 2030.

KNOWLEDGE QUESTION
To what extent does natural science in historical events affects individual’s emotion?

KNOWLEDGE CLAIM

Air pollution has made many people suffer to death.

The Great Smog is known to be the worst air-pollution event in the history of the United Kingdom

Clean Air Act movement was created by one of the mayor of London to reduce the massive amount of air pollution in UK.

Progress on air pollution is already being made in many places around the world.

According to Mark Jacobson at Stanford University, shifting to 100% renewable energy by 2050 would prevent 90 million premature deaths

65 years on from the toxic Great Smog of London that descended on 5 December 1952, the air above the UK still hasn’t cleared.

KNOWLEDGE FRAMEWORK
Historical Development: How our understanding about the impact of the Great London Smog has developed / changed over time.

AOK

History: The information found in the article is a part of today’s history. The Great Smog is known to be the worst air-pollution event in the history of the United Kingdom.

Natural sciences: air pollution is a part of nature. The information found in the article also provides evidence and reason that is related with natural sciences.

WOK

Emotion: The historical event that is being told in the article has made individuals show their empathy / concern towards the environment in London at that time by creating a movement to reduce the massive amount of air pollution present in certain area.

Reason: The side effects of the historical event became the reason for individuals to take action in creating a better future.(ex. Reducing air pollution)

LINK ARTICLE TO KQ
This KQ is about how natural science that happened in an historical event like the Great London Smog has influenced and allow people to express their emotion by showing empathy about what happened, and take action in order to create a better environment that is free from air pollution. This KQ and the article were related since the article discussed about several eco-friendly movements that has been done by some individuals to improve the environment by decreasing the amount of air pollution. The article also shows some example of future plans that different individuals had already think of to help decrease the amount of air pollution.

LINK KQ TO KC
Our KQ stated how individual’s emotion has been affected by the natural sciences that has happened in the Great London Smog as one of the historical event. While our KCs listed the actions done by some individuals that could be because they were expressing their emotion by showing empathy. Our KC claims how individuals are trying to show their empathy by taking actions that could help to decrease the massive amount of air pollution that has been hunting a lot of victims from the Great London Smog.

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Ryan & Ernest

Summary

September 11,2001 marks the day of greatest disaster in American history. 19 incorporated terrorist by a group called Al Qaeda hijacked  4 commercial airplanes and use those airplanes as a tool for suicide against targets in the US. Two planes hit the twin tower directly in the north and south section. The other two planes hit Pentagon and a field in Pennsylvania respectively. Osama bin Laden was the mastermind behind this tragic attack. The reason behind this attack is because there’s a dislikeness of the terrorist organization towards the America’s support of Israel, involvement in Persian Gulf War and military presence in Middle East. Almost 3,000 people were killed in that tragedy giving an incentive to the US Government to eradicate terrorism and defined the presidency of George Bush.

KQ:

To what extent does sense perception and emotion impact the way terrorism is viewed?

KC:

Because of this tragedy, it’s an incentive for the US Government to eradicate terrorism and defined the presidency of George Bush.

CC:

Yet still to these days, terrorism is still part of the US territory, because let’s get it right, the US are actually indirectly involved with the terrorism group (ISIS) and they supply weaponries to them so they’re able to 🤬 and torture innocent people, so how can the US actually eradicate terrorism when in reality, they are involved with the terrorism group so there would be end to this case.

AOK:

History

WOK:

Sense perception

Emotion

Link article to KQ:

The attack of 9/11 is one of the most remembered terrorist attack. The attack killed almost 3000 people. This kind of event will definitely be impactful to people around the world and will view terrorism differs based on what they heard, saw, and felt during the attack. These senses can impact how people view the attack and terrorism since it is such a huge event and people can’t comprehend something like that.

Link KQ to KC:

People and the government view the 9/11 attack as a horrible terrorist incident. The people, mainly the government, by viewing the incident  with their senses and emotion leads them to believe that more precautions should be taken into account. The government are more wary of future possible terrorist attempt such as this one. Also since the attack was very big, the US government protects and tries to defend against terrorism more vigorously their emotion such as fear brought them to become more prepared against terrorist.

https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/9-11-attacks

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Holocaust survivors’ 70 years of trauma: ‘I could cry nonstop, even now’

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Holocaust survivors’ 70 years of trauma: ‘I could cry nonstop, even now’

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Nana & Marcia 11C https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11370513/Holocaust-survivors-70-years-of-trauma-I-could-cry-nonstop-even-now.html

Summary of Article:

This is a testimony from Freddie Knoller, who survived the worst horrors of the Holocaust during World War 2. He began by sharing about the Bergen-Belsen camp. Bergen-Belsen camp had only one tap with water but they had no food. Knoller dug around in the ground for roots to eat and there were people around him who collapsed and died with hunger. Cannibalism was common. The then 22-year-old Jewish Austrian spent more than a year in Auschwitz concentration camp before he was sent on the notorious Death March, to walk 20 miles through snow and ice to another camp in Gleiwitz. After his liberation in 1945, he refused to tell even a word of his story. For the next 35 years, the horrors he saw went unsaid. Knoller suffered from nightmares and often woke in the night with great fear and panic, believing he was back in Auschwitz. He tried to ignore the nightly horrors, until one night, his two daughters finally persuaded their father to speak about what happened. He related every detail of his tragic youth and from that night on, the nightmares stopped.

Another survivor was Eve Kugler. In the late 1930s her parents sent her to a children’s home in France, hoping she would be safer there. But Kugler can remember nothing of the SS guards who stormed her house, the misery of saying goodbye to her mother, or the two week-long voyage across the Atlantic. All she remembers is getting off the ship and arriving in America. She said she didn’t feel whole. Hitler robbed her memory and childhood. Kugler had no recollection of life in 🤬 Germany. When Kugler was almost 50 she finally asked her mother to explain what had happened. She said it felt like she was hearing the story of someone else’s life. Kugler is now 84 years old, and in the past few years she’s visited the places in Germany and France where she spent the first decade of her life. She said she can feel the trauma and terror of the Nazis. Dementia is quite often when the mechanisms used to suppress trauma break down and people suddenly start remembering distressing things from a long, long time ago.

KQ:

How far does brutal historical events influence the emotions of individuals?

AOK:

History

KF:

1. Methodology: Relies on testimonies and stories.

2. Historical Development:

3. Concepts and Language: Language used to write the history

WOK:

1. Memory: eyewitness testimony, re-remembering and oral memories used to express individual’s emotions as a result of the historical events.

2. Emotion: scarred by past experiences (???)

KC:

1. People that happened to experience something brutal might suffer from PTSD.

2. The trauma could last a long time without proper therapy.

3. Survivors often suffer from nightmares and become anxious

4. Studies of the general population show a definite increase in the incidence and prevalence of mental disorders from brutal historical events.

5. Groups of people like women, children, and elderly could be more vulnerable to unstable emotions after experiencing brutal history.

6. The use of cultural and religious coping strategies is frequent in developing countries.

Link Between KQ & Article:

The KQ states how brutal historical events are impacting people’s emotion. This KQ and article are related because the article is talking how the brutal events that happened during holocaust is causing them nightmares, anxiety, and panic attack even years after the event has occurred. The article also describes two perspectives of the survivors. The trauma that the survivors have is caused by an overwhelmingly negative event that causes a lasting impact on the victim's mental and emotional stability.

Link Between KQ & KC:

As the KQ stated on how far does history influence the emotions of individuals, the KC listed states how brutal historical events might impact individuals. Our KCs claims that cruel events in the past can negatively affect people's mental and emotional health. Due to cruel events in the past, people might suffer disorders like PTSD and might suffer from nightmares and anxiety attack as a result from the trauma. Groups of people like women, children, and elderly could be more vulnerable to unstable emotions after experiencing brutal history because they needed protection from men during those horrifying moments but instead the the Nazis (men) were the ones that did all the violence and abuse. The women, children and elderly might’ve felt very powerless that time which caused the trauma until now.

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THE KOREAN WAR
https://www.history.com/topics/korea/korean-war

SUMMARY: The Korean War a major historical event that occurred in the 1950s. The 3-year old war lasted from June 25th of 1950 to July 27th of 1953. The war was first declared to be an official event ever since North Korea (allied with China and the USSR) invaded the South (Allied with the United States and every other United Nations Country at that certain timeframe). Within the 3 years of bloody war and conflict between the two sovereign states, the two armies would invade each other over and over again before the middle of 1953. The war would soon end when an armistice was signed by both sovereign states in 1953. However, since a peace treaty was not signed, the two countries would remain separated for a long amount of time.

KQ: To what extent does both side's perspective hinders us from the truth of the Korean war?

NEW KQ: to what extent does both side's perspective manipulate the truth and history of the Korean war ?

how does people's perspective manipulate the truth in the history of the Korean war ?

KC:
- The Korean War is mainly between North Korea, with the support of Russia and the Chinese, against South Korea, with the support of the US

CC: As most of the world’s country has grown to be more democratic, North Korean remained a communist state. Despite a armistice being signed, the North Korean state remained somewhat shut from the outside world, the North Korean government took advantage of the North Korean Citizens with the works of heavy propaganda to keep the following citizens in the same mindset (looking the United States as the ultimate national enemy) for decades, millions of North Koreans  still believe that the war should have ended differently, with north successfully invading the South.

AOK: History, Human Sciences

WOK: Reason, Emotion

LINK ARTICLE TO KQ: since war always have both sides to it, with  both sides being opposing to each other, how can those two perspective change other people opinions and the journalists. the article is about a war which both sides argue that one is better. whilst trying to find out the truth / what is happening, perspective play a part to changing the truth.

LINK KC TO KQ:
our KC is linked to the KQ as they are knowledge that has been proofed correct and that it has a major influence on the Koreans and to the countries supporting them.

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https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/10/20/qa-was-china-behind-the-sept-30-1965-failed-coup.html

SUMMARY

Decades have passed and Indonesians are keen to debate what exactly happened on the fateful night of Sept. 30, 1965 and during the months-long communist purge that followed.
Foreign Ministry spokesperson Arrmanatha Nasir told the press that the documents needed fact-checking. Meanwhile, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) historian Asvi Warman Adam said the declassification of the US files could push the Indonesian government to pay more attention to the 1965 massacre, which remains a sensitive topic.The documents reveal, among other things, that the US was aware of the killings, which began in October 1965 and resulted in 100,000 deaths of suspected PKI members and supporters by mid-December of that year. The intelligence included information on the key role of the Army and religious parties and organizations in the purge, as well as tidbits on who was actually behind the Sept. 30 movement, shedding some light on the rumored Chinese involvement.

AOK

History

WOK

Sense perception

Emotion

KNOWLEDGE CLAIMS

On Sept. 30, 1965, six Army generals were kidnapped, murdered and buried in Lubang Buaya, Jakarta.

PKI was blamed for the failed coup attempt,

The PKI was disbanded and communism and Marxist/Leninism as an ideology were banned.

Telegram 1516 from the US Embassy in Jakarta to the secretary of state on Nov. 20, 1965 revealed that US officials knew that PKI supporters and members killed in the large-scale Army-led purge had no role in the Sept. 30 movement.

Telegram 222 from the US consul general in Hong Kong to the US Embassy in Jakarta dated April 27, 1966 confirmed that Chinese involvement in the Sept. 30 movement was a hoax.

An article published in the Army’s newspaper, Angkatan Bersendjata, on April 25 linking Chinese leader Mao Zedong with the aborted coup

Telegram 1425 from the US Embassy in Jakarta to the secretary of state dated Nov. 12, 1965 revealed that the communist purge continued in the provinces and an anti-Chinese riot occurred in Makassar

KNOWLEDGE FRAMEWORK

Historical Development (How our understanding about the impact of the Holocaust towards the Jews changed over time)

KNOWLEDGE QUESTION

To what extent does sense perception and emotion swayed our beliefs in Indonesian movement history?

LINK BETWEEN KQ AND THE ARTICLE

The KQ and the article are both focusing on what is happening with the sense of perception of people about the Indonesian history and what beliefs and emotion will occur that will effect the sense of perception during the Indonesian movement.

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Clarissa & Daniella 11C

KQ: What role does language play in the reliability of history?

Source: BBC News. (2019). A Country Divided - and it's 70-year legacy - BBC News. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/partition_a_country_divided_and_its_70_year_legacy [Accessed 8 Jan. 2019].

Real Life Situation: The article of ’A Country Divided and its 70-year Legacy’ recalls the experiences of 7 people from either Pakistan or India that is impacted on the partition between the Bengal and Punjab regions, splitting the two countries that were once a part of the same nation. The victims recalled their memories about the historical events and how the riot and destruction tore the Muslim and Hindu community apart. According to the article, these seven people shared about their history with the partition to the public, in which they have experienced first-hand or heard from the previous generations. The British has been the dominant power in India for 200 years, and Communal riots were spreading beyond Calcutta and across northern India. This uncontrolled violence was interpreted by the British as irreconcilable differences between Hindus and Muslims. The Congress Party in which is led by Jawaharlal Nehru wanted the British to leave and an India that was united with peace and tranquility. In late 1946, the UK's Labour government is drained by World War Two and had decided to end British rule in India.

KC: Language provides room for discussion and opinion about this event, since different languages and ways of expressing the event differs from each person, which can lead to arguments on what really happened in the event

AOK: History

WOK: Language, Memory

Connection between RLS and KQ: In this article, language tore the Muslim and Hindu community, separating all families and friends. From the 7 people that had experienced it themselves or had been told from another family member about the event, the facts and information are similar, thus, it can be said that the news article about this event isn't biased.

Connection between KC and KQ: Since there are many different languages, languages and how people express things using words may cause the event told to be biased. This is because of translation issues that affects the reliability of history because some stories written in foreign language may be translated poorly, which results to a change in story in the event since important events are missed.

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KQ: To what extent does language and reason influence our perception in the impact of the Holocaust to the Jews?

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KQ: To what extent does language and reason influence our perception in the impact of the Holocaust to the Jews?

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Source: Geggel, L. (2019) 1.32 Million Jews Were Killed in Just Three Months During the Holocaust. [Online] Available at: https://www.livescience.com/64420-holocaust-jewish-deaths.html Accessed January 8th, 2019.

THERE WERE SOME WORDS WITH DOUBLE E AND I SUCH AS GENOCIDEE AND NAZII, THIS IS DUE TO PADLET NOT LETTING US USE THE WORD AND CHANGES IT INTO A VIOLENT EMOJI.

Real-life situation
1.32 Million Jews Were Killed in Just Three Months During the Holocaust

Summary
The article shows the numerical facts of the total Jews casualties in results of the Holocaust, mainly on Operation Reinhard. In three months, at least 1.32 million Jews were killed, which means 15,000 murders were done every day. Those numbers were obtained through a new study done based on an old data set that tallied the number of Jews who were forced from their homes onto trains, which then took them to the death camps in Poland known as Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka. The data has been available for quite a long time but no one ever started a study on it, due to the subject being sensitive. Nazii's goal was to get rid of the entire Jewish population occupying Poland in as short a time as possible. The mass killings were done to ensure the incapability of the Jews to form rebellion groups. The holocaust succeed in being the biggest scale genocidee in a short amount of time compared to the 1994 Rwandan genocidee, which was considered the most intense genocidee of 20th century.

Knowledge claim
1. We know that the Holocaust is the biggest genocidee in the history
2. The Holocaust mainly target the Jews
3. The Holocaust was led by Adolf Hitler
4. It was affecting the European countries as well
5. The Holocaust causes millions of casualties
6. Genocides were done through capturing the Jews and placing them into concentration camps where they were given hard labour and killed using the gas chambers, etc.
7. Many of the Jews were used as a subject for Nazii's doctors to do inhumane experiments on

Knowledge framework
1. Concepts and Language: how language is used to express the knowledge regarding the Holocaust
2. Historical Development: How our understanding about the impact of the Holocaust towards the Jews changed over time

AOK
- History: In relation with the global-scaled event, the Holocaust has become one of the most crucial part of history, being the biggest genocidee that has ever happened in the world

WOK
- Language: Used to express the knowledge about newly found facts regarding the Holocaust and its impact towards the Jews
- Reason: Used to understand what causes the Holocaust to happen and why it affected the Jews significantly

Link KQ to Article
The knowledge question addresses how several language used in the article was aiming to emphasise on the large scale effect of the Holocaust to the Jews. The total of between 5.3 and 5.4 millions Jews were announce dead after the end of the Holocaust. The article addresses the reason as well on why mass killings were done in a short period of time: limit the opportunity for the Jews to create retaliation groups.

Link KC to KQ
Our KC addresses our knowledge about the Holocaust being a major influence in the history of the world and Jews as well. It supports our basic understanding regarding the reason as well as the result of the Holocaust.

Members: Vania and Ezrela, 11C, TOK

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The culture and traditional lands of Ryūkyūans continue to be threatened

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The culture and traditional lands of Ryūkyūans continue to be threatened

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https://minorityrights.org/minorities/ryukyuans-okinawans/

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KQ: How reliable are “traditional spiritual teaching” in preserving beliefs in Indigenous Knowledge Systems?

Source: Indahnesia.com. (2018). indahnesia.com - Religion - Kejawen - Another brand of 'religion' - Discover Indonesia Online. [online] Available at: http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/RELKEJ/kejawen.php [Accessed 10 Sep. 2018].

Summary: Kejawen is a Javanese belief who believes in the concept of peace of mind. This is however not considered as a religion because they have no emphasis on eschatology (life after death, heaven or 🤬, devils or angels). This is a belief of searching harmony within one’s inner self, connection with the universe and a God. Generally, the Kejawen followers believes in the existence of a super-consciousness beyond humankind’s comprehension and controls and guides humans destiny. Superconsciousness is contacted via meditation (meditation by hanging from a tree, avoiding fire or light for days, fasting on Mondays, not eating anything that has salt, or isolation from dark rooms. These meditations help them attain discipline of mind and body to get rid of material and emotional desires. It is performed at homes, caves or mountain perches. This meditation is believed to search for inner self-wisdom and to gain physical strength. Kejawen also believe that man and his physical and spiritual world are divided into 3 parts: body and brain, invisible world, elusive and sublime world. The invisible world is ineffable soul where there the deeper feeling is located. The elusive and sublime world is hidden near the heart.

KC:

-       Kejawen is a Javanese belief which is a combination of occultism, metaphysics, mysticism and other esoteric doctrines

-       Kejawen believes that everyone has a spirit follower who can control his/her life and make them richer, healthier or even happier. The follower can also defeat the evil spirit and make them safe

-       Kejawen is still believed by people in the Java area until now

AOK:

-       IKS (Indigenous Knowledge Systems): people in Java

-       RKS (Religious Knowledge Systems): Javanese belief about Kejawen

WOK:

-       Faith

-       Sense Perception

Link of Article to KQ: The KQ talks about the traditional spiritual teaching and the article talks about an example about a traditional spiritual teaching, which is Kejawen. From there, we can decide on how reliable it is in preserving beliefs in IKS.

Link of KC to KQ: The KC describes the beliefs of Kejawen and that people in Java still believe it until now. It is related to the KQ because by the KC, we can judge on how reliable it is in preserving beliefs in IKS.

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Hallucinatory drug "Yage" used for medicine and religious rituals in indigenous tribes in Colombia and Amazon

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Hallucinatory drug "Yage" used for medicine and religious rituals in indigenous tribes in Colombia and Amazon

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Kraul, C (2015), Yage tourism: Vomiting and visions in Colombia, then peace, [Online],
www.latimes.com/world/great-reads/la-fg-c1-colombia-yage-tourism-20150612-story.html, Accessed 2/9/18

Knowledge claim:
1. If something is considered unusual, unsafe, or unethical, its value won’t be regarded by the majority of people even when there’s not enough knowledge to support the credibility of the assumption.

Knowledge Frameworks
1. Scope and applications: how ethics and morals shape how we behave
2. Methodology: how we consider something to be unethical or morally unacceptable

Knowledge question:
1) To what extent do sense perception and memory shape the ethics we live by?

Summary:
Indigenous tribes in south-western Colombia allow tourists to try their hallucinatory drug, yage which is a part of their "purification" ritual. Drinking Yage can cause intense nausea and diarrhea, followed by scary hallucinations of snakes, jaguars, and insects. It is popular however, because people who have tried it said it gives a sense of inner harmony, widens the area of consciousness, miraculously cured them and provided them self-enlightenment.

My KQ relates to my RLS as the article shows how Yage, a hallucinatory drug is used as medicine in indigenous tribes in Colombia and the Amazon, whereas in our society the use of most 🤬 are criminalized and a “hallucinatory drug” sounds dangerous and abnormal.  Sense perception and memory plays a part in the shaping of ethics, more specifically our moral reasoning because indigenous people from Colombia sees Yage as a medicine, since its part of their culture and its practiced by their people, therefore they can recall how Yage is beneficial and see it as a good thing. But in our society, we associate 🤬 with crime, so our moral reasoning suggests all 🤬 are bad and harmful.

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Traditional and Cultural Of Dani Tribe (on their religion system/beliefs)

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Traditional and Cultural Of Dani Tribe (on their religion system/beliefs)

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http://history-of-culture.blogspot.com/2011/11/traditional-and-cultural-of-dani-tribe.html

Summary:
The Dani tribe is a well-known isolated tribes located in Indonesia, specifically, the highlands of Western New Guinea. This article talks about the beliefs of the Dani tribe. Their concept of belief is called Atou, which is a belief in magic powers of the ancestors who passed down the patrilineal (passed down to sons). That is why they honor the spirits of ancestors. They believe in supernatural powers to maintain the garden, cure disease and refused reinforcements, and enrich the soil strength.

WOK: Faith
AOK: IKS
KQ:
KF:
Link of RLS to KQ:
KC:

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The revival of Maori's te reo language in New Zealand

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The revival of Maori's te reo language in New Zealand

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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/28/google-disney-maori-new-zealand

Summary: The language of New Zealand's indigenous people (Maori tribe) known as
the te reo Maori (the Maori language), has been experiencing a revival and is going mainstream. More people are learning the language since the language's status and prestige has risen dramatically. Other indigenous people even started traveling to New Zealand to learn how Māori has made such a striking comeback. There's an increase in awareness of the instrinsic value in learning te reo, the language of the country.
Maori speakers used to be chastised for speaking their language in the past, now te reo has never been more normalized and accepted.

KQ: To what extent should we learn about indigenous language?

KC:

During the period following the second world war, Māori speakers were punished for using their language.

Maori speakers gave up on their language and learned English to get jobs as a vast migration from rural to urban began. By the 1980s, fewer than 20% of Māori spoke te reo.

WOK: language, memory

Link KQ to Article

Link KC to KQ

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The productivity of traditional rice–fish 

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The productivity of traditional rice–fish 

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880913001849

Summary:
The rice-fish uses water and land resources. It does not harm the local environments. The fish yield in rice fish can be increased without increasing the amount of nitrogen.

KQ
To what extent does the indigenous knowledge system apply with our sense of perception and current memory?

KC
Rice-fish does not harm the environment. It helps the crops to grow. It helps to grow the rice in the rice fields. We know that rice comes from the field of rice, and we know that farmers uses something to make the crops grow faster. Rice-fish is also like that, it helps it to grow much faster. It acts pretty much like a catalyst.

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Indigenous knowledge for disasters risk education: An African perspective

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Indigenous knowledge for disasters risk education: An African perspective

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6014035/
Summary
This articles talks about the indigenous knowledge in the area of disaster risk education and climate change in Africa has been very limited. Colonialism and lack of proper documentation of indigenous knowledge are some of the contributing factors to this cause. Understanding how local people in Africa have managed to survive and adapt for generations, before the arrival of Western education,

is the best way to developing sustainable policies to mitigate future challenges.

KQ
To what extent

KC
IKS in:
1.Agriculture: Plant derivatives are biodegradable and many cause no harm to mammals.
2. Medicine:  indigenous medicinal plants account for 🤬 used in healthcare for over 80% of the world’s population
3. Land and soil management: mixed cropping system to manage the lands on which these important crops are planted.
4. Natural resource management:
5. Disaster risk management:

KQ

CC

WOK

AOK

Link of KQ to Article

Link of KC to KQ

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Indian Tribe Gives Up Tradition of Hunting to Protect Wildlife

# data[].attributes.subject
Indian Tribe Gives Up Tradition of Hunting to Protect Wildlife

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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45328322

Summary: This article talks about how a tribe in the north-eastern Indian state of Nagaland gave up their ancient tradition of hunting to protect wildlife. Photographer Sayan Hazra chronicles life in the village years after it banished the practice.

KC
- for centuries, many in the remote, hilly village spent the majority of their time hunting.
- according to local tradition, members of the tribe are encouraged to keep the heads of hunted animals inside their homes.
- For many hunters, these weapons embodied skill as well as courage. They represented a sacred practice that was passed down the from one generation to another.

AOK
- IKS (Indigenous Knowledge System)
- RKS (Religious Knowledge System)

WOK
- Reason: a reason for them to stop hunting to save the forests and the wildlife

KQ
How has tradition change the tribe's daily life?

CC
The tradition of hunting made by the Indian tribe did not include the animals habitats into its utmost importance.

Link of Article to KQ
The KQ talks about the traditional hunting where they keep their skulls of the animals they have killed, which is Angami. From there, we can decide on how reliable it is in preserving its beliefs in IKS.

Link of KC to KQ
The KC describes the beliefs of Angami and that people in India still believes in it until now. It is related to the KQ because by the KC, we can judge on how unreliable it is in preserving its beliefs in IKS.

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Many worlds, many nature(s), one planet: indigenous knowledge in the Anthropocene

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Many worlds, many nature(s), one planet: indigenous knowledge in the Anthropocene

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http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-73292016000200208

Summary: The article explores the idea of many nature(s) and its implication for the studies of global environmental politics. It discusses the inadequacy of the nature-society dichotomy and argues for epistemological parity, as well as for the recovery of indigenous knowledge systems. Looking at indigenous knowledge uncovers many ways to consider nature and contributes to recast global environmental studies in the Anthropocene.

KC: Indigenous peoples have unique knowledge of their homelands and ecosystem.

KQ:

CC:

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https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/uncontacted-brazil

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Astronomical Society of Southern Africa, African Ethnoastronomy, WordPress, https://assa.saao.ac.za/astronomy-in-south-africa/ethnoastronomy/, [accessed on 12th September 2018]

SUMMARY: This article is talking about the concept of Africa that is widely spread, the sky is a dense dome that might be made of blue stone, resting on the earth where the sun moves. this theory is called the traditional Tswana Idea, which is a theory of the holes in the rocky dome that is the sky.

KQ: To what extent indigenous knowledge use beliefs as the main tool to know about ethnoastronomy?

KC:

AOK:

WOK:

THE LINK:

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https://www.livescience.com/41781-the-maya.html
Summary: This article talks about the ancient Mayan's calendar system which can predict the road to the end of the world is in year 2012. This calendar system included scholars call a "long count" that kept track of time by using different units (in millions) that range in single day to millions of years. Researches found out that this system did not predict the end of the world and there's also an evidence that the Maya civilization never vanished. It is also being proofed that in 2012 nothing happens at all.

KC (knowledge claim)
1. The Mayan tribe used their calendar system to predict when is the end of the world.

KQ (knowledge question)
1. How can we interpret the ancient Mayan's calendar into real life situation?

CC (counter claim)
1. The system that were made by the indigenous tribe did not predict the end of the world in year 2012.

WOK

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Indigenous  view and western view on indigenous people

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Indigenous  view and western view on indigenous people

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Summary: The wold we live in is a multi cultural with corresponding  indigenous worldview. Indigenous worldview is usually for individuals or society.  while traditional western world view tend to be more concerned with science and more concentrated on compartmentalized knowledge and usually have a more open mindset.

KC:
1. Indigenous world view uses more spiritual orientated system while western uses more of a science with proof and basis of belief.
2. Indigenous people believe in more than one truth about life in while western often believe there is only one truth in life.
3.Indigenous feels comfort through the quality of relationship while western is more through success.

https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/indigenous-peoples-worldviews-vs-western-worldviews

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KQ: To what extent does ethics influence authority over individuals forcing labours to indigenous people? 

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KQ: To what extent does ethics influence authority over individuals forcing labours to indigenous people? 

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Real-life situation:
Trade unions and indigenous communities combating forced labour in the Peruvian Amazon region

Source:
International Labour Organization. (2009) Trade unions and indigenous communities combating forced labour in the Peruvian Amazon region [Online] Available at: http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/publications/WCMS_144214/lang--en/index.htm Accessed August 20, 2018.

Summary:
Indigenous people in Latin America has been exploited into forced labours in a form of debt bondage that they could never get away with. Majority victims from forced labours are indigenous people. They are explicitly exploited due to the abundance of natural resources found in their land and discrimination of indigenous people amongst the labour market as well. ILO has been committed into giving maximum efforts to reduce the numbers of exploited or victimised indigenous people. They came up with a project alongside with the National Federation of Workers in the Wood and Allied Industries (FENATIMAP) to create relations with indigenous communities and increase awareness regarding the forced labours. They are building a foundation to protect the fundamental rights of workers and indigenous people. The project demonstrates that the coordination between indigenous organisations and trade unions can facilitate indigenous peoples’ access to legal mechanisms.

Knowledge Claims:
- I know that forced labours are still applied in the world
- I know indigenous people have an abundance of natural resources
- I know the forced labour intermediaries manipulated the indigenous people to thinking that they had an artificial debt, which long hours of work will not suffice
- I know ILO is trying all efforts to at least decrease the number of indigenous people bound with forced labours
- I know FENATIMAP created a trade union as a form of protection to the fundamental rights of indigenous workers

AOKs:
- IKS: Indigenous people involved in the forced labours
- Ethics: moral principles of the forced labours intermediate

WOKs:
- Sense Perception: authority of forced labours intermediate over the indigenous people
- Reason: rationality of forcing labours to the indigenous people

Link of KQ to Article:
The knowledge question talks about the indigenous people being forced into labours, however using general key words, in order to

decontextualise it.

Link of KC to KQ:
The KC answers to the KQ being why indigenous people are still being forced into labours. As well as, what ethical efforts has been made to decrease the levels of forced labours for indigenous people.

Knowledge Framework:
- Methodology: talks about authority and sense perception

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https://aztec-religion.weebly.com/influences-on-society.html

Short Summary
The Aztec

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Tribe returning to ancient punishment method to eradicate drug-addiction in the tribe

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Tribe returning to ancient punishment method to eradicate drug-addiction in the tribe

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https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/18/us/plagued-by-🤬-tribes-revive-ancient-penalty.html

Summary: This article talks about a fishing tribe named Lummi had numerous members caught drug-dealing and being alcoholics in America. At the same time, drug addiction had gone severe in the tribal land itself. The heads of the tribe decided to use an ancient form of punishment which is banishment to punish the people who caused trouble, despite some of the tribe members seeing it as too harsh.

Knowledge claim:
1. The chief of the Lummi tribe swore that he would punish whoever was drug dealing in the tribe from then on, even if it was his own son.
2. There is an increasing number of addicts in the tribe.

Knowledge question:
to what extent does reason and emotion take part in the rules and laws in indigenous knowledge systems?

AOKs:
- Indigenous knowledge systems belonging to the tribes where these issues happened

WOKs:
-Reason: used by the chiefs of the tribes to make decisions and the laws in the tribe
-Emotion: may play a part in determining how severe the punishment given is.

Link of KQ to RLS:
Since reason tends to be more objective and emotion subjective, the knowledge question asks on whether the punishment given to the addicts was based on the severity of the crime according to the chiefs, or that it was based on anger and disgrace that they have put upon the tribe.

Link of KC to KQ:
Since the chief swore that he would punish even his own son, it shows that emotion had to be disregarded, or at least neglected in the making of the law. However, this may also show that it was made based on emotion which was anger and shame. The second KC suggests that the law was made under reason due to the desperation since so many of the tribe members were drug addicts.

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How indigenous knowledge helps scientist to asses climate change

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How indigenous knowledge helps scientist to asses climate change

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https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2017/07/05/indigenous-knowledge-helps-scientists-to-assess-climate-change/#dbcfe2955273

Short Summary
This article talks about the Himalayan tribe that helps the scientist to assess climate change based on the knowledge of their medicine men. The medicine men noted that finding other herbs and ingredients for medicine have been hard to find. Monitoring the migration of plants can indicate the effect of global warming, plants tend to migrate to higher altitudes in response of global warming.

Knowledge Claim
- Himalayan tribe uses herbs to treat diseases

Knowledge Question
To what extent does

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why does the Aztec fail to protect themselves against the Spanish

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why does the Aztec fail to protect themselves against the Spanish

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https://kids.kiddle.co/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire

this website explains how does thee Spanish invade the Aztecs. it talks about the history, why is the Aztec invaded and other factors that lead to the Aztecs losing.

KC:
1. i know that the Aztec weapons are useless against the spanish
2. i know that the Spanish is way ahead of Aztec on weapons.

KQ:
to what extent should the Aztecs be more advanced to successfully defend themselves against the Spaniards.

# data[].attributes.headline
 Why Do Ainu, the hidden people of Japan try to keep their traditions alive

# data[].attributes.subject
 Why Do Ainu, the hidden people of Japan try to keep their traditions alive

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https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/cnngo-travel-hokkaido-ainu/index.html

Summary:

1. For now visitors to Shiraoi's Ainu Museum can get a glimpse into the rugged life lived by the area's indigenous inhabitants while modern Japan tries to find a comfortable place for their cultural legacy.

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African Indigenous Knowledge and Research 

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African Indigenous Knowledge and Research 

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https://ajod.org/index.php/ajod/article/view/30/56
Summary:

Knowledge Claim:

Knowledge Question:

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Integrating African Indigenous Knowledge In Nigeria’s

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Integrating African Indigenous Knowledge In Nigeria’s

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https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/viewFile/4817/4895

Summary

KC

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Why Native Americans do not separate religion from science

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Why Native Americans do not separate religion from science

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https://theconversation.com/why-native-americans-do-not-separate-religion-from-science-75983
Summary:
Through some researches, a few scientist found that native Americans knew far more than they did. Some knew better aquatic ecological systems, some biological processes, and some about medicine. The grandmother of the author, knew about medicine and some of the medicine has mythological stories talking about their origin in the supernatural realm. They believed that a supernatural being gave plants to humans to use as medicine.
KQ: To what extent does
KC:
KF:
Link:

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http://theconversation.com/stories-from-the-sky-astronomy-in-indigenous-knowledge-33140
Summary:
By using Indigenous knowledge systems, we can learn more about traditions. In the article, it focuses on the traditional belief of stars and their legends.
Knowledge Claims:
1. Different traditions have different beliefs concerning how the stars are made or how the galaxy came to be. (historical development)
Knowledge Question:
To what extent should beliefs be reasoned with?
How the RLS is linked with KQ:
Beliefs are often very protected by those who believe them and more so when it's a traditional belief. But because of that blind faith, sometimes it hinders with the thought of the possibility that our beliefs are not factual and are just something we are thought. By using the KQ, I question on how much we can actually believe traditional beliefs based on reason.

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indigenous knowledge as the key to biodiversity conservation

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indigenous knowledge as the key to biodiversity conservation

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Cultural Survival. (2015). Indigenous Knowledge: The Key to Biodiversity Conservation. [online] Available at: https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/indigenous-knowledge-key-biodiversity-conservation [accessed: 31st Aug 2018]

Summary
This article is about an environmental research scientist named Joseph Goko Mutangah who is involved in biodiversity conservation during the course of his research due to his concerns about the deliberate degradation of natural habitats and loss of biodiversity in Kenya, particularly in indigenous forests. For the last 10 years, he was in charge of the Kenya Resources Center for indigenous knowledge. He found out that due to the migration of local people to urban areas and back and the modern education systems, diets, medical care and environmental changes significantly contributed in making indigenous knowledge and cultural heritage endangered. This also affects the biodiversity and wildlife, since  both the Kenya Wildlife Service and Kenya Forest Service have realized they cannot successfully protect the wildlife in their natural habitats without involving the indigenous people.

Knowledge questions:

To what extent that reason plays a part in using indigenous knowledge

Link of KQ to the article:
k

Ways of Knowing:
- reason
- memory

Knowledge claims:
1.
2.

a

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Indigenous knowledge and western science unite to save the reef

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Indigenous knowledge and western science unite to save the reef

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Fernbach, N. and Tatham, H. (2016). Indigenous teens link traditional knowledge and modern science to save reef. [online] ABC News. Available at: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-03/indigenous-knowledge-and-western-science-unite-to-save-reef/7466488 [Accessed 2 Sep. 2018].
Details: A north Queensland youth program is integrating 21st century science with the deep generational memories of Indigenous Australians, to encourage a stronger custodianship of the Great Barrier Reef.
Knowledge claims:
1. The sense of oneness between man and the environment that Indigenous people talked of, was something western science should take lessons from.
2. To what extent can indigenous knowledge and modern science be integrated?
3. How can one's sense of unity with the environment encourage stronger custodianship?
AOK: IKS
WOK: Emotion
Knowledge question:
What role does emotion play in the formation of indigenous knowledge that is passed down through generations?
Link to News Article:
The sense of oneness with the ocean is said to encourage stronger custodianship, or at least what was stated by indigenous Australians. This sense of oneness is the feeling of emotional proximity which links with a WOK namely emotion. This leads us to question how emotions actually contribute to the formation of these beliefs, especially the ones that have been passed down through generations. What impact did emotion have on these beliefs? What role does emotion play in indigenous knowledge (AOK) as a whole?

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A mountain of Indigenous Knowledge in Peru

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A mountain of Indigenous Knowledge in Peru

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https://news.un.org/en/story/20 https://undp.shorthandstories.com/gef-sgp-diamonds-of-the-andes/index.html

This website talks about the indigenous knowledge found in the mountains of Peru. Indigenous knowledge is the traditional knowledge or local knowledge, usually known and embedded in cultural traditions that ranges from regions, indigenous, or even local communities. A wide range of knowledge was found in Peru, most well known for their weaving, dyeing, as well as spinning. The UNDP will provide protection for this indigenous knowledge as they want to protect their culture.

Knowledge Question:
How does the art of indigenous society influence the concept of art in a modern day world?

Knowledge Frameworks:
Historical Development

Knowledge Claim:
1. Indigenous people discovered weaving and knitting techniques
2. UNDP wants to help the indigenous people in Peru
3. Indigenous people in Peru doesn't have connection with people outside or through online

AOK:
Indigenous Knowledge Systems
The Arts

WOK:
Imagination

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Indigenous Knowledge Is The Best Weapon Against Wildfires

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Indigenous Knowledge Is The Best Weapon Against Wildfires

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https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/world/2018-08-13-indigenous-knowledge-is-the-best-weapon-against-wildfires-say-researchers/

Summary: This article talks about how modern resources are not able to calm large fires. It is said that fire services should work together with indigenous people to prevent catastrophic wildfires. With their knowledge on fire management, the number of dry season fires in the Brazilian savannah is able to decrease by 57%, proving that indigenous knowledge is needed in fire management.

AOK(s):
- indigenous knowledge systems: how indigenous people applies their knowledge to prevent wildfires.

WOK(s):
- memory:

Knowledge Claims:
1. Indigenous groups around the world deliberately light small fires throughout the year, which reduces the amount of fuel, preventing wildfires from spreading rapidly.

Knowledge Frameworks:
- scope and application
- links with personal knowledge

Knowledge Question: How far can indigenous knowledge be applied to methods used to prevent natural disasters?

Link between KQ and the article: The KQ talks about how indigenous knowledge can help in preventing natural disasters.
The article states that indigenous knowledge is needed to prevent wildfires.

Link between KQ and KC:

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naturaljustice.org (2010). "

Indigenous Knowledge Systems & Health", viewed 7 September 2018, https://naturaljustice.org/indigenous-knowledge-systems-health/

short summary:

so the article talks about a Natural Resources representative joining the A.I.D.S Foundation of South Africa’s (AFSA), a biennial Learning and Sharing Conference in Durban, South Africa, which is a 3-day conference where representatives come to share their experience and information on the role that cultural beliefs, practices and Indigenous knowledge play in shaping community and individual perceptions of health and illness.

KQ

To what extent does experience of indigenous knowledge system play in shaping the people through sense perception?

KC

1. that IKS plays a role in shaping the community and individuals on their perceptions of health and illness.

2. that Bushbuckridge (South Africa), who have used their bio-cultural community protocol to address their shared concerns and engage with stakeholders, this also includes the Government of South Africa, with the aim of working towards the well-being of their community

3. that cultural benefits and practices can impact health-seeking behaviour and how gender relations impact health promotion and the risk of HIV

KF
methodology: sharing experiences and information to a large group of people
Link between KQ and RLS
We are able to obtain knowledge through experience derived from the senses.

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History and culture of Australia's Indigenous peoples

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History and culture of Australia's Indigenous peoples

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https://www.infoplease.com/aboriginal-australia

Summary:
Aborigines are Australia's indigenous people, which is believed by archaeologist that they came to Australia 45 000 years ago. They have special connection with everything that is natural, they see earth as a part of human. They comprise 500-600 distinct groups. Unlike other religions, aboriginal belief does not place human species apart from a higher level than nature. Some of them believe that their ancestors turned into nature like rock formations or rivers. Their traditions include story telling, and art which is sculptures, bark and tock paintings. They also have a very famous instrument called didgeroo, used in formal ceremonies. One of the problems that they face today is the land right movement, where thir land was stolen by the British giving an impact to their social and physical life, including diseases that killed thousands of people leads to a massive extinction of the tribe.
-
Knowledge question: To what extend do we need ethics and language  in order to face the land right movement?
KC:
- I believe that we need to know what is right and what is wrong in order to make a good decision for the land right movement.
-  I believe that language can exert power, therefore it is very important to speak in a correct way in order to face the land right movement.
AOKs:
- IKS
- Ethics:

WOKs:
- Sense Perception:
- Reason:

Link of KQ to Article:
The knowledge question

Link of KC to KQ:
The KC

Knowledge Framework:

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Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development 

# data[].attributes.subject
Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development 

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xuan_Quynh_Le/publication/237646528_The_Role_of_Indigenous_Knowledge_in_Sustainable_Development_A_Case_Study_of_The_Vietnam_Mountain_Regions/links/541072550cf2d8daaad3cf24/The-Role-of-Indigenous-Knowledge-in-Sustainable-Development-A-Case-Study-of-The-Vietnam-Mountain-Regions.pdf

The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Sustainable Development: A Case Study of The Vietnam Mountain Regions

Summary:
this article talks about how indigenous knowledge has a role / affect the development of the Vietnamese region, in this case study.
Knowledge Question:
to what extent can indigenous knowledge keep helping / aiding a developing country / community of people in a more sustainable growth / development ?

Knowledge Framework:
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
METHODOLOGY

Knowledge Claim:
1.  Based on the belief that their management of “sacred” forest of local people’s ancestors are “living” in the forest, local rules have been created for the sake of stability in the local people’s lives, and the forest must be well looked after and protected.
2. Many studies have shown that there are some herbalists in every community in the upland. They are the persons who hold knowledge and experiences in finding and using medicinal plants for healing in the communities.

WOK:
REASON
FAITH
INTUITION
SENSE PERCEPTION

AOK:
IKS
HUMAN AND NATURAL SCIENCE

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https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/27/protect-uncontaced-tribes-amazon-humanity

This article is talking about the Amazonian Tribesman that are being disturbed by loggers and bulldozers who tried to take away trees around their living environment. these people murdered the people of the tribe along with their families. The Indigenous Land Protection Team are protecting tribes such as the Amazonian Tribesman because they believe that their own unique way of living with their beliefs should not be diluted and they are humans which means they have the rights to live.

KC
1. Humans deserve to live and have the rights to have a way of living.
2. The tribes are aware of where they live and the outside world, they are not lost and they choose to live uncontacted to the outside world.

KQ
1. To what extent does globalization of the world will affect the sense perception of The Amazonian Tribesman?

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Bringing Indigenous Knowledge in to Education

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Bringing Indigenous Knowledge in to Education

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http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/priority-areas/links/biodiversity/publications/articles/ik-ed/

KQ:
To what extent does language effect the education of children coming from an indigenous system?
KC:
1. Not all knowledge regarding all indigenous systems are being taught in schools
2. Education all over the world is causing the erosion of indigenous languages
WOK:
Language
Links to KQ:
The article states on how there are a lot of children being forced to go to schools where their a more popular/mainstream language is used (this might lead them to not use or practice the language used in their indigenous system) and where history from their systems aren't taught.

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New law finally gives voice to the Yarra River’s traditional owners

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New law finally gives voice to the Yarra River’s traditional owners

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https://theconversation.com/new-law-finally-gives-voice-to-the-yarra-rivers-traditional-owners-83307

Summary
On September 21, the Victorian parliament gives a major step forward for Victoria's traditional owners, the Wurundjeri people by passing the Yarra River Protection (Wilip-gin Birrarung murron) Act 2017. A law is created for the protection of the river. The act is really good because it combines both traditional owner knowledge and modern river management expertise.  It treats the Yarra as one integrated living natural entity to be protected. The new law recognized the various connections between the river and its traditional owners. In a Victorian state law, it includes Woi-wurrung language (the language of the Wurundjeri). The phrase Wilip-gin Birrarung murron means “keep the Yarra alive”.
KQ
To what extent does the Yarra river being protected in order to keep the faith of the Wurundjeri people?
KC
1. The Wurundjeri people have had little recognition of their role in river management and protection
2. The Wurundjeri people believe in their creator spirit who creates people, land, and all living things called 'Bunjil'
CC
1. The Victorian parliament helped the Wurundjeri people by giving river management and protection
2. The Victorian parliament highlight Aboriginal cultural values, heritage and knowledge, and the importance of involving traditional owners in policy planning and decision making
AOK
1. Indigenous Knowledge Systems
One of the AOK is the indigenous knowledge system because this is talking about the indigenous knowledge system about the culture of the Wurundjeri people
2. Ethics
It is talking about ethics because this involves defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong, especially in making the law of protecting the river.
WOK
1. Sense Perception
One of the WOK used is sense perception because we use our senses to know more about the culture of the Wurundjeri people
2. Faith
The WOK is about Faith because the Wurundjeri people believe on something, they have their own ritual, which people respect it and they want to keep the Wurundjeri people alive. They have connection with the river.
KF
Historical Development
The knowledge framework is Historical Development because the government is trying to develop river protection for the traditional owners, which are the Wurundjeri people
Link Between KQ and article
The article is talking about the law of protecting the river for the Wurundjeri people  as it has connection with the river. The Yarra river is going to be managed by the government and protected by the government for the Wurundjeri people.

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Protecting and preserving indigenous knowledge

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Protecting and preserving indigenous knowledge

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Source:
Suchanandan, T. (2018). Protecting and preserving indigenous knowledge. [online] The M&G Online. Available at: https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-02-00-protecting-and-preserving-indigenous-knowledge [Accessed 1 Sep. 2018].
Summary
on January 22 2018, theme “Reclaiming the future of indigenous knowledge’ was held for the first time. The main purpose was to create a knowledge-sharing platform for IKSDC teams. They looked out for regional, national and international instruments for the promotion and protection of indigenous knowledge, using technology for innovation and entrepreneurship, and developing a system of accreditation and certification for indigenous knowledge system (IKS) holders.Looking forward to increase government departments now have dedicated IKS-focused directorates and programmes in health, agriculture, rural development, environmental affairs, trade and industry, arts and culture, and traditional affairs. One of the way to gain this is to use the  Indigenous Knowledge Bill in south Africa, moreover this will provide clarity on the scope of incentives for and benefits of investing in indigenous knowledge research and development that will also be focused on conserving and the protection of IKS
Link between KQ and KC
This movement links well with the Memory WOK where the province are discussing the benefits of the government establishing the  Indigenous Knowledge Bill. As the government also views the  Indigenous Knowledge System to be resourceful
Knowledge  Claims
- By using the  Indigenous Knowledge Bill, government departments would be able to benefit from investing in indigenous knowledge research
- It can help develop sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security, while its protection encourages the maintenance of traditional practices and lifestyles.
- Through the Indigenous Knowledge Bill, researchers, academics, business and policymakers to work in an integrated manner on issues such as food security, agriculture, conservation of the environment, sustainable development, education, and cultural and biological diversity
Link between KQ and Article
It was mentioned that 9 of the province in South Africa gathered to discuss ways that the government can regulate to protect and conserve
WOK
Memory
AOK
Indigenous knowledge systems, human science, history
Knowledge Question
-In what way can cultures and traditions in an indigenous knowledge system be recalled effectively ?

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Indigenous Tribes forced to Convert to Certain Religion

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Indigenous Tribes forced to Convert to Certain Religion

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Indonesia’s Orang Rimba: Forced to renounce their faith

Henschke, R. (2017). The tribe forced to pick a new religion. [online] BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41981430 [Accessed 11 Sep. 2018].

KQ:

What role do faith play in the development of Indigenous tribe in modern era?

AOK:

Indigenous Knowledge System & Religious Knowledge System

KF:
1. Historical Development:
Within society, the role of indigenous knowledge system has shifted as their beliefs and culture doesn't really effect the current society anymore as most of their land are taken over by companies. By shifting to Islam, the Orang Rimba are forced to leave their cultural belief and developed to a more modern way of living.

2. Methodology:

WOK:

1. Faith

KC:

1. Tribe’s current faith and religion is not recognised by the government.

2. 58 families that make up the Celitai tribe of Orang Rimba converted to Islam.

3. Orang Rimba’s faith and nomadic way of life are not recognised by Indonesian Sate.

4. Before Islam they just believed in spirits, gods and goddesses, not the supreme god Allah.

5. Children have to own birth certificates and for that they have to have a state religion that the government recognises, forcing them to convert to Islam to get education and government subsidies (healthcare).

6. From their conversions to religion that the government recognises, the government announced to provide proper housing and some land for them, following a meeting to meet the tribal leaders.

7. By having their religion registered in official documents, people of the Orang Rimba are travelling to fight for their land and try to claim it as their ancestral land.

Link Between KQ and article:

The article stated how the people of Orang Rimba have to convert to a certain religion that the government recognise to be able live in the modern era. Orang Rimba would need to convert to a certain religion to get official documents that would enable them to  get education, travel, and governmental benefits (healthcare etc.). So their faith does play a huge part in the development of the Indigenous tribe during this modern era.

Link Between KQ and KC:

As the KQ stated what role do faith play in the development of Indigenous tribe in modern era, the KC listed stated how the current tribe’s faith is not recognised by the government which hinders them from developing in the modern era. However, after converting to religion that the government recognise (Islam, Christian, etc.) the tribe starts to develop in areas like education.

Summary of Article:

The Sumatran rainforests of Indonesia are home to the Orang Rimba which means the people of the jungle. Many are being forced to convert to religion that the government recognise like Islam to survive. This is because their faith and nomadic way of life are not recognised by the government and they need to claim a certain religion in order to get official documents that could give them education and healthcare. The people of Orang Rimba said that they are forced to choose a religion and there is no other choice because they have the desire to “move forward”. The main reason is so that their children can have the same opportunities as the outsiders “the people of the light”and had to all convert to Islam.

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The Indonesian tribe that rejects technology

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The Indonesian tribe that rejects technology

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https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/indonesian-tribe-rejects-technology-180220121908006.html

Summary:
According to this article, an Indonesian tribe located in Banten called the Baduy Tribe have rejected the usage of modern technology(like Electricity, phones, cars and other modern technologies) and practice secluded to protect their ancient traditions (indigenous knowledge) for centuries but in the recent years, the Baduy tribe have split themselves into 2 separate tribe. While some of the people in the outer tribe have been starting to use technology like Mobile Phones and Solar powered lanterns, the inner tribe still remain pure and strict with their rule.

Knowledge Claim:
Baduy Tribe rejected the use of modern technology(like Electricity, phones, cars and other modern technologies) and practice secluded in order to protect their ancient traditions (indigenous knowledge).
Knowledge Question:
How does faith and reason from not using modern science and technology affects the Baduy Tribes to

Knowledge Framework:
Scope and Limitation

Ways Of Knowing:
- Reason
- Faith

Area Of Knowledge:
Natural Science

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Ecampus.hisvietnam.com. (2015). ToK Real Life Situations | Why protect minority languages?. [online] Available at: http://ecampus.hisvietnam.com/tokreallifesituations/2015/04/08/why-protect-minority-languages/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2018].
summary
Languages conveys unique cultures, it's a way of interpreting human behavior and emotion that’s not conveyed the same way as in the English language. Without the language, the culture itself might teeter, or even disappear. Language contain an accumulated body of knowledge (ex. geography, zoology, mathematics, navigation, astronomy, pharmacology, botany, meteorology). We never know where the next brilliant idea may come from, we lose ancient knowledge if we lose languages.”

KQ
To what extent can indigenous language convey human's emotions?

KC
- Languages also convey unique cultures.

- On the other hand, it has special expressions all its own.

- Cherokee, for example, One word – oo-kah-huh-sdee –represents the mouth-watering, cheek-pinching delight experienced when seeing an adorable baby or a kitten.
- “All of these things convey a culture, a way of interpreting human behaviour and emotion that’s not conveyed the same way as in the English language,” - - Without the language, the culture itself might teeter, or even disappear. “If we are to survive, to continue on and to exist as a people with a distinct and unique culture,” he continues, “then we have to have a language.”

AOK
IKS
HUMAN SCIENCES

WOK
LANGUAGE
EMOTION

KNOWLEDGE FRAMEWORK
concepts and language

LINK (between kq and kc)

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https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2015/09/28/will-the-worlds-most-dangerous-island-become-a-human-zoo-the-shocking-future-of-north-sentinel/#2c87b83c2688

Summary
In the northern side of India lies a (recently-formerly) remote island called 'North Sentinel Island'. Recently, the government has opened certain areas for tourism, except for the fact that some areas were restricted to a very native remote tribe. The following tribe isko

KQ
How can we improve our relationship with the Jarawa Tribe, in the goal of learning about their daily lives?

KC
- Does not believe that there is a massive outside world
- Believe in unidentified Gods that is not comparable to other religions
- Believes that they are the most powerful beings in the world
- Believes that arrows are the most powerful weapons that they may use

CC
- There indeed is, more place than the island they settle in
- Religions such as Christianity and Islam may cause their current religion to go extinct
- The invention and development of guns
- The existence of the demographic transition model categorizes them as a LIC (They're not actually a country but they still believe that they kinda are

AOK
-Ethics
-History
-Human Sciences

WOK
- Memory
- Faith
- Imagination
- Language

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How Indigenous knowledge advances modern science and technology

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How Indigenous knowledge advances modern science and technology

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Summary:
For centuries, Indigenous people's lives depended on their knowledge about the environment. Indigenous knowledge about medicines have contributed in the modern pharmacological development. For example, the ingredient in the pain reliever Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, was first discovered by the Indigenous people who utilised the bark of the willow tree. Aside from medicines, Indigenous knowledge have also contributed in technological innovations. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is the body of knowledge associated with ecological relationships, which is handed down through generations by Indigenous people. Nowadays, TEK continues to complement Western sciences to identify answers for issues like the moose population decline. Throughout history, Indigenous people, knowledge, and perspectives have contributed to the development of science and technology nowadays.

Knowledge Question:
To what extent has Indigenous knowledge contributes to the modern science and technology?

Knowledge Claims:
- Indigenous knowledge about the medicinal properties of plants has been instrumental in pharmacological development. For example, as settlers arrived in North America, Indigenous people helped newcomers cure life-threatening scurvy through conifer-needle tonics that were rich in vitamin C.
- Indigenous people's inventions and innovations have contributed to the technologies that we used today, such as in pre-Columbian times, South American Indians used sharpened hollow bird bones attached to small bladders to inject medicine, irrigate wounds or even clean ears.

Counter Claims:
- Number of traditional or indigenous medication have not been heavily studied. Some have even been found to be harmful. For example, the products used in Ayurvedic medicine may contain toxic minerals, such as lead.
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Areas of Knowledge:
- History
- IKS
- Human science

Ways of Knowing:
- Memory
- Reason

Knowledge Framework:
- Historical development

Link:

Source:
Popp, J. 2018. How Indigenous knowledge advances modern science and technology. The Conversation. Ontario, Canada. [ONLINE]. Accessed on: 5th September 2018. <https://theconversation.com/how-indigenous-knowledge-advances-modern-science-and-technology-89351>.