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a community of organisms where each member is eaten in turn by another member

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食物网
a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

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寄生状态
the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)

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共栖
the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it

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共栖
the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other

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共栖
the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other

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腐食性动物
consume dead plants and animals and decomposes them, reduces them to simpler forms of matters

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异养生物
an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition

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自养生物
an organism that can make its own food

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食性阶级
The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food chain

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生物圈
the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth where living organisms exist

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群落
a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other

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群体
a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area

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生物龛
the status of an organism within its environment and community

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栖息地
the natural environment of an organism; place that is natural for the life and growth ofan organism

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生物因子
a living thing, as an animal or plant, that influences or affects an ecosystem

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非生物因子
a nonliving condition or thing, as climate or habitat, that influences or affects anecosystem and the organisms in it:

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生物群落区
a complex biotic community characterized by distinctive plant and animal species andmaintained under the climatic conditions of the region, especially such a communitythat has developed to climax.

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生态系统
a system, or a group of interconnected elements, formed by the interaction of acommunity of organisms with their environment.