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Intersection between physics, accounting and the environment

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from research organizations
Credit: © Pavel Chernobrivets / Fotolia
A new study published in the peer-reviewed journal Nature Climate Change finds that if Bitcoin is implemented at similar rates at which other technologies have been incorporated, it alone could produce enough emissions to raise global temperatures by 2°C as soon as 2033.

"Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency with heavy hardware requirements, and this obviously translates into large electricity demands," said Randi Rollins, a master's student at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and coauthor of the paper.

Purchasing with bitcoins and several other cryptocurrencies, which are forms of currency that exist digitally through encryption, requires large amounts of electricity. Bitcoin purchases create transactions that are recorded and processed by a group of individuals referred to as miners. Miners group every Bitcoin transaction made during a specific timeframe into a block. Blocks are then added to the chain, which is the public ledger. The verification process by miners, who compete to decipher a computationally demanding proof-of-work in exchange for bitcoins, requires large amounts of electricity.

The electricity requirements of Bitcoin have created considerable difficulties, and extensive online discussion, about where to put the facilities or rings that compute the proof-of-work of Bitcoin. A somewhat less discussed issue is the environmental impacts of producing all that electricity.

A team of UH Manoa researchers analyzed information such as the power efficiency of computers used by Bitcoin mining, the geographic location of the miners who likely computed the Bitcoin, and the CO ₂ emissions of producing electricity in those countries. Based on the data, the researchers estimated that the use of bitcoins in the year 2017 emitted 69 million metric tons of CO ₂.

Researchers also studied how other technologies have been adopted by society, and created scenarios to estimate the cumulative emissions of Bitcoin should it grow at the rate that other technologies have been incorporated.

The team found that if Bitcoin is incorporated, even at the slowest rate at which other technologies have been incorporated, its cumulative emissions will be enough to warm the planet above 2°C in just 22 years. If incorporated at the average rate of other technologies, it is closer to 16 years.

"Currently, the emissions from transportation, housing and food are considered the main contributors to ongoing climate change. This research illustrates that Bitcoin should be added to this list," said Katie Taladay, a UH Manoa master's student and coauthor of the paper.

"We cannot predict the future of Bitcoin, but if implemented at a rate even close to the slowest pace at which other technologies have been incorporated, it will spell very bad news for climate change and the people and species impacted by it," said Camilo Mora, associate professor of Geography in the College of Social Sciences at UH Manoa and lead author of the study.

"With the ever-growing devastation created by hazardous climate conditions, humanity is coming to terms with the fact that climate change is as real and personal as it can be," added Mora. "Clearly, any further development of cryptocurrencies should critically aim to reduce electricity demand, if the potentially devastating consequences of 2°C of global warming are to be avoided."

Journal Reference:

Camilo Mora, Randi L. Rollins, Katie Taladay, Michael B. Kantar, Mason K. Chock, Mio Shimada, Erik C. Franklin. Bitcoin emissions alone could push global warming above 2°C. Nature Climate Change, 2018; DOI: 10.1038/s41558-018-0321-8

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electricity; energy policy; energy technology; global warming; climate; environmental issues; computers and internet; computer modeling; encryption; environmental policies; energy issues; resource shortage

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Bitcoin can push global warming above 2 degrees C in a couple decades: It alone could produce enough emissions to raise global temperatures as soon as 2033

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The electricity requirements of Bitcoin have created considerable difficulties, and extensive online discussion, about where to put the facilities or rings that compute the proof-of-work of Bitcoin. A somewhat less discussed issue is the environmental impacts of producing all that electricity.

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JILA researchers have, for the first time, isolated groups of a few atoms and precisely measured their multi-particle interactions within an atomic clock. The advance will help scientists control interacting quantum matter, which is expected to boost the performance of atomic clocks, many other types of sensors, and quantum information systems.

The research is described in a Nature paper posted early online Oct. 31. JILA is jointly operated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado Boulder.

NIST scientists have been predicting "many body" physics and its benefits for years, but the new JILA work provides the first quantitative evidence of exactly what happens when packing together a few fermions -- atoms that cannot be in the same quantum state and location at the same time.

"We are trying to understand the emergence of complexity when multiple particles -- atoms here -- interact with each other," NIST and JILA Fellow Jun Ye said. "Even though we may understand the rules perfectly on how two atoms interact, when multiple atoms get together there are always surprises. We want to understand the surprises quantitatively."

Today's best tools for measuring quantities such as time and frequency are based on control of individual quantum particles. This is the case even when ensembles of thousands of atoms are used in an atomic clock. These measurements are approaching the so-called standard quantum limit -- a "wall" preventing further improvements using independent particles.

Harnessing of many-particle interactions could push that wall back or even break through it, because an engineered quantum state could suppress atom collisions and protect quantum states against interference, or noise. In addition, atoms in such systems could be arranged to cancel each other's quantum noise such that sensors would get better as more atoms were added, promising significant leaps in precision and data-carrying capacity.

In the new research, the JILA team used their three-dimensioned strontium lattice clock], which offers precise atom control. They created arrays of between one and five atoms per lattice cell, and then used a laser to set the clock "ticking," or switching at a specific frequency between two energy levels in the atoms. JILA's new imaging technique was used to measure the atoms' quantum states.

The researchers observed unexpected results when three or more atoms were together in a cell. The results were nonlinear, or unpredicted based on past experience, a hallmark of multi-particle interactions. The researchers combined their measurements with theoretical predictions by NIST colleagues Ana Maria Rey and Paul Julienne to conclude that multi-particle interactions occurred.

Specifically, the clock's frequency shifted in unexpected ways when three or more atoms were in a lattice site. The shift is different from what one would expect from summing up various pairs of atoms. For example, five atoms per cell caused a shift of 20 percent compared to what would normally be expected.

"Once you get three atoms per cell, the rules change," Ye said. This is because the atoms' nuclear spins and electronic configurations play together to determine the overall quantum state, and the atoms can all interact simultaneously instead of in a pair-wise fashion, he said.

Multi-particle effects also appeared in crowded lattice cells in the form of an unusual, rapid decay process. Two atoms per triad formed a molecule and one atom remained loose, but all had enough energy to escape the trap. By contrast, a single atom is likely to remain in a cell for a much longer time, Ye said.

"What this means is, we can make sure there is only one atom per cell in our atomic clock," Ye said. "Understanding of these processes will allow us to figure out a better path for making improved clocks, as particles inevitably will interact if we pack enough of them nearby to improve signal strength."

The JILA team also found that packing three or more atoms into a cell could result in long-lived, highly entangled states, meaning the atoms' quantum properties were linked in a stable way. This simple method of entangling multiple atoms may be a useful resource for quantum information processing.

This research is supported by NIST, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Army Research Office, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, National Science Foundation and National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

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physics; quantum physics; chemistry; quantum computing; graphene; spintronics; nanotechnology; materials science

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Signs of interactive form of quantum matter observed

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Researchers have, for the first time, isolated groups of a few atoms and precisely measured their multi-particle interactions within an atomic clock. The advance will help scientists control interacting quantum matter, which is expected to boost the performance of atomic clocks, many other types of sensors, and quantum information systems.

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http://lrrpublic.cli.det.nsw.edu.au/lrrSecure/Sites/Web/physics_explorer/index.htm

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Cameron & Callum

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1. How do you define depth studies?
An opportunity for students to explore their interests on a certain topic that the teacher nominated. They will be practicing working scientifically skills.
2. Why depth studies?
- Better engagement
- Working collaboratively
- Practicing working scientifically skills
3. What can be considered as depth studies? Ideas of depth study?
Anything that can be investigated or analysed.
- Field-trip to start
- Practical sessions
- Second-hand investigation
- Data analysing
-
4. What are the curriculum requirements for the depth studies?
- Can do field-trip
- Can be done in 15h

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Please complete your eLearning!!

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Week 7  Sherlock Ohms: conservation of momentum practical

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Week 7  Sherlock Ohms: conservation of momentum practical

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- take the time beforehand to know yourself how the equipment works
- teach students how to use the basic functions of equipment
- encourage students to think of other alternatives to collect data if one method doesn't work
- if data has too many/large errors, use data from a simulation

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Graph for velocity (50gram vs. 100gram)

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Week 7   Group 1 - How to improve egg drop investigation 

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Week 7   Group 1 - How to improve egg drop investigation 

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- Use actual egg rather than chalk egg. Use rubber egg for testing.
- Use alternative method for data collection as the logger pro didn't work that well (eg. motion sensor)
- Provide limited material to students to protect the egg.

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Graph for position (50gram vs. 100gram)

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Discussion 3:  Discuss in your group and leave group summary.

How can we help students engage productively in active learning Physics classrooms?
What is productive student engagement?

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Week 6  Diagnostics tool (Example -force and motion :

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Week 6  Diagnostics tool (Example -force and motion :

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Tools are important for diagnostic assessment for us to be aware of students understating/learning.

If some of you are interested in conducting studies in students' conceptual difficulties and understanding as well as exploring their metal state (emotion, intention, mental representation, external representation etc.),  you could come back to MQ to  study further in science education with my research team/international collaborators in your future.

Here is an example tool (questionnaire) to diagnose students' force conceptions.

Discussion 2:  Answer the items and discuss on the usefulness of the items for your teaching and students learning. Tell me what pedagogical approach you would like to use with these items.

Group 1:  p2, items 5, 6 and 7
Group 2: p3, items 8,9,10, and 11
Group 3: p10, 28, 29, 30

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Week 6   Reading: Force concept paper: Force concept inventory 

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Week 6   Reading: Force concept paper: Force concept inventory 

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Hestenes (1992) Force Concept Inventory.pdf

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Week 6  Sound analysis software downloading 

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Week 6  Sound analysis software downloading 

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Download the software below. I am providing you with You Tube video. So, your students and you can explore the program and learn how to use the program.

Program Downloading:
http://www.sillanumsoft.org/download.htm

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Discussion 1: Discuss in your group and leave your group summary
What are the advantages of using the data logo?
What are the disadvantages of using data logos?
How should we help students?

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Patterning allows stretchy polymer to hide from heat sensors.

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Week 5 Article reading - Educational approach

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Week 5 Article reading - Educational approach

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What was the findings of this paper?

What do you think about the findings? How will you use this finding in your classroom?

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Copy of Reading: Physic Inquiry Skills_IJACSA

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Fruit flies make acrobatic turns by controlling just one parameter, according to high-speed video data.

Insects can execute flying feats more impressive than fighter jets, and a team of researchers has now learned the trick behind one of them. They used high speed video cameras and a new 3D reconstruction technique to show how fruit flies execute their acrobatic turns. As they report in the 9 April Physical Review Letters, despite the complex wing motions, a fly can execute quick pirouettes by adjusting just a single parameter that controls the difference between the way its left and right wings oscillate. The results may be relevant for engineers designing flight control strategies for tiny robotic insects for search-and-rescue and surveillance.

Insects flap their wings hundreds of times per second. The flapping motion of a fly is mainly forward-and-back, generating thrust somewhat like the oars of a rowboat. But they also tilt, or change "pitch," during each flap cycle, corresponding to rotating the handle of the oar, changing the angle of the blade relative to the surface of the water. The wings tilt forward on the forward stroke and backward on the reverse stroke. Researchers have recently made progress in modeling the aerodynamic forces involved in the rapid and complex motion of insect wings, and they would ultimately like to mimic insects' exquisite control in insect-sized flying robots.

Video courtesy of the Cornell University Insect Flight Group.

To study insect maneuvers, Jane Wang and Itai Cohen of Cornell University and their colleagues put several flies in a chamber that was illuminated from three perpendicular directions by bright projectors. When a fly passed through a pair of crossed laser beams, three high-resolution cameras were triggered to film at 8000 frames per second. Each camera recorded the fly's shadow from one of the projectors. A new computer algorithm developed by the group automatically combined the two-dimensional silhouettes into a three-dimensional reconstruction of the fly.

The team focused on the positions of the fly's body and wings as it underwent a so-called yaw turn of 120 degrees, corresponding to an airplane turning around in mid-flight to face nearly the opposite direction. During steady flight the fly's left and right wings flapped identically, but not during the turn. The right wing flapped at an average pitch angle of 49 degrees to the horizontal on the front stroke and 40 degrees on the back stroke. The larger angle on the front stroke exposed more surface area, which resulted in more air resistance to forward motion on that side of the fly, whereas the left wing flapped with little difference between its strokes. Effectively, the fly used its left wing to obstruct the flow, generating a turning force.

To understand how the fly controls these wing pitches, Wang and her team analyzed the positions of the wings and the relevant equations of rotational motion. They found that the wing hinges provide the same forces as a rotational spring, with the wings oscillating in pitch by tilting forward and back with respect to a roughly vertical equilibrium position. The asymmetry between forward and backward strokes comes from rotating the equilibrium position away from vertical-tilting it backward increases the wing's average pitch during forward strokes and decreases it for reverse strokes.

The team found that during the turn, the equilibrium positions differed between the wings by 10 to 15 degrees. Rather than actively controlling the angles and speeds of the wings continuously, as an autopilot might control the ailerons and rudder of a plane, the fly only controls this single variable-the relative equilibrium pitch angles of its wings. The rest is taken care of by the wings' passive, spring-like twisting.

Rob Wood, a Harvard University engineer who builds small robotic insects, thinks the work is encouraging. "Any mechanism that could lead to simple mechanisms for flight control is potentially valuable to us engineers."

-Michelangelo D'Agostino

Michelangelo D'Agostino is a physicist and freelance science writer in Berkeley, California.

More Information

Subject Areas

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Biological Physics

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Focus: Fruit Fly Aerial Maneuver Explained

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Fruit flies make acrobatic turns by controlling just one parameter, according to high-speed video data. Insects can execute flying feats more impressive than fighter jets, and a team of researchers has now learned the trick behind one of them. They used high speed video cameras and a new 3D reconstruction technique to show how fruit flies execute their acrobatic turns.

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Physics is the foundation knowledge for all science!!

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Can you relate this article to Year 11 physics?

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The UK has been called the " whiplash capital of Europe " after insurance giant Aviva revealed that the number of whiplash injuries reported in 2015 was predicted to top 840,000, up 9.7% on the previous year. This, said Aviva, had forced car insurance premiums up by an average of £93.

Whiplash most often occurs as a result of rear-end collisions of vehicles, often at low speeds - typically less than 25km/h. Whiplash is a disorder of the soft tissues of the neck caused by a sudden differential movement between the head and torso, straining the soft tissue of the neck, such as muscles and ligaments, beyond their normal range of motion.

In a rear-end collision, the head and torso of a car driver or passenger move backwards relative to the seat. The torso is supported by the seat back, so its movement is limited. But the head sharply rotates backwards with respect to the torso until it is stopped by the head restraint. This causes a hyperextension of the neck creating a "whiplash" effect. Finally, the head rotates forward and the torso rebounds. All this happens typically within 125 milliseconds, causing a whiplash disorder in the occupant's cervical spine.

Although whiplash is officially classed as a minor injury, symptoms can last for a long time, affecting not only the nation's health but also impacting on the economy. This is why it is important to limit the risk of whiplash injury.

Whiplash can be reduced by limiting the distance between the head and the head restraint, often referred to as "backset". The ideal distance should be zero, but this is neither practical nor comfortable for the occupant. Backsets more than about 10cm from the head have been associated with increased symptoms of neck injury in crashes.

Fast-moving head restraint reduces chance of neck injuries. Animation by Rickie Bewsher, Loughborough University.

Reactive seats that move the head restraint closer to the head by the pressure of the torso in the event of a rear-end crash are known to reduce whiplash injuries which can also be alleviated by reducing the relative motion between the head and the torso and absorbing the impact energy. This relative motion is reduced by allowing the seat back to move backwards slightly and then to rotate backwards. During this process, a part of the seat mechanism is allowed to elastically deform to also absorb the impact energy. There are a range of seats and head restraints based on these concepts that are designed specifically to mitigate whiplash.

Designing for safety

We've been researching ways to combine these different whiplash-mitigating approaches in one integrated design and have come up with a concept which demonstrates how the head restraint and car seat can react simultaneously when the body of the occupant begins to push against the seat back during a rear-end collision.

Seat adjusts to reduce movement of neck and torso. Animation by Rickie Bewsher, Loughborough University.

This is achieved by the proposed system comprising mechanical linkages built into the head restraint and the seat which allows the force of the occupant's body not only to move the head restraint up and forward to close the gap between the head and head restraint but also simultaneously to push and tilt the seat backwards in a controlled manner to reduce the differential motion between the occupant's head and torso.

The results from the simulation, based on a rigid human model positioned in driving posture, showed that the integration of a reactive head restraint and car seat would be very effective in reducing the occurrence of whiplash. These mechanisms are designed to be reactive - that is, they will only operate when the vehicle receives a rear-end collision. These mechanisms are designed to react instantly and simultaneously when the body of the occupant begins to push against the seat back. It should be noted that the reactive seat concept would require a damper to control the motion of the seat and absorb the energy of the occupant.

Our simulations show that the system is capable of moving the head restraint upwards and forwards quickly enough to prevent hyperextension of the neck occurring. Furthermore, the seat reclines, reducing the relative motion between the head and torso before the whiplash mechanism has time to have an effect.

The seat could also be fitted with an appropriate elastomeric damper to absorb impact energy further, reducing the effect on the occupant. Elastomeric dampers are small blocks of rubber-like material, designed to control the backwards movement of the seat, initially with softer reaction, allowing the seat to move backwards, and then with a stiffer response to slow down the seat movement and finally to stop the motion within a few centimetres.

The damper must react in the manner described above, which requires finding the optimum geometry combined with the right material combination. Currently, work is underway for developing elastomeric dampers to control the rearward motion of the seat and absorb impact energy.

A prototype of this integrated concept will be built for sled testing to verify the design. But we are optimistic that this will give car manufacturers an effective and economic way of reducing whiplash in rear-end collisions.

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How to reduce the risk of whiplash in car accidents

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The UK has been called the " whiplash capital of Europe " after insurance giant Aviva revealed that the number of whiplash injuries reported in 2015 was predicted to top 840,000, up 9.7% on the previous year. This, said Aviva, had forced car insurance premiums up by an average of £93.

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What contents in physics can be connected to this article?

Share your articles here and discuss your ideas of how to connect Year 11 content

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The European Space Agency's comet-orbiting Rosetta spacecraft was successful to the last. It crash-landed on the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko within a minute of its scheduled impact time at 11:19 UTC on 30 September, ending its 12-year long, €1.3-billion (US$1.45-billion) mission with a bump - and a final tranche of data.

The orbiter's final resting place has been named Sais, after the site in Egypt where the mission's namesake, the Rosetta stone, was originally displayed. "We can finally say Rosetta has come home to Sais," said mission manager Patrick Martin, speaking from the control room at the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Germany. "Farewell Rosetta, you've done the job. That was space science at its best."

Flight engineers at ESOC watched quietly for Rosetta's communications signal to flatline - the sign that the craft had landed. At the critical moment, onlookers looked stunned before breaking out into applause to celebrate the culmination of the mission.

The daring finale was designed to get scientists the closest possible images and measurements of dust, gas and plasma from a comet. Rosetta sent back a continuous stream of data as it drifted down at a sedate walking pace from a height of 19 kilometres onto comet 67P's surface; ESA broadcasted the images throughout the descent.

Holger Sierks, principal investigator for Rosetta's OSIRIS instrument (Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System), showed off the final pictures. A gravel field strewn with pebbles and boulder-like shapes is visible in the crude unprocessed images. "This will keep us busy," he said.

The craft transmitted its closest shot (pictured) just 10 seconds before impact, around 20 metres away from the comet. "That image was extraordinary," says Stephen Lowry, a cometary scientist at the University of Kent, UK, and a member of the OSIRIS camera team.

Rosetta's ultraviolet spectrograph, which studies the characteristic fingerprints in reflected light that reveal the comet's make-up, took its last data just minutes before the crash. Alan Stern, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, and principal investigator of the NASA instrument, called the data's 3-metre resolution "unprecedented for ultraviolet studies of comets".

In the coming days, ESOC will use housekeeping data to put together a reconstruction of Rosetta's last journey. Estimates suggest that the landing was as close as 40 metres to the target site, with instruments sending back data well within a minute of the crash, says Martin. "The plan worked well until the end, really flawlessly," he says. Most of Rosetta's operations and science staff will now move onto other projects, but Martin will remain on the mission for three years, largely to archive data.

So far, scientists have analysed only around 5% of the data that Rosetta has gathered since it began orbiting 67P two years ago, said André Bieler, a planetary scientist at the University of Bern in Switzerland and a member of Rosetta's ROSINA (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis) team, at a meeting at ESOC on the eve of the crash. "We have collected data we haven't had time to look at, but they're there, and they're ready to be assembled," he said.

Voyage of discovery

Rosetta has already made striking findings, including the discovery of water from comet 67P with a different isotopic composition to that on Earth, as well as molecular oxygen and nitrogen, which points to the comet being as old as the Solar System itself. Scientists also determined how 67P got its strange rubber-duck shape, deducing that the head and body were formed separately.

ESA Television

But many questions remain. A big challenge will be to figure out how the pebbles visible in Rosetta's final shots were created, says Lowry. They may have been shaped by dust, which is tossed into the air by sublimating ice and then falls back to the surface. Another tantalising possibility is that the pebbles are the building blocks from which 67P was originally built. If so, they might be able to tell scientists about the origins of the Solar System.

The Rosetta mission was the first to orbit (rather than just visit) a comet; the first to land a probe on a comet and, in its final moments, the first to conclude with a controlled comet crash-landing. (In 2001, NASA's NEAR Shoemaker mission also crash-landed - but that was on an asteroid, a body much larger and closer to Earth than 67P.) "Rosetta has entered the history books once again," said Johann-Dietrich Wörner, ESA's director-general.

The ability to observe a cometary body changing over time, and from such close quarters, is likely to mean "a true revolution" in cometary science, says Geraint Jones, a planetary scientist at University College London. "It's just a wealth of data. The level of detail is incredible," he says.

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Mission accomplished: Rosetta crashes into comet

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The European Space Agency's comet-orbiting Rosetta spacecraft was successful to the last. It crash-landed on the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko within a minute of its scheduled impact time at 11:19 UTC on 30 September, ending its 12-year long, €1.3-billion (US$1.45-billion) mission with a bump - and a final tranche of data.

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1. Discussion:Ticker tape - presentation of your findings
2. Reflection on Week 5 Lab Activities: ideas of further investigation depth studies),  How can you link this activity in year 11 module 1?

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Activity 2
1. Write down at least three learning goals for your work in EDTE 434  this year that you group is willing to share

2. How do we need to work together to ensure a successful semester? Write down your group rule that you think is reasonable expectation for you and your group/our workshop during the EDTE 434 workshop

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Week3

Activities 1:
Goals:
1. Understand the syllabus
2. Try experiments that we can do with the kids
3. Steal as many resources and assessments as we can.

Activity 2:
Don't be lazy
Bring food
Don't be cranky without food

Activity 3: In the worksheet

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Copy of Copy of EDTE434 worksheet Physics G1

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Week3

Activity 1
1. Pass units
2. Be well versed for the new syllabus
3. Know how to use fun and engaging lessons for stage 6.

Activity 2
Take contributions from everyone, someone's thoughts can go a long way.

Activity 3: In the worksheet

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Copy of Copy of EDTE434 worksheet Physics G3

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Week3

Activities 1 and 2
1.
Learning goals: Understand the new curriculum and be able to implement strategies to teach it effectively. Collect resources for classroom use.

2.
Listen to Hamish
Don't let Hamish boss you
Get our work done quickly
Respect each other
Bring chocolate

Activity 3: In the worksheet

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Copy of Copy of EDTE434 worksheet Physics G2