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- based on any different industries, such as shipping, textiles, lumber, furs, and mining
- raising food crops and livestock for family use
- trading textiles, iron, and ships for foreign products
- favored high tariffs on good coming in from other countries to protect its industries from foreign competition

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- canals were another improvement in cheap transportation
- a system of over 3000 canals provided water transportation between the Eastern seaboard and rivers in the west
- the first railroads were laid, and by 185,030,000 miles of tracks connected distant parts of the United States

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- villages had become strong centers of community activities, both religion and education were organized
- schools and churches in most towns
- some public schools were set up in larger cities
- college was reserved mostly for the wealthy

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- harbors and streets were improved
- sanitation systems were started
- police forces were created
- public services began to take root
- centers of art, culture, and education
- printed newspapers and books
- provided many forms of recreation

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- from 1800-1860, overall population rose from about 5-19 million
-between 1830-1850, over 2 million Irish, Germans and other northern Europeans arrived in the U.S.

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- region had rocky, hilly, and often infertile

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- warm and and humid summers
-cold and snowy winters