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In 1950, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage along with David Greenglass and Rosenberg's friend, Morton Sobell. Many experts believe that Ethel was charged in the case as a way to force Julius to give up names of other conspirators. They were convicted of espionage for their role in passing atomic secrets to the Soviets during and after World War II. The husband and wife were later sentenced to death and were executed in 1953.

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Francis Gary Powers (August 17, 1929 – August 1, 1977) – often referred to as simply Gary Powers – was an American pilot whose Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission in Soviet Union airspace, causing the 1960 U-2 incident.

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Brinkmanship and the Development of the H-Bomb

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Brinkmanship and the Development of the H-Bomb

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Brinkmanship, foreign policy practice in which one or both parties force the interaction between them to the threshold of confrontation in order to gain an advantageous negotiation position over the other. The technique is characterized by aggressive risk-taking policy choices that court potential.

Development of the H-Bomb
U.S. President Harry S. Truman publicly announces his decision to support the development of the hydrogen bomb, a weapon theorized to be hundreds of times more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on Japan during World War II.

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The 1956 Hungarian Revolution was a popular revolt against Soviet influence and control in Hungary. The revolt was brutally suppressed by Soviet troops, thousands were killed, many more wounded and nearly a quarter million left the country as refugees.

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After a power struggle between Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi of Iran and his prime minister, the Shah gained the support of the United States in preventing the nationalization of Iran’s oil industry. On November 4, 1979, five hundred Muslim students seized the United States Embassy in Iran. Of these ninety people in the embassy, sixty-six hostages were taken. On November 4, 1979, five hundred Muslim students seized the United States Embassy in Iran. Of these ninety people in the embassy, sixty-six hostages were taken. President Carter then imposed a trade embargo against Iranian oil and put a freeze on Iranian assets in the United States.  In return for the release of the American hostages, the United States was required to return Shah Pahlavi’s wealth to Iran, unfreeze Iranian assets, cancel all public and private claims against Iran, and pledge to not interfere in Iranian affairs.On January 20, 1981the hostages were released.

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The Suez Canal Incident was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel. Which was followed by the United Kingdom and France. This impacted the U.S. because this event threatened regional stability and challenged the U.S. relationship with the two primary Cold War allies, Britain and France.

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McCarthyism was a vociferous campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy during 1950 to 1954. Many of the accused were blacklisted or lost their jobs, although most did not in fact belong to the Communist Party. Alger Hiss was convicted of having perjured himself in regards to testimony about his alleged involvement in a Soviet spy ring before and during World War II. He almost served 4 years in jail, but steadfastly protested his innocence during and after his incarceration. Eventually, Hiss was brought to trial. Because the statute of limitations had run out, he was not tried for treason. Instead, he was charged with two counts of perjury—for lying about passing government documents to Chambers and for denying that he had seen Chambers since 1937.

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Conflict in Iran and the Eisenhower Doctrine

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Conflict in Iran and the Eisenhower Doctrine

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President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced the Eisenhower Doctrine in January 1957. The Soviet Union announces that its troops in Iran will be withdrawn within six weeks. The U.S. was impacted because the Iranian crisis was one of the first tests of power between them and the Soviet Union in the postwar world.

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Fidel Castro was a communist leader that governed The Republic of Cuba as prime minister 1959 to 1976. He later became president from 1976 to 2008. The U.S.'s relationship with Cuba became strained because of Castro's nationalization of all agricultural and business. This forced U.S agricultural and business out of the state of Cuba. In April  1961, the U.S attempted to overthrow primer Fidel Castro. 1,300 exiles armed with U.S weapons landed on The Bay of Pigs . They hoped to gain support from the local populations, cross the island to Havana, and overthrow Castro. But, they were quickly defeated by Castro's army. Nikita Khrushchev’s, in May 1962 conceived the idea of placing intermediate range missiles in Cuba. These missiles would protect Cuba from any future invasion from the U.S.. The Soviet Union began building secret missile bases in Cuba. President Kennedy found out about the missiles and announced that any attack from Cuba was also an attack from the Soviet Union. In addition, he imposed a naval blockade of Cuba to stop the construction of the sites. On October 26, Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy suggesting that the sites would be dismantled if the United States gave its reassurance that it would not invade Cuba. On October 28, Khrushchev
announced that the missiles would be dismantled.

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The Korean War was between South Korea and North Korea. It began the 25th of June, 1950. It began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The U.S. was impacted because this war brought our tensions higher with the Soviet Union. Military spending was also very high. It costed the U.S. $30 billion, which is equivalent to $341 billion in 2018.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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The Chinese Revolution started on 1946 after the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was the second part of the Chinese Civil War. It impacted the U.S. because it made our relation with the Chinese very bad.

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In 1954, the U.S. conducted an operation called the coup d'état which democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz and ended the Guatemalan Revolution of 1944–1954. Apprehensive of Arbenz’s land reform efforts and the freedom afforded to the communist party under the current regime, President Truman authorized the shipment of weapons and money to anti-Arbenz groups. Within five weeks the operation to topple Arbenz quickly fizzled when representatives loyal to the president uncovered the plot and took steps to solidify their power.

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The Berlin Blockade was the first major crisis of the Cold War. It began June 24, 1948 and ended on May 1949. It impacted the U.S. because West Berlin was left without food, clothing, and medical supplies. An airlift was used to deliver the supplies that West Berlin needed to survive.

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In August,19,1953 the military backed by street protesters organized and finances by the CIA and overthrew Mossadeq quickly after the shah returned to take power. To thank America for its help the shah signed over 40% of Iran's oil fields. Mossadeq was then arrested and served three years in prison and later died in house arrest
in 1967.

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During the cold war Chile joined the alliance for progress as a way to stop socialistic revolutions in Latin America.However many conservatives disapproved of the alliance for progress. in the 1960's Eduardo Frei was president of Chile. He wanted to pass some radical reforms, but the more industrialized Chile became the more the labor unions asked for higher pay. In the 1970 the socialist party won presidency with Salvador Allende Gossens.

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Nixon and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev signed a Treaty and interim SALT agreement on May 26, 1972, in Moscow. For the first time during the Cold War, this agreement states that the United States and Soviet Union had agreed to limit the number of nuclear missiles in their arsenals.President Jimmy Carter and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT II agreement dealing with limitations and guidelines for nuclear weapons. This treaty never officially went into action.

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The Vietnam War was considered a proxy war of the cold war. Even though the U.S. and the Soviet union weren't directly in the war the each supported a different side of the war the Viet Cong were Vietnamese rebels in the South who fought against the Southern Vietnam government and the United States.