# data[].attributes.headline
From a sleepy settlement to a boomtown. 

# data[].attributes.subject
From a sleepy settlement to a boomtown. 

# data[].attributes.headline
The Gold Rush explained to kids ( from 0.14 to 1.22)

# data[].attributes.subject
The Gold Rush explained to kids ( from 0.14 to 1.22)

# data[].attributes.body
https://vimeo.com/227167312

# data[].attributes.headline
Regarding this theme the main question can be the following:  Is it possible to maintain a national identity within the UK?  

# data[].attributes.subject
Regarding this theme the main question can be the following:  Is it possible to maintain a national identity within the UK?  

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Levi's As America:  A Riveting Icon Part 1

# data[].attributes.headline
Conseils pour la préparation de votre oral blanc: 

# data[].attributes.subject
Conseils pour la préparation de votre oral blanc: 

# data[].attributes.body
Pour les Terminales L: 10 minutes d'oral!
Pour les Terminales S et ES: 5 minutes d'oral.

# data[].attributes.headline
We want the best of both worlds: promotional video.  

# data[].attributes.subject
We want the best of both worlds: promotional video.  

# data[].attributes.body
Better Together UK. by the Remainers.

# data[].attributes.body
N'hésitez pas à regarder la vidéo de nouveau. C'est toujours utile!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Postwar Mainstream Culture

Before we examine the counter-culture of the postwar era, let's first briefly highlight mainstream culture. This will provide us with a basic conception of what the postwar era was like, and what counter-culture movements were opposed to.

Generally, the culture of the late 1940s and 1950s was socially conservative. With men returning home from World War II, traditional gender roles became firmly entrenched and clearly defined. Many women stayed at home to raise children and tend to domestic tasks, like cooking and cleaning.

The 1950s was a prosperous decade, and conformity ran high. Most Americans wore similar clothing, had similar haircuts, engaged in similar activities and generally thought along the same lines. This was the era of Leave it to Beaver. Anti-communism was widespread. Anything that ran contrary to the accepted norms was met with suspicion.

The Beat Generation and the 'Beatniks'

Now let's look at postwar counter-culture. While conservatism and conformity characterized the 1950s, there were, of course, exceptions. Rejecting the social norms of the day, a group of bohemian intellectuals and writers, known collectively as the Beat Generation, emerged during the 1950s. The Beat Generation promoted sexual liberation (including feminism and acceptance of homosexuality), mysticism, drug use, environmental awareness and other themes deemed 'radical' by mainstream society.

Writer Jack Kerouac was one of the leading figures of the Beat Generation. His 1957 book On the Road chronicles his travels across America, and is a sort of guide to 1950s counter-culture. The book remains a modern classic. Other important figures included Allen Ginsberg and William Burroughs. The 'beat' movement was centered in Greenwich Village, New York, but spread to other urban areas throughout the United States.

So, where did the term 'beat' come from? What's that all about? Jack Kerouac first introduced the term 'Beat Generation' in 1948. Originally, 'beat' meant 'beaten down' or 'weary,' but Kerouac applied musical connotations to the word, shaping it from something negative to something positive. Thus, in time, the term came to be associated with 'being on beat,' 'upbeat' and so forth.

The Beat Generation inspired beatniks, followers of the 'beat' lifestyle. Beatniks were 1950s hipsters who rejected traditional conventions. They often opposed capitalism, religion and many other mainstays of conformity. Stereotypically, beatniks wore dark clothing, turtleneck sweaters, sometimes a beret and sandals. Male beatniks often sported beards. Jazz music and poetry were integral parts of the beatnik lifestyle. Many beatniks played bongo drums. Beatniks adopted unique slang words, with 'hip' being one of the most common.

In many respects, the beatniks can be thought of as the precursors to the hippies of the 1960s. It is important to understand that the 'beat' movement was incredibly amorphous. Some beatniks were apathetic toward politics, while others were communists and others still libertarians. Some were Buddhist, while others were agnostic. Generally, the 'beat' movement was leftist, though again, we must remember it was ill-defined and very diverse.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
the counter-culture of post-war america - video & lesson transcript | study.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Counter-Culture of Post-War America - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Before we examine the counter-culture of the postwar era, let's first briefly highlight mainstream culture. This will provide us with a basic conception of what the postwar era was like, and what counter-culture movements were opposed to. Generally, the culture of the late 1940s and 1950s was socially conservative.

# data[].attributes.headline
Tableau pour prise de notes pendant exposés

# data[].attributes.subject
Tableau pour prise de notes pendant exposés

# data[].attributes.body
Watch the video and take notes about the Summer of Love

# data[].attributes.headline
Lesson about the earthquake ( to complete)

# data[].attributes.subject
Lesson about the earthquake ( to complete)

# data[].attributes.body
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.

1. This historical event can also be considered as mythical because it …....................

2. Not only did it …................... but it also........................... Its magnitude.............

3. Moreover, this event was widely reported. Jack London, born in …................... and his photographs about the event testify of …....................... ( explain when he arrived on the field....)

4. Other heart-breaking testimonies can be read on the website of the museum of the city of San Francisco. Several citizens share …........... For example, Missionary Donaldina Cameron speaks about the ….................. and the never-to-be-forgotten moments » of ….....................

5. I would like to end this part by talking about Andy Goldsworthy...............................He made a sculpture.................. exhibited....................

6. This sculpture expresses the importance of ….................. ( keep the memory of such an event alive)..

7. What also makes San Francisco a mythical city is the fact that it is built on.....................

8. ( the numerous faults, the big one which is likely to hit......)/ A sword of Damocles hanging above San Franciscans' heads.

10. For all these reasons the …....earthquake contributes to make San Francisco a mythical city.

# data[].attributes.body
Watch the video from 2.52 to 8.33.  Give precise examples of
1. How San Francisco pays tribute to the Beat Generation
2.  Memories of the Beat Generation that can be found in San Francisco today.
3.  What do you think of the library?  Is there anything which strikes you?
4.  Write down quotations by Beat writers that can be read in the video;

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Beat Generation San Francisco | Jack Kerouac and Beat Movement Locations

# data[].attributes.headline
My generation.  the Leavers: promotional video. 

# data[].attributes.subject
My generation.  the Leavers: promotional video. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Plan: speaking part of the baccalaureat exam. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Plan: speaking part of the baccalaureat exam. 

# data[].attributes.body
About the different districts of San Francisco.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
San Francisco, California Travel Guide - Must-See Attractions

# data[].attributes.headline
Vertigo, a 1958 American film noir psychological thriller film directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Vertigo, a 1958 American film noir psychological thriller film directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock. 

# data[].attributes.body
Saving Madeleine.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Vertigo (3/11) Movie CLIP - Saving Madeleine (1958) HD

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Vertigo movie clips: http://j.mp/1uuv3Xq BUY THE MOVIE: http://amzn.to/tLFCk2 Don't miss the HOTTEST NEW TRAILERS: http://bit.ly/1u2y6pr CLIP DESCRIPTION: Scottie (James Stewart) follows Madeleine (Kim Novak), but is shocked when she tries to drown herself in San Francisco Bay.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bullitt, a 1968 American action thriller film directed by Peter Yates

# data[].attributes.subject
Bullitt, a 1968 American action thriller film directed by Peter Yates

# data[].attributes.headline
a 1936 musical-drama disaster film directed by Woody Van Dyke, based on the April 18, 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

# data[].attributes.subject
a 1936 musical-drama disaster film directed by Woody Van Dyke, based on the April 18, 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
San Francisco Official Trailer #1 - Clark Gable Movie (1936) HD

# data[].attributes.body
from the beginning to 4.36

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Occupation of Alcatraz that Sparked an American Revolution

# data[].attributes.headline
presentation: the current mayor of San Francisco. 

# data[].attributes.subject
presentation: the current mayor of San Francisco. 

# data[].attributes.body
utilisez vos notes prises pendant l'exposé de vos camarades.

# data[].attributes.headline
SCOTLAND : A COUTRY WITHIN A COUNTRY.  IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAINTAIN A NATIONAL IDENTITY WITHIN THE UK?

# data[].attributes.subject
SCOTLAND : A COUTRY WITHIN A COUNTRY.  IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAINTAIN A NATIONAL IDENTITY WITHIN THE UK?

# data[].attributes.headline
A photograph by Ben Stansall, A British photographer. 

# data[].attributes.subject
A photograph by Ben Stansall, A British photographer. 

# data[].attributes.body
2 pro-independence campaigners in traditional highland dress in Edinburgh before the referendum, 2014.

# data[].attributes.headline
Scottish Referendum explained for non-Brits- video.  The Guardian.   17 September 2014.  

# data[].attributes.subject
Scottish Referendum explained for non-Brits- video.  The Guardian.   17 September 2014.  

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
An animated explanation of some fundamental questions prior to the referendum on Scottish independence on Thursday. Where is Scotland, what is Scotland and what does it mean to be Scottish? And what is the history of Scotland's relationship with England? But the real question is, will Scotland be better off as an independent country?

Follow our live blog as voters turn out for Scotland's historic referendum

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Scottish referendum explained for non-Brits - video

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
An animated explanation of some fundamental questions prior to the referendum on Scottish independence on Thursday. Where is Scotland, what is Scotland and what does it mean to be Scottish? And what is the history of Scotland's relationship with England? But the real question is, will Scotland be better off as an independent country?

# data[].attributes.body
Battle re-enactment during Bannockburn Live, a two-day festival in Stirling that attracted about 15,000 visitors. June 2014.

# data[].attributes.body
During the campaign. Glasgow. 2014.

# data[].attributes.body
Kidspoem/ Bairnsang by liz Lockhead from the Colour of Black and White: poems. 1984-2003.

# data[].attributes.body
The Other Leavers.  Published in October 2018.

# data[].attributes.body
Is Scotland a language or merely a dialect? ( studied in LVA). Those in LV1 can read it if they wish. It is sooooo interesting.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A S THEY CLEARED their heads after Burns Night on January 25th, having celebrated their national poet with whisky and haggis, another hangover loomed for Scots in less than a week's time. A majority of them rejected Brexit in the referendum of 2016, whereas a majority in the United Kingdom overall supported it. Scotland is now leaving the European Union against its will-prompting a renewed call for Scotland, in turn, to leave the UK.

Naturally, the case for independence plays up characteristics that differentiate Scotland from England. Among them is language, which diverges from the talk south of the border in two main ways. One is Gaelic, a Celtic language impenetrable to outsiders (it is related closely to Irish and Manx but only distantly to English), which, however, is spoken only by around 50,000 people, or about 1% of Scotland's population. The bigger difference is Scots-though quite how different it is remains a matter of debate.

As soon as you cross over from England, syntax and pronunciation change sharply. While the dialects of northern England have much in common with each other, the break at the border is stark. Because of that, some observers think Scots is not a dialect of English but a distinct (if related) language. The pro-independence Scottish National Party affirms as much in its manifestos.

Pronunciation is not enough to make Scots a language, or the Geordie English spoken in the north-east of England would be one, too. But it also has its own vocabulary, which goes beyond the well-known "aye, bonnie lass" of films and television. Scots descends from Northumbrian, one of the dialects of Old English; standard southern English descends from a dialect farther south. Scots retained Old English words that southern English lost, such as "bannock". It was more influenced by Norse, in words such as gate (street) and kirk (church). It also has words from Gaelic, not just loch and whisky but quaich (a kind of bowl)and sonse (good luck). It has its own Norman French borrowings, not shared with English, such as douce (sedate, sober).

Still, vocabulary does not make a language either. More fundamental still is grammar-and here, Scots stands out again. Its speakers say "I'm going to my bed" whereas Englishmen say simply "to bed". "Dinnae" is a Scots version of "don't". "Div" commonly replaces the auxiliary verb "do". There are past-tense forms such as jamp (jumped), and irregular plurals like een (eyes) and kye (cows).

The Scots Syntax Atlas, free online, also shows how Scots varies internally. If you find a long-missing item, you might say "there it is" in English. But while, in other contexts, "it is" contracts to "it's", you can't say "there it's!"-save in a belt of Scotland running roughly from Kilmarnock to Edinburgh. People in that belt are unlikely to say "so apparently himself is joining us for dinner," while northern, highland and some island Scots do.

There is no consensus among professional linguists as to whether, in aggregate, these features make Scots a language, or merely a dialect. Geoffrey Pullum, an Englishman at the University of Edinburgh, leans towards language status. Despite his expertise (and living in Scotland), he "simply cannot understand two Scots-speaking workers when they are chatting with each other". He emphasises those grammatical differences, as well as the long literary history of Scots.

David Adger, a Scot at Queen Mary University of London (and, like Mr Pullum, a specialist in syntax), is unconvinced. He studies Scots as one among many varieties of English. After all, people who speak it can vary their delivery from broad Scots to Scottish-accented standard English on a smooth continuum, depending on the circumstances.

This makes Scots and English different from, say, Danish and Norwegian. Speakers of those related tongues understand each other with few problems. But they are not in the habit of making transitions between the two-they speak one or the other. Politics is integral to the divide: Norwegian was consciously developed away from Danish as part of a push for independence.

As an old saying goes, "a language is a dialect with an army and a navy." Recognition for Scots as a language may, ultimately, be clinched not by grammatical arguments but by political ones. In other words, proclaiming it to be a language to support Scottish independence may have little impact. But gain independence, and outsiders might take Scots seriously as a separate language, too.

This article appeared in the Books and arts section of the print edition under the headline "Is Scots a language, or merely a dialect?"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Is Scots a language, or merely a dialect?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A S THEY CLEARED their heads after Burns Night on January 25th, having celebrated their national poet with whisky and haggis, another hangover loomed for Scots in less than a week's time. A majority of them rejected Brexit in the referendum of 2016, whereas a majority in the United Kingdom overall supported it.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bernard London: planned obsolescence a solution.

# data[].attributes.subject
Bernard London: planned obsolescence a solution.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Discarders of electronic goods expect them to be recycled properly. But almost all such devices contain toxic chemicals which, even if they are recyclable, make it expensive to do so. As a result, illegal dumping has become a lucrative business.

Photographer Kevin McElvaney documents Agbogbloshie, a former wetland in Accra, Ghana, which is home to the world's largest e-waste dumping site. Boys and young men smash devices to get to the metals, especially copper. Injuries, such as burns, untreated wounds, eye damage, lung and back problems, go hand in hand with chronic nausea, anorexia, debilitating headaches and respiratory problems. Most workers die from cancer in their 20s

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Agbogbloshie: the world's largest e-waste dump - in pictures

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Photographer Kevin McElvaney documents a former wetland in Ghana which is home to the world's largest e-waste dumping site, and where most of the the boys and men who smash devices to get to the metals end up dying from cancer in their 20s

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Agbogbloshie is the world's biggest e-waste dumpsite and is located close to Accra, Ghana. Electronic waste - TVs, PCs, HiFi systems, refrigerators - defines the landscape of this former wetland and recreation area.

Traders from Europe, US, China and India label their containers as "Development Aid" or "Second-Hand Products", and in the end, up to 500 containers find their way, illegally, to Tema Harbour, 20 miles east of Agbogbloshie. Customers around the globe expect proper recycling, but illegal dumping became a lucrative business.

Here in Agbogbloshie 7- to 25-year-old boys smash stones and simple tools against TVs and PCs to get to the metals, especially copper. They will earn approximately $2.50 per day. Most of them, hoping for a better future, left their families from the poor northern and upper west regions of Ghana for this kind of work.

Injuries like burns, untreated wounds, lung problems, eye damage, and back problems go hand in hand with chronic nausea, anorexia, debilitating headaches and respiratory problems. Almost everyone suffers from insomnia. Smoke and invisible toxins (especially cadmium) harm the careless workers because they often don't know about the risks and walk around in flimsy footwear like flip-flops. Most of them die from cancer while in their 20s.

Besides these horrible facts and circumstances, though, you will find a colourful and spiritual environment with optimistic people. Many young people believe that this is just a temporary situation and hope that they will find their way out of it one day.

Nevertheless Agbogbloshie is a socio-economic and environmental disaster. It is estimated that e-waste dumping in Agbogbloshie will double in 2020. The 40,000 settlers nicknamed this area "Sodom and Gomorrah".

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Agbogbloshie is the world's biggest e-waste dumpsite and is located close to Accra, Ghana. Electronic waste - TVs, PCs, HiFi systems, refrigerators - defines the landscape of this former wetland and recreation area.