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The contraceptive patch is a small sticky patch that releases hormones into your body through your skin to prevent pregnancy. In the UK, the patch's brand name is Evra.

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The vaginal ring (NuvaRing) is a small soft, plastic ring that you place inside your vagina.

It releases a continuous dose of the hormones oestrogen and progestogen into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy.

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A non communicable disease is a medical condition or a disease that has no infectious agents and isn't not transferable. Some examples are blindness, cancer and being death

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Describe three ways white blood cells protect us from pathogens

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Describe three ways white blood cells protect us from pathogens

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They can engulf and ingest pathogens; this is essentially the white blood 'eats' the pathogen. They secrete (release) antitoxins which counteract the toxins released by pathogens. The toxins they release are often what make us feel ill. The last element of their defence is releasing antibodies which 'attack' and bind the pathogen to stop it binding to cells and help to kill the pathogen.

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A communicable diseases are diseases that can be spread an de are infectious
Some examples of communicable diseases are gonorrhea, HIV, malarie

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Diaphragms and caps are barrier methods of contraception. They fit inside your vagina and cover your cervix (entrance to the uterus – womb). They come in different shapes and sizes. Vaginal diaphragms are circular domes made of thin, soft latex (rubber) or silicone with a flexible rim

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Define what a pathogen I see and list four types of pathogen

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Define what a pathogen I see and list four types of pathogen

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Pathogens are microscopic organisms that cause or have the potential to cause disease. Different types of pathogens include bacteria, viruses, protists (amoeba, plasmodium, etc.), fungi and parasitic worms (flatworms and roundworms).

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Condoms: they block sperm from entering the vagina and protect you against STIS
Hormonal contraceptives (the pill, the patch, and the vaginal ring) all contain a small amount of man-made estrogen and progestin hormones. These hormones work to inhibit the body's natural cyclical hormones to prevent pregnancy. ... The hormonal contraceptive usually stops the body from ovulating.

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sometimes a very quick response is needed, one that does not need the involvement of the brain. This is a reflex action. Reflex actions are rapid and happen without us thinking.

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Metabolism, the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material.

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Production of bile, which helps carry away waste and break down fats in the small intestine during digestion

Production of certain proteins for blood plasma

Production of cholesterol and special proteins to help carry fats through the body

Store and release glucose as needed

Processing of hemoglobin for use of its iron content (the liver stores iron)

Conversion of harmful ammonia to urea (urea is one of the end products of protein metabolism that is excreted in the urine)

Clearing the blood of drugs and other harmful substances

Regulating blood clotting

Resisting infections by producing immune factors and removing bacteria from the bloodstream

Clearance of bilirubin

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Human digestive system

The food we eat has to be broken down into other substances that our bodies can use. This is called digestion. Without digestion, we could not absorb food into our bodies and use it.

Digestion happens in the digestive system, which begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.

Parts of the digestive system

After we swallow, our food passes through these organs in turn:

oesophagus or gullet

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

Stages of digestion

Different things happen to food as it passes through the digestive system:

food is digested in the mouth, stomach and small intestine

digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine

excess water is absorbed back into the body in the large intestine

any undigested food passes out of the anus as faeces when we go to the toilet

Liver and pancreas

The liver and the pancreas play an important part in digestion. The liver produces bile, which helps the digestion of lipids (fats and oil). The pancreas produces biological catalysts called digestive enzymes which speed up the digestive reactions.

Digestion is the process by which food is broken down to be absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed around the body

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Asexual reproduction means reproducing without the interaction of two sexes or genders, whereas sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two special cells called gametes, one from a male source and one from a female source

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Green plants absorb light energy using chlorophyll in their leaves. They use it to react carbon dioxide with water to make a sugar called glucose. The glucose is used in respiration, or converted into starch and stored. Oxygen is produced as a by-product.

This process is called photosynthesis. Temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and light intensity are factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis.

Plants also need mineral ions, including nitrate and magnesium, for healthy growth. They suffer from poor growth in conditions where mineral ions are deficient.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the chemical change which happens in the leaves of green plants. It is the first step towards making food - not just for plants but ultimately every animal on the planet.

During this reaction, carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen. The reaction requires light energy, which is absorbed by a green substance called chlorophyll.

Photosynthesis takes place in leaf cells. These contain chloroplasts, which are tiny objects containing chlorophyll.

Cross-section through a leaf cell

Here is the equation for photosynthesis:

carbon dioxide + water (+ light energy)    →    glucose + oxygen

'Light energy' is shown in brackets because it is not a substance.

Plants absorb water through their roots, and carbon dioxide through their leaves. Some glucose is used for respiration, while some is converted into insoluble starchfor storage. The stored starch can later be turned back into glucose and used in respiration. Oxygen is released as a by-product of photosynthesis.

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Aj- purple
Khan- blue
Josh- black
Betsy- orange
Sofia- green

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The glucose made in photosynthesis is transported around the plant as soluble sugars. Glucose is used in respiration to release energy for use by the plant's cells. However, glucose is converted into insoluble substances for storage.

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This refers to the ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium or stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes. It is involved in the maintenance of the constant internal environment which includes the function of kidney, liver or skin.