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Equator – imaginary line that divides the earth

Scales – used on maps as a tool for measuring distance

Prime Meridian – the line that connects the North Pole and the South Pole

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Nomad – person who regularly moves from place to place in search of food
Specialization – the development of different kinds of jobs
Cuneiform - Sumerian system of writing made up of wedge-shaped markings
Ziggurat – a temple built for worship in ancient Mesopotamia
Babylon – a city on the Euphrates River that was home to Hammurabi

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1. Land between to rivers
2. Fertile soil
3. Surrounded by tigris and Euphrates rivers

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They were polytheistic and they built temples to honor their gods

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They invented the sailboat, wheel, bronze, levees & number system based on 60.

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Their writing system was called cuneiform.

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Their government was called Hammurabi’s code.

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Papyrus – reed plant of the Nile Valley; used to make a form of paper
Deity – god or goddess
Agriculture - growing crops for human use or farming
Mummy – a body tightly wrapped in linen strips
Nile River Valley– river that supported the Egyptian civilization

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1. Fertile land
2. Close to the nile river
3. Black land

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1. Deserts
2. Cataracts
3. Delta marshes

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They were polytheism.

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They invented papyrus,
hieroglyphics, and shadoofs.

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Their writing system was called hieroglyphics.

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They had a ruler.

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Monotheism – the belief in one god

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

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Story of Abraham and Moses and struggles 

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Story of Abraham and Moses and struggles 

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Abraham was promised the land of cannon if they worshipped one ture god. Later the land had dried up so people went to live in egypt. The jews were enslaved in egypt. After that the passover happned. Moses led the exodus of of eygypt then they went back to cannon.

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They were monotheism.

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The 10 commandments were laws given to moses by god which were part of the torah.

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Subcontinent –  large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it
Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans
Reincarnation – rebirth of soul or sprit in different bodies overtime
Dharma – In Hinduism, the divine law that requires people to perform the duties of their caste.
Indus River Valley – river valley that supported ancient india

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1. India is a subcontinent
2. Rich fertile soil
3. Had mountains which caused seperation

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Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama. He was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel. He saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering. Buddhism started to become popular because it rejected the caste system.

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Hinduism is the world third largest religion and the oldest. All life is sacred. It was developed by the Aryan religion. Dharma is the divine law that states the Hindus must perform the duties of their caste. Consequences of how a person lives is called karma.

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They invented Algebra, infinity, numbers 1-9, algorithms, and a symbol for the number zero.

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Their writing system was called sanskrit.

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Dynasty – line of rulers from th same family
Pictograph – a character thats stands for an object
Mandate – formal order
Aristocrat – a nobles whose wealth came from land ownership
Dao – the proper way chinese kings were expected to rule under the mandate of heavan

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1. Very little farmland
2. Much of the country is either mountains or deserts
3. Mountains and deserts protect china and isolate

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Legalism, Confucianism, and Daisom chart 

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Legalism, Confucianism, and Daisom chart 

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Chinas inventions were gunpowder, compass, woodblock prinitng, silk, and paper.

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Their writing system were called pictogarphs and ideographs.

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They had a ruler.

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Agora-  A open area that served both as a market and a meeting place
Epic- A long poem that tells about legends and heroes
Drama- A story told by actors who pretend to be character in a story
Comedy- form of drama which the story has a happy ending
Philosopher- Thinker who seeks wisdom and ponders questions about life

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1. Greece is a peninsula
2. Has mountains and islands
3. Had miles of seacoast

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They believed in gods and goddess.

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They were both Greek cities. In both cities boys trained.

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Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

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A alliance to defend Greek land from Persians near them.

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Alexander was man who took over a lot of land. When his father died he took over Macedonia. Alexander wanted more land so he beats the Persian empire and captures Egypt. After that he continued to conquest in Arabia. He died in 323 B.C. because of illness. Since Alexander controlled much of the known world this will spread Greek language and culture known as the Hellenistic era.

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Their government was the Delian league.

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Republic- Form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens
Veto- To reject
Plague- Disease that spreads quickly and kills many people
Tiber River- The location of ancient Rome and its main source of travel and trade
Keystone- Wedged shaped stone of an arch that locks it parts together

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1. Italy is a peninsula
2. Italy looks like a boot
3. The alps separate Italy from Europe

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Their religion is Christianity

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Two social classes:

Patricians- wealthy

landowners, they

were the ruling class.

Plebeians- middle class,

artisans, small farmers,

shopkeepers. Groups can not

marry each other.

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1. People have the power.

2. They have an elected ruler.

3. Had to pay taxes.

4. Within 70 years the people of Rome controlled all of Italy.
All citizens voted. There were 10 tribunes who were plebeians who wanted a say. There were 2 consuls who were chosen every year who headed the government and army. There were 300 senators who served for live and gave advice and also proposed laws.

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1. Romes reform fail
2. Rich vs. poor
3. Army enters politics

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How the government influenced our government today

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How the government influenced our government today

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1. Law and government
2. Latin alphabet
3. Architecture
4. Christianity

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1. Weak roman government
2. Social problems
3. Declining economy
4. Roman invasions

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Salvation- The act of being saved from sin and allowed toe enter heaven
Missionary- Person who travels to carry the ideas of a religion to others
Pope- The bishop of Rome, later the head of the Roman catholic church
Parable- A story that uses events from everyday life to express spiritual ideas
Mosaic- Picture made from tiny bits of colored glass, tile, or stones

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1, He taught that Jewish laws were not as important as having a relationship with god
2. He taught that god was coming to rule the world and that god was his father
3. He taught that god wanted people to love and forgive others like god does
4. He used stories to teach lessons called parables

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1. Many Jewish people said he heal the sick
2. Many thought he was the messiah
3. Other Jews thought he was not the savior
4. The Romans thought Jesus were trying to get the Jewish to overthrow them

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They arrested Jesus during the Passover. He was charged with not being loyal to the government. They crucified him by hanging him on a cross until he was dead. Some of his followers believed he rose from the dead and then Christianity was born and Jesus was the messiah.

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Jesus disciples traveled and told everyone about his teachings. They prayed and studied the Hebrew bible. Those who started new churches were called apostles.

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Peter went to Rome and set up the catholic church.

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Paul spread-ed Jesus teachings in eastern part of the roman empire.

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They were preserved and passed Greek culture and roman laws to others.

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Caravan- group of traveling merchants and animals
Bazaar- marketplace
Muhammad- Prophet and founder of Islam
Allah- the name of god in arabic
Muslim- followers of islam

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1. Mostly desert
2. Its hot and has sandstorms
3. Has oasis

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Allah means god in Arabic. Islam means surrendering to the will of Allah. All would reward the good and punish the bad. Allah created the universe. If people obeyed his laws then they would be blessed into heaven.

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Muhammad was born is Mecca in 570 A.D. In 610 A.D. he was visited by an angel and he was told to preach. People made Muhammad their ruler. Muhammad gave rules to them that god gave to him. He had built an army and went to take over mecca.

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They invented algebra and created a astrolabe. The also invented chemistry.

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People had fought to spread Islam. If you had died fighting you would go to paradise. Merchants went to spread Islam when they traveled. The had went to Africa to trade and spread d Islam there.

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Shrine- holy place
Calligraphy- beautiful handwriting
Origami- art of folding paper
Shinto- spirit worship
Zen Buddhism- religion that teaches people can find inner peace through self control

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1. A chain of islands
2. The islands are mountaintops that rise from the ocean floor
3. Surrounded by water

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Shinto- A spirit worship. The Japanese believed that all things were alive and had their own spirit. When people needed help they asked for kami to hep them. To honor kami they worshiped in shrines.
Zen Buddhism- Teaches that people can find inner peace through self control and a simple life.

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Feudalism in Japan is granting land for loyalty.

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China influenced Japan with their writing system, religion, language, and arts. Japan like China did not have to be isolated bu they chose to.

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Their writing system was called calligraphy .

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Serf- peasant laborer bound by law to the lands of a noble
Theology- the study of religion and god
Monastery- religious communities where monks lived.
Plague- disease that spreads quickly and kills people
Manor- A farming community that a noble ran and peasants worked

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1. River
2. Castle
3. Church
4. Bakery
5. Animals farm field
6. Wheat filed
7. Peasant village
8. Common area
9. Wall around it
10. Peasant farm
This is what a medieval city has

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A political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals.

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He united France, Germany, and Italy. Ordered many people in his kingdom to become christian. After he died Europe was thrown into war.

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The catholic church was the only real source of higher learning in Europe. The catholic church was the unifying force.

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These were fought between European Christians and Muslims from North Africa and the Middle East.

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Indulgence- Pay to get a pardon, or forgiveness, of sin
Florence- Birthplace of the Renaissance, first city state to grow wealthy
Denomination-  Branches of christianity
Reformation- A religious movement that created a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism
Galileo- Created the first modern telescope

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Location of the beginning of the Renaissance 

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Location of the beginning of the Renaissance 

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The location of the beginning of the renaissance is Italy. It started there because.

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A religious movement that created a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism

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The way of understanding the world that was based on the values of ancient Greek and Romans, a way to gain knowledge through reason and not faith

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The Catholic church response to reformation; the catholic church decided to change to change some of its practices