# data[].attributes.body
The artistic Renaissance came to an end when a new movement called Mannerism, emerged in Italy. This brought religious values and political turmoil.

# data[].attributes.body
Peace of Augsburg: victory for Lutheran because of Germany. This leads to the Lutheran church we have today.

# data[].attributes.body
King Philip ii became king of Spain, Naples, Milan, and the Netherlands. He was considered "The most Catholic King."

# data[].attributes.body
Calvinist and Catholics became highly militant, or combative religions. Their struggle was the chief cause of war and plagues in Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
The French Wars of Religion began between Catholics kings and protestants.

# data[].attributes.body
Philip sent 10,000 troops to crush the Calvinist rebellion in the Netherlands. This is an example of a religion revolution.

# data[].attributes.body
William Shakespeare wrote plays for Queen Elizabeth enjoyed the plays the most and attended most of them. This effects modern history by showing literature.

# data[].attributes.body
Philip sent an armada-a fleet of warships- to invade England. This raid was unsuccessful. Therefore Spain did not achieve great power.

# data[].attributes.body
Spain's leadership of a Holy league against the Turks resulted in a stunning victory over the Turkish fleet in the battle of Lepanto.

# data[].attributes.body
Henry the 4 was made king of France. He then converted to Catholicism

# data[].attributes.body
The end of Philip's reign. Spain was not at great power. It was the most populous place in the world. Then it went bankrupt from war.

# data[].attributes.body
Michael Romnov becomes the new czar

# data[].attributes.body
Ivan's dynasty ends, "a period of anarchy."

# data[].attributes.body
Queen Elizabeth dies. Tudor dynasty ends, and James becomes king of England.

# data[].attributes.body
Henry the fourth issued the Edict of Nantes. This recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France. It also gave Huguenots the right to worship all political privileges.

# data[].attributes.body
William Shakespear is born. He will influence todays modern literature.

# data[].attributes.body
Europes population begins to decline, especially in southern and Central Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
England slipped into a civil war between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. The Roundhead proved to be victorious due to the New Model Army.

# data[].attributes.body
The Holy Roman Empire was involved in the Thirty Years War. This war was a struggle between Catholics and Protestants. This war eventually became more political. With France directing Richelieu against the Holy Roman Empire. It ended with the Peace of Westphalia.

# data[].attributes.body
Parliament passed the Petition of Right. This limited the king's ability to tax, send troops, and institute martial law.

# data[].attributes.body
William of Orange began to make preparations to invade England. King James retreated and sent an army to fight but lost.

# data[].attributes.body
Parliament initiated the Toleration Act. This gave Puritans the right to free public worship.

# data[].attributes.body
Rump Parliament had Charles 1 executed. His execution horrified Europe. Parliament abolished monarchy and the House of Lords and declared England a republic.

# data[].attributes.body
The witchcraft hysteria had begun to lessen. It lessened because government officials were willing to disrupt societies with witch trials.

# data[].attributes.body
The Turks were defeated by the Austrians. Then they took over all of Hungry, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia.

# data[].attributes.body
Cardinal Mazarin dies, and Louis the 14 took over supreme power of France.

# data[].attributes.body
Louis waged four wars to achieve military glory.

# data[].attributes.body
Louis dies, leaving France in poverty. France still does have a lot of poverty today.

# data[].attributes.body
The Two Treaties of Government were published. They argued against the absolute power of one person.  Locke believed that all people were born with natural rights. We have the same ideas in our country today.

# data[].attributes.body
Parliament offered the throne to William and Mary. They accepted it along with a Bill of Rights. This gave Parliament the right to make laws and to levy taxes.