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Stigmatization and racial selection after 9/11

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Stigmatization and racial selection after 9/11

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Mason, P. L., & Matella, A. (2014, October 23). Stigmatization and racial selection after September 11, 2001: Self-identity among Arab and Islamic Americans.
Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40176-014-0020-9

After 9/11, there was a significant increase in stigmatization of people with Islamic decent or an affiliation with the Muslim religion. "Comparing 2002-2012 to 1996-2001, there is a statistically large decrease in the unconditional and conditional probabilities that Arab and Islamic Americans will self-identify as white. " Their habit of identifying themselves as white stopped soon after the attacks because of all the racial profiling that was happening to them. This changed their way of life because they were being classified as terrorists or being associated with al-qaeda only because of their looks.

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Interactive Effects of Discrimination and Racial Identity on Alcohol-Related Thoughts and Use

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Interactive Effects of Discrimination and Racial Identity on Alcohol-Related Thoughts and Use

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Richman, L. S., Boynton, M. H., Costanzo, P., & Banas, K. (2013). Interactive Effects of Discrimination and Racial Identity on Alcohol-Related Thoughts and Use. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(4), 396-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2013.803966

The study was conducted on the effects of discrimination on the alcoholism of those being discriminated against, and how a strong sense of racial identity alters the level of alcoholism that follows discrimination. The study found that discrimination increases alcohol usage across the board for both African Americans and Latinos, but that a strong racial identity, or positive immersion in one's ethnic culture, reduces the level of alcohol consumption. This relates back to the research question, as alcohol consumption is a part of day-to-day recreation, and as the study shows, the social interaction between discriminatory parties and the victim results in greater alcohol consumption, unless the victim has a strong racial identity.

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Investigating Occupational Stress, Racial Identity, and Mentoring for African American Women in Health Care

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Investigating Occupational Stress, Racial Identity, and Mentoring for African American Women in Health Care

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Norman, R. L., & Tang, M. (2016). Investigating Occupational Stress, Racial Identity, and Mentoring for African American Women in Health Care. Journal of Employment Counseling, 53(1), 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/joec.12024

The study conducted on the stress levels of African American women working in health care professions found that the more immersed and internalized the participant was in their racial and cultural identity, the less stress they felt in the workplace. This artifact answers the research question by displaying how the stress levels in one's day-to-day work life are affected by how strongly they identify with their respective race.

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Arts Corps. (n.d.). Solidarity. Retrieved from https://www.artscorps.org/solidarity/

The painting displays discrimination of police against an African American driver, whom they are more likely to pull over than a white driver. The painting displays a social aspect of racial identity that impacts the day-to-day lives of African Americans, since white police officers are more likely to pull an African American over.

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Scientists Start To Tease Out The Subtler Ways Racism Hurts Health

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Scientists Start To Tease Out The Subtler Ways Racism Hurts Health

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Bichell, R. E.,  (Producer).(November 11, 2017). Weekend Edition Saturday [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/11/11/562623815/scientists-start-to-tease-out-the-subtler-ways-racism-hurts-health
This audio addresses the negative effects of continued racism and how it can affect someone's physical health. For example, racism stress is associated with kind of chronic low-grade inflammation that puts someone at a higher risk for heart disease. If someone is being discriminated against for a countiuned time it causes and increase in hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, that are lingering. This impacts one;s daily life because not only are they being discriminated against for the racial identity that society gave them, but they can also be linked to be having negative health effects that they could have to deal with for the rest of their lives.

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Huzzey, R. (2016, February 11). Development and the abolitionist movement in history.
Retrieved from https://www.antislavery.org/development-abolitionist-movement-history/
In this image, you can obviously see  slaves on some sort of path walking while tied together. I could assume these slaves are either moving to a different plantation or being sold to a different slave owner. This picture can exemplify racial identity by paying close attention to the people in this picture. The child that looks around 2 or 3 has most likely grown up their whole life in slavery. All they know themselves to be is a slave to white plantation owners thus exemplifying racial identities of African Americans seeing themselves as worthless until even after Brown v. Board of Education.

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The Effects of Changes in Racial Identity and Self-Esteem on Changes in African American Adolescents' Mental Health

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The Effects of Changes in Racial Identity and Self-Esteem on Changes in African American Adolescents' Mental Health

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Mandara, J., Richards, M., Gaylord-Harden, N., & Ragsdale, B. (2009). The Effects of Changes in Racial Identity and Self-Esteem on Changes in African American Adolescents' Mental Health. Child Development, 80(6), 1660-1675. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25592101?newaccount=true&read-now=1&seq=10#metadata_info_tab_contents
This study looked at 259 different adolescent African Americans and wanted to see the impact of their racial identity in seventh and eighth grade on their depressive symptoms and self esteem. This study concluded that when one has developed a positive feeling about their racial identity they experience reductions in mental health problems. When one is more comfortable with their racial identity, it improves their day to day lifestyle eas they have better mental health. Therefore one's impact of their racial identity on their lifestyle depends on their feelings toward their own racial identity.

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The Effects of Changes in Racial Identity and Self-Esteem on Changes in African American Adolescents' Mental Health on JSTOR

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This study assessed the unique effects of racial identity and self-esteem on 259 African American adolescents' depressive and anxiety symptoms as they trans...

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Blakemore, E. (2017, September 27). The Brutal History of Anti-Latino Discrimination in America. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/news/the-brutal-history-of-anti-latino-discrimination-in-america
Knowing the history of latino-americans in the United States can greatly affect how a spanish speaking citizen or immigrant sees themselves today. In 1931 police officers raided Olvera Street, Los Angeles, a thriving mexican market, and took hundreds of people and deported them regardless of their immigration status. This raid was one of many in the history of the United States, taking spanish speaking people and forcing them to immigrate back to their home country just because of their language and regardless of their status as an American. An anti-latino sentiment grew with the popular immigration of Latino-Americans. Spanish speakers were considered lazy and stupid. By the late 19th and early 20th century, thousands of spanish speaking individuals were murdered by mobs because of their origin. With many more stories just like this, Latino-americans are forced to be okay living in America with their ancestors history in this country. This history can affect latino american identity and the way they live their lives in America. In the same way as an African-American today would be living knowing the history of slaves in their ancestry, Latino americans have to live knowing they were discriminated against in the same way because of the toxic white supremacy that was very prominent in their world.

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Exploring the Relationship Between Race-Related Stress, Identity, and Well-Being Among African Americans

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Exploring the Relationship Between Race-Related Stress, Identity, and Well-Being Among African Americans

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Tovar-Murray, D. & Munley, H. P. (2007) Exploring the Relationship Between Race-Related Stress, Identity, and Well-Being Among African Americans. Western Journal of Black Studies, 31(1), 58-68 http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=62be7015-4c9a-4c85-9b45-7daa9d3ecdef%40sessionmgr4006
This study found that ethnic identity, along with social class and education in African Americans, can be a significant predictor of well-being. This was seen by the fact that those with higher social class and education, along with having a stronger ethnic identity was associated with higher self-esteem, life satisfaction and quality of life. The greatest correlation between just ethnic identity was found in the overall well being of the African Americans. The study was conducted with 196 African Americans and the results were reached by administering a series of questionnaires in which the participant would be ranked on a 5 point scale. This study relates to the question because it shows that those with a stronger ethnic identity have a stronger overall well-being, and someone's overall well-being affects how they feel on a daily basis and therefore their lifestyle.