# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
segregation in the us definition - Google Search

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Who was Jim Crow? The African Trickster
Who was Jim Crow? The character of 'Jim Crow' was rooted in black African culture. Like Kokopelli in Native American culture, mythical creatures also appeared as shape-shifting Tricksters in the myths and legends of the African people. In the Yoruba culture of Nigeria and West African countries such as Sierra Leone, the Trickster is depicted as a shape-shifting crow named "Jim."

Who was Jim Crow? Made World Famous by Thomas D. Rice
The American performer and variety act who made the character 'Jim Crow' famous was called Thomas D. Rice (1808 - 1860). Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice blackened his skin by applying burnt cork, wore tattered clothes and performed a song and dance minstrel act. His minstrel song and dance featuring the song 'Jump Jim Crow' was a sensation and Rice became famous across America and in England. The extent of his fame was reflected in the Boston Post which reported in 1838 that, "the two most popular characters in the world at the present time are [Queen] Victoria and Jim Crow."

The

The Facts, Purpose, List and examples of the Jim Crow Laws are detailed below:

Purpose of Jim Crow Laws Facts for kids: List and Examples of Jim Crow Laws

Purpose of Jim Crow Laws Facts for kids: List and Examples of Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow Laws: Background History to the Jim Crow LawsThe collective name "Jim Crow Laws" have come to describe the segregation laws that persisted in the South following the
Reconstruction Era. During the Reconstruction period many important laws were passed including:

● The Congress responded to the intimidation practices and violence perpetrated by the Ku Klux Klan by passing the Enforcement Acts which related to citizenship rights and the which gave constitutional foundation to the Jim Crow Laws enabling racial bigotry to survive, in the name of states' rights, until the 1960s Civil Rights Act of 1866 which was intended to protect ex-slaves (Freedmen) from legislation in the states in the South such as the infamous 14th Amendment of 1868 15th Amendment of 1870 that declared the voting rights of of black male citizens
● The Plessy vs. Ferguson
● Civil Rights Act of 1875 was not enforced, and the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1883 Black Codes.
● The 1866 Civil Rights Act led to the emergence of white secret societies such as Ku Klux Klan.
● The Enforcement Acts were passed to guarantee the laws of the Constitution in respect of the 13th Amendment of 1865, which abolished slavery, the In 1896, as a result of the decision, legal sanction was given to the "Jim Crow" segregation laws

Jim Crow Laws - Racial Discrimination and Segregation
For additional facts about racial discrimination and segregation refer to detailed information on Black Segregation History and for brief, fast facts refer to the Segregation History Timeline. Our article on Black Populism tells the history of the African American farmers in the South.

Black History for kids: Important People and Events For visitors interested in African American History refer to
Black History - People and Events. A useful resource for teachers, kids, schools and colleges undertaking projects for the Black History Month.

Jim Crow Laws

● Interesting Facts about Jim Crow Laws for kids and schools
● Definition of the Jim Crow Laws in US history
● Facts about the Jim Crow Laws
● Ulysses Grant Presidency from March 4, 1869 to March 4, 1877
● Fast, fun, Jim Crow Laws about Important events in his presidency
● Foreign & Domestic policies of President Ulysses Grant
● Ulysses Grant Presidency and Jim Crow Laws for schools, homework, kids and children

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Discover Examples and Facts about the Jim Crow Laws for kids. Lists of the Jim Crow Laws. Information about the Jim Crow Laws for kids, children, homework and schools.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The contentious history of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, in photos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Quartz is a guide to the new global economy for people in business who are excited by change. We cover business, economics, markets, finance, technology, science, design, and fashion.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Educational Videos for Students (Cartoons on Bullying, Leadership & More)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Frederick Douglass for Kids(Cartoon Biography) Educational Videos for Students (Black History Month)

# data[].attributes.body
Sojourner Truth

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
ESL and EL Civics with Pictures
Easy Lessons and Fun Activities
by www.elcivics.com

U.S. History, Civics, and Government

SOJOURNER TRUTH FACTS

1. Sojourner Truth was six feet tall.

2. During a speech in 1858, when someone accused her of being a man, she opened her blouse to prove she wasn't one.

3. Truth met with Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant.

4. The U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp in her honor in 1986.

5. NASA named a robotic rover after her.

Sojourner Truth was a famous African American slave, abolitionist, and women's rights activist.

She was named Isabella Baumfree, but she changed her name to Sojourner Truth in 1843 when she was about 46 years old.

Truth was born into slavery in New York around 1797.

Her parents, her twelve siblings, and her five children were also born slaves.

Truth was bought and sold four times during her life. She was beaten and raped when she was a young slave.

In 1826 she escaped from her master with her infant daughter. She left her other four children behind.

A Quaker family helped her. They let her and her daughter live with them.

Truth gained her freedom when the New York State Emancipation Act was passed in 1827.

She became a Christian and traveled around the country to help with abolitionist causes and to promote women's rights.

Truth delivered a famous speech called "Ain't I a Woman" at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851.

She spoke to many audiences about slavery, prison reform, capital punishment, and women's rights.

Truth did more than just speak; she also recruited African American soldiers for the Union Army during the Civil War, tried to get land grants for former slaves, and tried to vote in a presidential election.

Sojourner Truth died on November 26, 1883, in Battle Creek, Michigan.

1. Who was Sojourner Truth?
2. When was she born?
3. How many times was she sold?
4. When did she gain her freedom?
5. What was the title of her most famous speech?
Sojourner Truth Quiz Answers >>

Sojourner Truth Lesson Activities

Copyrights to the photos on this EL Civics website belong to individual photographers. We have purchased the rights to use them. Do not copy the photos on this site. Permission is granted to copy any of the worksheets for classroom use. Permission is granted to link to any page of this website. Contact Christina Niven, ESL teacher, at christina@elcivics.com. Please send corrections, comments, greetings, and requests for new photo tours, lessons, and civics units. Copyright © Christina Niven, 2007.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
sojourner truth lesson activities students teachers black history month famous american woman african slave civics history

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ESL and EL Civics with Pictures Easy Lessons and Fun Activities by www.elcivics.com U.S. History, Civics, and Government SOJOURNER TRUTH FACTS 1. Sojourner Truth was six feet tall. 2. During a speech in 1858, when someone accused her of being a man, she opened her blouse to prove she wasn't one.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
An official website of the United States government

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Who Was Jackie Robinson?

Robinson became the first Black athlete to play Major League Baseball in the 20th century when he took the field for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. Throughout his decade-long career, Robinson distinguished himself as one of the game's most talented and exciting players, recording an impressive .311 career batting average. He was also a vocal civil rights activist.

Early Life

Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia. The youngest of five children, Robinson was raised in relative poverty by a single mother.

He attended John Muir High School in Pasadena, California, and Pasadena Junior College, where he was an excellent athlete and played four sports: football, basketball, track and baseball. He was named the region's Most Valuable Player in baseball in 1938.

Robinson's older brother, Matthew, inspired Robinson to pursue his talent and love of athletics. Matthew won a silver medal in the 200-meter dash - just behind Jesse Owens - at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin.

Robinson continued his education at UCLA where he became the university's first student to win varsity letters in four sports. In 1941, despite his athletic success, Robinson was forced to leave UCLA just shy of graduation due to financial hardship.

He moved to Honolulu, Hawaii, where he played football for the semi-professional Honolulu Bears. His season with the Bears was cut short when the United States entered into World War II.

U.S. Army

From 1942 to 1944, Robinson served as a second lieutenant in the United States Army. However, he never saw combat.

During boot camp at Fort Hood, Texas, Robinson was arrested and court-martialed in 1944 for refusing to give up his seat and move to the back of a segregated bus. Robinson's excellent reputation, combined with the efforts of friends, the NAACP and various Black newspapers, shed public light on the injustice.

Ultimately he was acquitted of the charges and received an honorable discharge. His courage and moral objection to racial segregation were precursors to the impact Robinson would have in Major League Baseball.

Wife and Children

In the early 1940s, Robinson met nurse-in-training Rachel Isum when they were both attending UCLA. The couple was married on February 10, 1946.

As Robinson made his career in the major leagues, the couple faced mounting racism, from insults to death threats. Later in life, both Jackie and Rachel became actively involved in the civil rights movement.

Jackie and Rachel had three children together: Jack, Sharon and David. Rachel said that she and Jackie went to great lengths to create a nurturing home that sheltered their kids from racism.

In 1971, the couple's oldest child, Jack Robinson Jr., died at the age of 24 in a car accident. Their middle child, Sharon Robinson, is an author and consultant for Major League Baseball, while their youngest child, David Robinson, is a coffee farmer in Tanzania.

Joining Major League Baseball

After his discharge from the Army in 1944, Robinson began to play baseball professionally. At the time, the sport was segregated, and African Americans and white people played in separate leagues.

Robinson began playing in the Negro Leagues, but he was soon chosen by Branch Rickey, president of the Brooklyn Dodgers, to help integrate Major League Baseball. He joined the all-white Montreal Royals, a farm team for the Brooklyn Dodgers, in 1946. Robinson later moved to Florida to begin spring training with the Royals.

Rickey knew there would be difficult times ahead for the young athlete, and so made Robinson promise to not fight back when confronted with racism. Rickey also personally tested Robinson's reactions to the racial slurs and insults he knew the player would endure.

Brooklyn Dodgers

From the beginning of his career with the Dodgers, Robinson's will was tested. Some of his new teammates objected to having an African American on their team. People in the crowds sometimes jeered Robinson, and he and his family received threats.

Despite the racial abuse, particularly at away games, Robinson had an outstanding start with the Royals, leading the International League with a .349 batting average and .985 fielding percentage. His successful year led to his promotion to join the Dodgers.

Robinson played his first game at Ebbets Field for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947, making history as the first Black athlete to play Major League Baseball in the 20th century.

The harassment continued, however, most notably by the Philadelphia Phillies and their manager, Ben Chapman. During one infamous game, Chapman and his team shouted derogatory terms at Robinson from their dugout.

Many players on opposing teams threatened not to play against the Dodgers. Even his own teammates threatened to sit out.

But Dodgers manager Leo Durocher informed them that he would sooner trade them than Robinson. His loyalty to the player set the tone for the rest of Robinson's career with the team.

Others defended Robinson's right to play in the major leagues, including League President Ford Frick, Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler, Jewish baseball star Hank Greenberg and Dodgers shortstop and team captain Pee Wee Reese.

In one incident, while fans harassed Robinson from the stands, Reese walked over and put his arm around his teammate, a gesture that has become legendary in baseball history.

DOWNLOAD BIOGRAPHY'S JACKIE ROBINSON FACT CARD

Rookie of the Year

Robinson succeeded in putting the prejudice and racial strife aside and showed everyone what a talented player he was. In his first year, he batted .297 with 12 home runs and helped the Dodgers win the National League pennant.

That year, Robinson led the National League in stolen bases and was selected as Rookie of the Year. He continued to wow fans and critics alike with impressive feats, such as an outstanding .342 batting average during the 1949 season. He led in stolen bases that year and earned the National League's Most Valuable Player Award.

Robinson soon became a hero of the sport, even among former critics, and was the subject of the popular song, "Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball?" His success in the major leagues opened the door for other African American players, such as Satchel Paige, Willie Mays, and Hank Aaron.

Stats

An exceptional base runner, Robinson stole home 19 times in his career, setting a league record. In 1955, he helped the Dodgers win the World Series. Before he retired, he became the highest-paid athlete in Dodgers' history.

Over the course of his career in Major League Baseball, from 1947 to 1956, Robinson achieved the following stats:

* .311 batting average (AVG)

* 137 home runs (HR)

* 4877 times at bat (AB)

* 1518 hits (H)

* 734 runs batted in (RBI)

* 197 stolen bases (SB)

* .409 on-base percentage (OBP)

* .883 on-base plus slugging (OPS)

World Series

In his decade-long career with the Dodgers, Robinson and his team won the National League pennant several times. Finally, in 1955, he helped them achieve the ultimate victory: winning the World Series.

After failing before in four other series matchups, the Dodgers beat the New York Yankees. He helped the team win one more National League pennant the following season.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Robinson became the first Black athlete to play Major League Baseball in the 20th century when he took the field for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. Throughout his decade-long career, Robinson distinguished himself as one of the game's most talented and exciting players, recording an impressive .311 career batting average.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Rosa Parks 1913-2005: We Air a Rare 1956 Interview with Parks During the Montgomery Bus Boycott

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Civil rights pioneer Rosa Parks has died at the age of 92. It was 50 years ago this December that she refused to relinquish her seat to a white man aboard a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Her act of resistance led to a 13-month boycott of the Montgomery bus system that would spark the civil rights…

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore articles and videos of some of the most prominent African Americans in politics, the arts, law, science and sports who have made Black History what it is today.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
ESL and EL Civics with Pictures
Easy Lessons and Fun Activities
by www.elcivics.com

U.S. History and Government

ROSA PARKS FACTS

1. Park's madien name was Rosa Louise McCauley.

2. Her father was a carpenter and her mother was a teacher.

3. Parks was a life-long member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

4. She was of African-American, Cherokee-Creek, and Scots-Irish ancestory.

5. Parks dropped out of high school because her grandmother and mother became ill. She earned her high school diploma after she married Raymond.

6. Quote from Montgomery Police Department Report: "We received a call upon the arrival the bus operator said he had a colored female sitting in the white section of the bus, and would not move back. We (Day & Nixon) also saw her."

7. Parks received many awards including The Spingarn Medal in 1979, the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1996, and the Congressional Medal of Freedom in 1999.

8. A statue of Rosa Parks is in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall.

Rosa Parks was an African American civil rights activist. The United States Congress called her the Mother of the Modern Civil Rights Movement.

Parks was born on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama.

She is famous for not giving up her seat on a bus to a white man.

Parks's action led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which lasted for over a year.

During the Montgomery Bus Boycott, African Americans refused to ride the city buses. This caused the bus system to lose money.

In the end, the Supreme Court ruled that Alabama and Montgomery's bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.

Parks parents separated when she was young, and she lived on a farm with her mother, younger brother, and her maternal grandparents.

She went to a rural school until she was eleven and then she attended the private Montgomery Industrial School for Girls.

In 1932, she married Raymond Parks, a self-educated African American. He encouraged his wife to return to school to get her high school diploma.

Raymond and Rosa were members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Rosa was a secretary and a youth leader in the organization.

Congressman John Conyers of Michigan employed Mrs. Parks from 1965 to 1988.

In February, 1987, she co-founded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development with Ms. Elaine Eason Steele.

Rosa Parks died on October 25, 2005. She was the first woman to lie in honor in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda.

Rosa Parks Quiz Questions

1. Who was Rosa Parks?
2. When was she born?
3. Why was she arrested?
4. How long did the Montgomery Bus Boycott last?
5. What organization did Rosa Parks start in 1995?
Rosa Parks Quiz Answers >>

Rosa Parks Lesson Activities

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
rosa parks lesson worksheets civil rights bus boycott esl students teachers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ESL and EL Civics with Pictures Easy Lessons and Fun Activities by www.elcivics.com U.S. History and Government ROSA PARKS FACTS 1. Park's madien name was Rosa Louise McCauley. 2. Her father was a carpenter and her mother was a teacher. 3. Parks was a life-long member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Rosa Parks, the icon of the American civil rights movement, has died aged 92. Her refusal to give up her seat to a white man on an Alabama bus in 1955 started a revolution in the US civil rights movement. She was one of the first people to challenge America's segregation laws. Ms Parks passed away in her sleep at her home in Detroit. She suffered from the effects of old age in recent years and was rarely seen in public. The mayor of Detroit praised her courage and strength. He said she was a symbol of the civil rights movement. He also said: "Just by a simple act of sitting down she stood up for so many people."

Ms Parks is called the mother of America's civil rights movement. In 1955, she was a 42-year-old department store worker in Montgomery, Alabama. She caught a bus and sat down. Soon after, a white man got on and had to stand. The law required black passengers to make room for white passengers. Ms Parks refused to move, saying: "No. I'm tired of being treated like a second-class citizen." She was arrested and fined $10. This incident sparked the famous bus boycott that lasted 381 days. It also led to the end of segregation laws throughout America's South.

WARM-UPS

1. GREAT PERSON: Choose a great person in the world today. You are now that person. Walk around the class meeting the other "great people". Introduce yourselves and chat about your lives, achievements and greatness. Which of you is greater?

2. FAMOUS AMERICANS: Below is a list of famous Americans. What do you know about them? Walk around the class and ask other students about them. After you have finished, sit down and share your findings. What interesting things did you find out?

3. CHAT: In pairs / groups, decide which of these topics or words are most interesting and which are most boring.

Icons / civil rights / white men / buses / revolutions / courts / old age / mothers / death / courage / strength / second-class citizens / boycotts / freedom

Have a chat about the topics you liked. For more conversation, change topics and partners frequently.

4. CIVIL RIGHTS: Spend one minute writing down all of the different words you associate with civil rights. Share your words with your partner(s) and talk about them. Together, put the words into different categories.

5. DISCRIMINATION: Have you ever been discriminated against? In pairs / groups, talk about how you would feel about suffering from the following forms of discrimination. How do you think each type of discrimination affects people's feelings and lives?

6. PREJUDICE: Does prejudice exist in your country? Describe it to your partner(s). In pairs / groups, talk about the kinds of prejudice you know about or have heard about around the world. Here are some countries you might want to talk about: Great Britain, America, Japan, China, France, Australia, India, South Africa, Brazil, Sudan...

BEFORE READING / LISTENING

1. TRUE / FALSE: Look at the article's headline and guess whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):

2. SYNONYM MATCH: Match the following synonyms from the article:

3. PHRASE MATCH: Match the following phrases from the article (sometimes more than one combination is possible):

AFTER READING / LISTENING

ODD WORD OUT: Strike through the incorrect choice in each group of three italicized words.

Rosa Parks, the icon / logo / symbol of the American civil rights movement, has died aged 92. Her refusal to give up her seat to a white man on an Alabama bus in 1955 sparked / started / finished a revolution in the US civil rights movie / campaign / movement. She was one of the first people to challenge America's segregation laws. Ms Parks passed away / passed / died in her sleep at her home in Detroit. She suffered from the effects of old age in recent years and was rarely / hardly ever / really seen in public. The mayor of Detroit praised her courage and strength. He said she was a symbol of the civil rights movement. He also said: "Just by a simple act / action / acting of sitting down she stood up for so many people."

Ms Parks is called / known as / highlighted the mother of America's civil rights movement. In 1955, she was a 42-year-old department store worker in Montgomery, Alabama. She caught / got on / crashed into a bus and sat down. Soon after, a white man got on and had to stand. The law required black passengers to make space / room / lounge for white passengers. Ms Parks refused to move, saying: "No. I'm tired of / fed up with / over the moon about being treated like a second-class citizen." She was arrested and fined $10. This bus / incident / event sparked the famous bus boycott that lasted 381 days. It also resulted in / added up / led to the end of segregation laws throughout America's South.

LISTENING

Listen and fill in the spaces.

Rosa Parks, the icon of the American ______ rights movement, has died aged 92. Her refusal to give up her seat to a white man on an Alabama bus in 1955 started a revolution in the US civil ______ movement. She was one of the first people to __________ America's segregation laws. Ms Parks passed away in her sleep at her home in Detroit. She suffered from the ________ of old age in recent years and was rarely seen in public. The mayor of Detroit praised her courage and strength. He said she was a ________ of the civil rights movement. He also said: "Just by a simple act of sitting down she _______ ___ _____ so many people."

Ms Parks is called the mother of America's civil rights _________. In 1955, she was a 42-year-old department store worker in Montgomery, Alabama. She __________ __ ____ and sat down. Soon after, a white man got on and had to stand. The law required black passengers to _______ ________ for white passengers. Ms Parks refused to move, saying: "No. I'm tired of being _________ like a second-class citizen." She was arrested and _______ $10. This incident sparked the famous bus boycott that lasted 381 days. It also led to the end of segregation _______ throughout America's South.

AFTER READING / LISTENING

1. WORD SEARCH: Look in your dictionaries / computer to find collocates, other meanings, information, synonyms ... for the words 'civil' and 'rights'.

Share your findings with your partners.

Make questions using the words you found.

Ask your partner / group your questions.

2. ARTICLE QUESTIONS: Look back at the article and write down some questions you would like to ask the class about the text.

Share your questions with other classmates / groups.

Ask your partner / group your questions.

3. ODD WORD OUT: In pairs / groups, compare your answers to this exercise. Check your answers. Talk about the words from the activity. Were they new, interesting, worth learning...?

4. VOCABULARY: Circle any words you do not understand. In groups, pool unknown words and use dictionaries to find their meanings.

5. STUDENT "CIVIL RIGHTS" SURVEY: In pairs / groups, write down questions about Rosa Parks and civil rights.

Ask other classmates your questions and note down their answers.

Go back to your original partner / group and compare your findings.

Make mini-presentations to other groups on your findings.

6. TEST EACH OTHER: Look at the words below. With your partner, try to recall exactly how these were used in the text:

DISCUSSION

STUDENT A's QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student B)

1. Did the headline make you want to read the article?

2. What do you know about Rosa Parks?

3. What do you think about her action in 1955?

4. Which people stood up for others in your country?

5. What do you know about America's civil rights movement?

6. Does everyone have equal civil rights in your country?

7. Does you country have a civil rights movement?

8. What does Rosa Parks' example teach us?

9. Do you think America should have a special Rosa Parks Day holiday?

10. Have you ever stood up for your rights?

STUDENT B's QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student A)

1. Did you like reading this article?

2. What do you think about what you read?

3. What kinds of prejudice exist in your country?

4. Do you totally believe that everyone is the same, whatever the color of their skin?

5. Have you ever felt like a second-class citizen?

6. Do you have any experiences of racism?

7. What are the good and bad things that different races have done throughout history, or are doing now?

8. What question would you like to have asked Rosa Parks?

9. What do you think her reply would have been?

10. Did you like this discussion?

AFTER DISCUSSION: Join another partner / group and tell them what you talked about.

1. What question would you like to ask about this topic?

2. What was the most interesting thing you heard?

3. Was there a question you didn't like?

4. Was there something you totally disagreed with?

5. What did you like talking about?

6. Do you want to know how anyone else answered the questions?

7. Which was the most difficult question?

SPEAKING

DISCRIMINATION: Your job is to educate the people in your country about discrimination and to help make it disappear. Write different examples of discrimination in the middle column and solutions to make these examples disappear in the right hand column.

Change partners and discuss what you talked about earlier. Compare your ideas.

Decide together on the points that you think would be most effective in reducing discrimination in your society.

Give a presentation on your points to the rest of the class. Vote on the best one.

HOMEWORK

1. VOCABULARY EXTENSION: Choose several of the words from the text. Use a dictionary or Google's search field (or another search engine) to build up more associations / collocations of each word.

2. INTERNET: Search the Internet and find more information on Rosa Parks. Share your findings with your class in the next lesson.

3. INEQUALITY: Make a poster describing the inequality in your country. Describe the actions your government must take to reduce inequality. Show your posters to your classmates in your next lesson. Did you all write similar things?

4. ANOTHER RACE: Write an essay describing the great things done by a race that is different from your own. Show what you wrote to your classmates in the next lesson. Did you all write about similar things?

ANSWERS
TRUE / FALSE: SYNONYM MATCH: PHRASE MATCH: ODD WORD OUT:
Rosa Parks, the icon / logo / symbol of the American civil rights movement, has died aged 92. Her refusal to give up her seat to a white man on an Alabama bus in 1955 sparked / started / finished a revolution in the US civil rights movie / campaign / movement. She was one of the first people to challenge America's segregation laws. Ms Parks passed away / passed / died in her sleep at her home in Detroit. She suffered from the effects of old age in recent years and was rarely / hardly ever / really seen in public. The mayor of Detroit praised her courage and strength. He said she was a symbol of the civil rights movement. He also said: "Just by a simple act / action / acting of sitting down she stood up for so many people."

Ms Parks is called / known as / highlighted the mother of America's civil rights movement. In 1955, she was a 42-year-old department store worker in Montgomery, Alabama. She caught / got on / crashed into a bus and sat down. Soon after, a white man got on and had to stand. The law required black passengers to make space / room / lounge for white passengers. Ms Parks refused to move, saying: "No. I'm tired of / fed up with / over the moon about being treated like a second-class citizen." She was arrested and fined $10. This bus / incident / event sparked the famous bus boycott that lasted 381 days. It also resulted in / added up / led to the end of segregation laws throughout America's South.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Rosa Parks, the icon of the American civil rights movement, has died aged 92. Her refusal to give up her seat to a white man on an Alabama bus in 1955 started a revolution in the US civil rights movement. She was one of the first people to challenge America's segregation laws.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Kids learn about the biography of Ruby Bridges, the first African-American child to attend an all white elementary school in the South.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Toggle the table of contents

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Problem We All Live With is a 1964 painting by Norman Rockwell that is considered an iconic image of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.[2] It depicts Ruby Bridges, a six-year-old African-American girl, on her way to William Frantz Elementary School, an all-white public school, on November 14, 1960, during the New Orleans school desegregation crisis. Because of threats of violence against her, she is escorted by four deputy U.S. marshals; the painting is framed so that the marshals' heads are cropped at the shoulders.[3][4] On the wall behind her are written the racial slur " nigger" and the letters " KKK"; a smashed and splattered tomato thrown against the wall is also visible. The white protesters are not visible, as the viewer is looking at the scene from their point of view.[3] The painting is oil on canvas and measures 36 inches (91 cm) high by 58 inches (150 cm) wide.[5]

Ruby Bridges with US Marshals in 1960

The painting was originally published as a centerfold in the January 14, 1964, issue of Look.[5] Rockwell had ended his contract with the Saturday Evening Post the previous year due to frustration with the limits the magazine placed on his expression of political themes, and Look offered him a forum for his social interests, including civil rights and racial integration.[3] Rockwell explored similar themes in Southern Justice (Murder in Mississippi) and New Kids in the Neighborhood;[6] unlike his previous works for the Post, The Problem We All Live With and these others place black people as sole protagonists, instead of as observers, part of group scenes, or in servile roles.[7][8] Like New Kids in the Neighborhood, The Problem We All Live With depicts a black child protagonist;[7] like Southern Justice, it uses strong light-dark contrasts to further its racial theme.[9]

While the subject of the painting was inspired by Ruby Bridges, Rockwell used a local girl, Lynda Gunn, as the model for his painting;[10] her cousin, Anita Gunn, was also used.[11] One of the marshals was modelled by William Obanhein.[11]

After the work was published, Rockwell received "sacks of disapproving mail", one example accusing him of being a race traitor.[11]

Ruby Bridges and President Barack Obama view the painting in the White House. (video)

At Bridges' suggestion, President Barack Obama had the painting installed in the White House, in a hallway outside the Oval Office, from July to October 2011. Art historian William Kloss stated, "The N-word there - it sure stops you. There's a realistic reason for having the graffiti as a slur, [but] it's also right in the middle of the painting. It's a painting that could not be hung even for a brief time in the public spaces [of the White House]. I'm pretty sure of that."[1] Bridges and Obama viewed the painting together on July 15, 2011, and he told her, "I think it's fair to say that if it hadn't been for you guys, I might not be here and we wouldn't be looking at this together."[12]

A copy of the painting was used to " dress" O. J. Simpson's house during his 1995 murder trial by defense attorney Johnnie Cochran. Cochran hoped to evoke the sympathy of visiting jurors, who were mostly black, by including "something depicting African-American history."[13]

1. ^ Gerstein, Josh (August 24, 2011). "Norman Rockwell painting sends rare White House message on race". Politico. p. 1, 2.

2. ^ Solomon, Deborah (2013). American Mirror: The Life and Art of Norman Rockwell. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 378. ISBN 9780374113094.

3. ^ Halpern, Richard (2006). Norman Rockwell: the underside of innocence. University of Chicago Press. pp. 124-31. ISBN 9780226314402.

4. ^ Greene, Bob (September 4, 2011). "America's glory in a civil rights painting". CNN.

5. ^ ""The Problem We All Live With," Norman Rockwell, 1963. Oil on canvas, 36" x 58". Illustration for "Look," January 14, 1964. Norman Rockwell Museum Collection. ©NRELC, Niles, IL". Norman Rockwell Museum.

6. ^ "O say, can you see". The Economist. December 25, 1993 - January 7, 1994.

7. ^ Grant, Daniel (July 24, 1989). "Exhibit Offers Clues to Rockwell's Sentiments". Christian Science Monitor.

8. ^ "Exile on Main Street". The Economist. December 2, 1999.

9. ^ Claridge, Laura P (2001). Norman Rockwell: A Life. Random House. ISBN 9781588360649.

10. ^ Bradway, Rich (October 6, 2019). "Remembering Lynda Jean Gunn - Norman Rockwell Museum - The Home for American Illustration".

11. ^ Carson, Tom (19 February 2020). "The true story of the awakening of Norman Rockwell". Vox.

12. ^ "Ruby Bridges visits with the President and her portrait". YouTube.

13. Bernstein, Richard, ^ "Shedding Light on How Simpson's Lawyers Won", The New York Times, October 16, 1996.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Problem We All Live With - Wikipedia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Toggle the table of contents From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Problem We All Live With is a 1964 painting by Norman Rockwell that is considered an iconic image of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.[2] It depicts Ruby Bridges, a six-year-old African-American girl, on her way to William Frantz Elementary School, an all-white public school, on November 14, 1960, during the New Orleans school desegregation crisis.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Book Summary

The Help, Kathryn Stockett's debut novel, tells the story of black maids working in white Southern homes in the early 1960s in Jackson, Mississippi, and of Miss Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan, a 22-year-old graduate from Ole Miss, who returns to her family's cotton plantation, Longleaf, to find that her beloved maid and nanny, Constantine, has left and no one will tell her why. Skeeter tries to behave as a proper Southern lady: She plays bridge with the young married women; edits the newsletter for the Junior League; and endures her mother's constant advice on how to find a man and start a family. However, Skeeter's real dream is to be a writer, but the only job she can find is with the Jackson Journal writing a housekeeping advice column called "Miss Myrna." Skeeter knows little about housekeeping, so she turns to her friend's maid, Aibileen, for answers and finds a lot more.

Aibileen works tirelessly raising her employer's child (Aibileen's seventh one) and keeps a tidy house, yet none of this distracts her from the recent loss of her own son who died in an accident at work while his white bosses turned away. Two events bring Skeeter and Aibileen even closer: Skeeter is haunted by a copy of Jim Crow laws she found in the library, and she receives a letter from a publisher in New York interested in Skeeter's idea of writing the true stories of domestic servants.

Skeeter approaches Aibileen with the idea to write narratives from the point of view of 12 black maids. Aibileen reluctantly agrees, but soon finds herself as engrossed in the project as Skeeter. They meet clandestinely in the evenings at Aibileen's house to write the book together as the town's struggles with race heat up all around them. Aibileen brings in her best friend, Minny, a sassy maid who is repeatedly fired for speaking her mind, to tell her story, too. Hearing their stories changes Skeeter as her eyes open to the true prejudices of her upbringing. Aibileen and Minny also develop a friendship and understanding with Skeeter that neither believed possible.

Along the way, Skeeter learns the truth of what happened to her beloved maid, Constantine. Constantine had given birth, out of wedlock, to Lulabelle who turned out to look white even though both parents were black. Neither the black nor the white community would accept Lulabelle, so Constantine gave her up for adoption when she was four years old. When the little girl grew up, she and Constantine were reunited. While Skeeter was away at college, Lulabelle came to visit her mother in Jackson and showed up at a party being held in Skeeter's mother's living room. When Charlotte Phelan discovered who Lulabelle was, she kicked her out and fired Constantine. Constantine had nowhere else to go, so she moved with her daughter to Chicago and an even worse fate. Skeeter never saw Constantine again.

Skeeter's book is set in the fictional town of Niceville and published anonymously. It becomes a national bestseller and, soon, the white women of Jackson begin recognizing themselves in the book's characters. Hilly Holbrook, in particular, is set on vengeance due to the details in the book. Hilly and Skeeter grew up best friends, but they now have very different views on race and the future of integration in Mississippi. Hilly, who leads the Junior League and bosses around the other white women in the town, reveals to Stuart, Skeeter's boyfriend, that she found a copy of the Jim Crow laws in Skeeter's purse, which further ostracizes Skeeter from their community.

In the end, it is a secret about Hilly that Minny reveals in Skeeter's book that silences Hilly. The book becomes a powerful force in giving a voice to the black maids and causes the community of Jackson to reconsider the carefully drawn lines between white and black.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Help, Kathryn Stockett's debut novel, tells the story of black maids working in white Southern homes in the early 1960s in Jackson, Mississippi, and of Miss Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan, a 22-year-old graduate from Ole Miss, who returns to her family's cotton plantation, Longleaf, to find that her beloved maid and nanny, Constantine, has left and no one will tell her why.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Help scene FULL ''Minny's Chocolate Pie'' HQ

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ruby Bridges, Age 6, Integrates New Orleans School

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Back

# data[].attributes.body
Though seemingly rigid and complete, Jim Crow laws did not account for all of the discrimination black people suffered. Unwritten rules barred black people from white jobs in New York and kept them out of white stores in Los Angeles. Humiliation was about the best treatment black people who broke such rules could hope for. Groups like the Ku Klux Klan, which revived in 1915, used venom and violence to keep blacks “in their place.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
At This Moment Billy Vera & the Beaters

"At This Moment" was first released by Billy Vera & the Beaters in 1981, and hit #79. After it was used in two episodes of Family Ties in 1985-1986, it went to #1.

Cruel To Be Kind Nick Lowe

Part of the "Cruel to Be Kind" video was shot during Nick Lowe and Carlene Carter's wedding.

Rock And Roll Led Zeppelin

According to Jason Bonham, who has filled in for his father on Led Zeppelin reunions, "Rock And Roll" is the hardest Led Zep song to play on drums.

Follow Your Arrow Kacey Musgraves

Kacey Musgraves originally offered "Follow Your Arrow" to her friend Katy Perry. However, Perry thought Musgraves should record the song herself as it seemed, "like something that you would totally say."

Dark Horse Katy Perry

Katy Perry's "Dark Horse" was co-written by Sarah Hudson, who is a singer-songwriter and a member of the Pop group Ultraviolet Sound. Though Sarah isn't related to Katy (whose real name is Katy Hudson), she is the first cousin of another famous person with the same name, the actress Kate Hudson.

I'm A Believer The Monkees

Neil Diamond originally wrote "I'm A Believer" for the Country artist Eddy Arnold. He was surprised when record executive Don Kirshner passed it instead to The Monkees.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This could be because you’re using an anonymous Private/Proxy network, or because suspicious activity came from somewhere in your network at some point. Anyway, please solve the CAPTCHA below and you should be on your way to Songfacts. Sorry for the inconvenience.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
0:00 / 4:26•Watch full video

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
YES WE CAN - New Approaches - Entertainment - EMMY WINNER

# data[].attributes.body
Malcolm X

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Learn ESL and EL Civics with Pictures
Easy Lessons and Worksheets
by www.elcivics.com

U.S. History and Government

MALCOLM X FACTS

1. Malcolm X was one-fourth white. His mother's father was Scottish.

2. The letter X represents the unknown and it is used by Black Muslims to symbolize the original and unknown last name of their African slave ancestors.

3. His nickname was Red when he was young because he had reddish hair.

4. In 1958, Malcolm married Betty X. They had six daughters, including a set of twins who were born after Malcolm died.

5. In 1971, Washington, D.C. was the first city to celebrate Malcolm X Day.

6. Of the three men sentenced to prison for killing Malcolm X, two of them still claim they are innocent.

Malcolm X was a black political activist, speaker, and Muslim minister.

He was born in Omaha, Nebraska, on May 19, 1925.

His birth name was Malcolm Little.

Malcolm's family moved to Lansing, Michigan, after Klansmen threatened them.

Malcolm's father died when Malcolm was six years old. He may have been killed by a group of whites who didn't like the work he did with the UNIA, or Universal Negro Improvement Association.

In 1938, Malcolm's mother was declared insane and sent to a state mental institution. She remained there for 26 years.

Malcolm and his siblings were split up and sent to foster homes.

In 1946, Malcolm was sentenced to prison for breaking and entering and stealing property.

While in prison he became a member of the Nation of Islam. He corresponded with the group's leader, Elijah Muhammad. Muhammad gave him spiritual advice.

After he was released from prison, Malcolm changed his last name to X.

Malcolm rose quickly in the Nation of Islam and became their main spokesman.

He gave speeches and answered questions asked by radio, TV, and newspaper reporters.

Malcolm harshly criticized whites for their treatment of blacks. He often called white people devils. He said black people should defend themselves by any means necessary.

He believed that blacks should be paid reparations for the unpaid labor of their ancestors during slavery.

Malcolm promoted black pride and black power.

In 1964, Malcolm broke with the Nation of Islam. He became a Sunni Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca.

He started two organizations and frequently met with international political leaders from Africa, South America, and Europe.

Malcolm X was shot and killed on February 21, 1965, while giving a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City. He was 39 years old.

Three members of the Nation of Islam were convicted for killing Malcolm.

1. What was Malcom X's surname at birth?
2. When was he born?
3. What organization did he join when he was in prison?
4. Did Malcolm believe black people should defend themselves?
5. What are reparations?
Malcolm X Quiz Answers >>

Malcolm X Lesson Activities

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn ESL and EL Civics with Pictures Easy Lessons and Worksheets by www.elcivics.com U.S. History and Government MALCOLM X FACTS 1. Malcolm X was one-fourth white. His mother's father was Scottish. 2. The letter X represents the unknown and it is used by Black Muslims to symbolize the original and unknown last name of their African slave ancestors.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
0:00 / 4:02•Watch full video

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Loving v. Virginia Led to Legalized Interracial Marriage | History