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Ligma balls

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ha got em

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shit yo self

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Bitch

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1. Search engine global market share: 67.49%

2. Yahoo: 10.77%

Bing: 10.67%

Baidu: 8.13%

3. Barriers to entry:

-Brand loyalty to Google - because Google is so popular, consumers are less likely to search for and use other search engines, even if they may be better than Google.

-Technology - Google was able to create other barriers to market entry through AdWords, AdSense, API’s, Integrated search and so on. Not only does a new company have to provide better or equal search results, it also has to replicate Google’s services to advertisers, programmers, webmasters, content creators and so on.

4. High profits (supernormal in long-run) as there are few other firms in the market to compete for profits. Of course, this is a great advantage to Google for being an monopoly, as one of the main objectives of a firm is often to maximise profits.

5. As Google has supernormal profits in the long-run, it has the funds available to be dynamically efficient. This means that Google has the funds to be  more efficient and to innovate, improving the service for the consumers. Due to the lack of competition in the market, it could be the case that there is little incentive to be dynamically efficient as there is little threat from other firms. Yet, it would be widely agreed that Google is often an innovative and efficient firm.

6. However, one disadvantage to the consumer could be that they are price-takers, meaning that they will have to pay the price that Google set if they want to receive a particular service, such as advertising on Adwords. In a more competitive market, prices are likely to be much lower as firms are all competing for consumers, but Google has little competition due to its brand loyalty and investment into research and development.

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Microsoft- Muhammad S
Microsoft have a 50% market share in the market for PC's and smartphones

The main barrier to entry is that Microsoft have most/all aspects of their software copyrighted which means that if it was to be replicated by another party, they could be made to pay civil damages. Also another barrier to entry is brand loyalty. As Microsoft have been one of the first established software producers for PC's especially, consumers may want to stick wi

# data[].attributes.body
Microsoft have a 50% market share in the market for PC's and smartphones

The main barrier to entry is that Microsoft have most/all aspects of their software copyrighted which means that if it was to be replicated by another party, they could be made to pay civil damages. Also another barrier to entry is brand loyalty. As Microsoft have been one of the first established software producers for PC's especially, consumers may want to stick with them and resist change to another software/ operating system

An advantage of being a monopoly is a lot of time and money can be spent in R&D and if this was to be successful it could lead to improved products/software at potentially lower costs

A disadvantage is that consumers don't really have much of a choice. This is not true for smartphones however this is true for operating systems, as they're a very few other operating systems to choose.

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BT has a market share of 31% in the broadband market, compared to Sky and Virgin who have 20% 

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Hi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The map below shows which water company supplies each area of England and Wales.

Water supply licencees are not tied to specific areas of the country. Find their contact details.

Water supply and sewerage licenses are not tied to specific parts of the country. Find their contact details.

Key

AFW Affinity Water

BRL Bristol Water

CHL Cholderton & District Water

DVW Dee Valley Water

ESK Essex & Suffolk (part of Northumbrian Water)

HPL Hartlepool (part of Anglian Water)

PRT Portsmouth Water

SBW Bournemouth Water

SES SES Water

SEW South East Water

SSC South Staffs Water

Local water companies' contact details

There are a number of other companies who provide regulated water and sewerage services whose areas are too small to show on this map. They are:

Albion Water

Independent Water Networks

Independent Water Networks Ltd
Head Office Address:
Driscoll 2
Ellen Street
Cardiff, CF10 4BP
Phone: 02920 028 711
http://www.iwnl.co.uk/

SSE Water

SSE Water Ltd
Head Office Address:
55 Vastern Road
Reading RG1 8BU
Phone: +44 (0)118 958 0100
Fax: +44 (0)118 953 4028
www.southern-electric.co.uk/youraccount/water/
www.swalec.co.uk/youraccount/water/

Leep Water Networks Limited

Veolia Water Projects

Water companies' contact details

Affinity Water
(formerly Three Valleys, Tendring Hundred, Folkestone & Dover, Veolia Central, Veolia East, Veolia Southeast)

Head Office
Tamblin Way
Hatfield
Hertfordshire AL10 9EZ
Phone: +44(0)1707 268 111
Fax: +44(0)1707 277 333
http://www.affinitywater.co.uk

Affinity Water (East region)
Mill Hill
Manningtree
Essex CO11 2AZ
General and Billing Enquiries 0845 1489288
Payment Helpline 0845 1482911
Emergency?? 0845 1489299
Fax: +44(0)1206 399 210

Affinity Water (Southeast region)
Head Office Address:
Cherry Garden Lane
Folkestone
Kent CT19 4QB
Phone: +44(0)345 357 2407
Fax: +44(0)1303 276 712

Anglian Water (including Hartlepool)

Anglian Water Services Ltd
Head Office Address:
Lancaster House
Lancaster Way
Ermine Business Park
Huntingdon
PE29 6YJ
Phone: +44 (0)1480 323 000
Fax: +44 (0)1480 323 115
http://www.anglianwater.co.uk/

Bristol Water

Cholderton & District

Dee Valley

Dee Valley Water plc
Head Office Address:
Packsaddle
Wrexham Road
Rhostyllen
Wrexham
Clwyd
North Wales LL14 4EH
Phone: +44(0)1978 846 946
Fax: +44(0)1978 846 888
http://www.deevalleywater.co.uk/

Dwr Cymru

Northumbrian Water (including Essex & Suffolk)

Portsmouth

Bournemouth Water

Severn Trent Water

South East Water

Southern Water

South Staffs Water

Cambridge region:
90 Fulbourn Road
Cambridge, CB1 9JN
Phone: +44(0) 1223 706050
Fax: +44(0)1223 214 052
http://www.cambridge-water.co.uk/

South West Water

Sutton & East Surrey

Thames Water

United Utilities

United Utilities Water plc
Head Office Address:
Haweswater House
Lingley Mere Business Park
Lingley Green Avenue
Great Sankey
Warrington WA5 3LP
Phone: See http://www.unitedutilities.com/contacts.aspx for phone numbers
Fax: +44(0)1925 237 073
http://www.unitedutilities.com/

Wessex Water

Yorkshire Water

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Contact details for your water company - Ofwat

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Water companies' contact details The map below shows which water company supplies each area of England and Wales. Water supply licencees are not tied to specific areas of the country. Find their contact details. Water supply and sewerage licenses are not tied to specific parts of the country. Find their contact details.

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YKK is the world's leading manufacturer of zippers.

YKK produces more
than 90% of all zippers worldwide.

YKK has over 200 plants around the world thus benefiting from economies of scale. As a result of 

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oca-Cola's market is the soft-drink market a

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ough heavy advertising. Firms are discouraged to enter the market as it can lead to sunk costs.

Brand Loyalty: Amazon has a loyal consumer base and therefore they are less likely to experiment with or switch to alternative firms.

One advantage of Amazon being a monopoly is that it has significant monopsony power when it purchases books directly from publishers, thereby bypassing its reliance on wholesalers and giving it a higher profit margin.

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Coca-Cola Coca-Cola's mar
 Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola's market is the soft-drink market and had a Market share 
Royal Mail has 23% market
 Royal Mail has 23% market share for UK domestic mail services, which makes them a legal monopoly.
Royal Mail - Aamirah Roya
 Royal Mail - Aamirah
Royal Mail has 23% market share for UK domestic mail services, which makes them a legal monopoly.

A barrier to entry is brand loyalty, which has emerged due to the long period of existence in the industry. Therefore this discourages other firms from entering the market. 

An advantage of being a monopoly is that they can benefit from economies of scale, where an increase in output leads to lower average costs of production.

Economies of scale are an advantage to consumers as it decreases the cost of producing this service, which can be passed on to consumers in the from of low prices. However since it is a monoply, consumers have no control over prices so the firm can charge higher price, which consumers would have to accept.
However since it is a mon
 However since it is a monoply, consumers have no control over prices so the firm can charge higher price, which consumers would have to
A barrier to entry for a
  A barrier to entry for a new firm wanting to supply broadband, which is a high bandwidth connection to the internet, is the set-up cost of placing their own cable unless they want to rent BT’s
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📎 Contact details for your water company - Ofwat
Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola's market is the soft-drink market and had a Market share of 42.3% in 2014 in the US. (including its brands Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite, Fanta) 

Barriers to entry:

large customer base, so difficult for new firms to enter the market

Advantages to Coca-Cola:

-> can charge higher prices, as demand is inelastic, consumers are loyal to brand

->are dynamic efficient as they bring out new variations of products



Oligopoly examples
Oligopoly examples
G
G
Coca-cola -Fatima
Coca-cola -Fatima
Beverage Industry

30% market share of global beverage company

Barriers to entry:-

 Very High advertising and marketing costs to be able to compete with a very well known brand - Practically impossible

 Extremely Large Start Up Costs required to reach the scale of Coca-cola's production

Advantages :-

Perhaps benefit from Economies of Scale resulting in lower prices

May choose to be dynamically efficient and innovate as shown by Coca - Cola's research and development on vending machines 

Consumers are loyal to the brand - Coca-Cola makes a huge revenue -$46.854 Billion
Disadvantages:-

Success within the market may mean that Coca-cola may lack the incentive to make new or better quality products

Walkers - Zaheda
Walkers - Zaheda
Walkers is a British snack food manufacturer mainly operating in the UK and Ireland. Walkers hold 58% of the British Crisp market. 

The barriers to entry are:

Brand Loyalty: Walkers have been in operation since 1948, they have a strong brand which may limit other firms.

Advertising: Walkers can benefit from economies of scale and therefore be able to set up more successful campaigns. Gary Lineker is the official face of Walkers and stars in many of their ad campaigns. As a large firm, they are able to use brand endorsement and have had celebrities like Jimmy Carr, Stephen Fry, Al Murray and Frank Skinner endorse their brand.

Research & Development: Walkers are always coming up with new flavours and different products. In 2006, they announced that their crisps were going to be 70% lower in saturated fat, they claimed that SunSeed oil was lower in fat than Sunflower oil which they used previously. 

Vertical Integration or Takeover: Walkers have brought Squares, Wotsits, Quavers and Monster Munch. This increased their market share. Currently, Walkers claim that 11million people will eat one Walkers product every day.

For the consumer, there is huge choice just within the Walkers range due to their huge range of products.   Due to high profits, Walkers is able to invest in research & development and continue introducing new and unique products thus increasing choice for consumers.

Due to Walkers owning majority of the market share, they are able to charge higher prices which consumers have to accept because many Crisp brands are owned by Walkers.

Bt sports-JAVED
Bt sports-JAVED


BT Sport is a group of sports television channels in the United Kingdom and in
Ireland, owned by BT Consumer, a division of BT Group, which launched on 1
August 2013. There competitors are sky sports and ITV to broadcast the UEFA
champions league.



It initially started only showing 38 premier league matches but within
three years after investing nearly 900M pounds they have earned the right to
solely show all of the European matches, this means that they are benefiting
from monopoly power as no one else can show the matches.



The barriers for a firm wanting to enter the market are:-They
will need initial funding to invest.Also as there already are many competitors such as ITV, SKY. It may mean that other
businesses will be put off joining the market, and this could act as a barrier.



-Also they have consumer loyalty.



An advantage is that BT customers can benefit from BT SPORTS
for free, whereas those on other internet companies have to pay extra for it so
it could be argued this is an example of price discrimination.



Adam.
Adam.
Seven trent water💧

Market: Mains Water Supply.

Market Share: 100% market share due to them only being the only water supplier in Leicestershire.

Barriers to Entry: it will be quite difficult to enter the market due to the extensive equipment needed to run a water supply company such as pipes. This will be costly and time consuming to do. 

Luxottica - Nishat 
Luxottica - Nishat 



1) They are the world's largest eyewear company,as
well as being the owner of Lenscrafters, Pearle Vision, Sears Optical, Target Optical, Eyemed vision care plan, and Glasses.com. Its more well-known brands as Ray-Ban and Oakleys. Luxottica also makes sunglasses and prescription
frames for a multitude of designer brands such as Chanel, Prada and Dolce Gabbana. 

2) They control
over 80% of the world's major eyewear brands.

3) Barriers to entry 

- Brand Loyalty: People who
buy these brands of glasses may be inclined to keep buying from Dolce or Versace 

- Economies of Scale:
Luxottica are a global company so smaller firms that aren’t owned by Luxottica
will struggle to compete in regards to advertising cost/mass producing/global
shipping 

4) Advantages for Business  

- They can make supernormal
profits and hence use said profits to innovate and continue research developments
to achieve dynamic efficiency 

5) Advantages for Consumer 

- If Luxottica choose to
innovate, consumers can enjoy better versions of their products  

6) Disadvantages to Consumer 

- Luxottica can charge high
prices 



Google - Lucy
Google - Lucy
1. Search engine global market share: 67.49%

2. Yahoo: 10.77%

Bing: 10.67%

Baidu: 8.13%

3. Barriers to entry:

-Brand loyalty to Google - because Google is so popular, consumers are less likely to search for and use other search engines, even if they may be better than Google.

-Technology - Google was able to create other barriers to market entry through AdWords, AdSense, API’s, Integrated search and so on. Not only does a new company have to provide better or equal search results, it also has to replicate Google’s services to advertisers, programmers, webmasters, content creators and so on. 

4. High profits (supernormal in long-run) as there are few other firms in the market to compete for profits. Of course, this is a great advantage to Google for being an monopoly, as one of the main objectives of a firm is often to maximise profits.

5. As Google has supernormal profits in the long-run, it has the funds available to be dynamically efficient. This means that Google has the funds to be  more efficient and to innovate, improving the service for the consumers. Due to the lack of competition in the market, it could be the case that there is little incentive to be dynamically efficient as there is little threat from other firms. Yet, it would be widely agreed that Google is often an innovative and efficient firm.

6. However, one disadvantage to the consumer could be that they are price-takers, meaning that they will have to pay the price that Google set if they want to receive a particular service, such as advertising on Adwords. In a more competitive market, prices are likely to be much lower as firms are all competing for consumers, but Google has little competition due to its brand loyalty and investment into research and development.

British Telecom- Ibrahim Shire
British Telecom- Ibrahim Shire
British Telecom,owns the telephone cabling running into the majority of UK homes and businesses.

63% market share 
There are barriers to entry as, if there is a strong existing network it may limit new entrants who fail to gain sufficient numbers to of users to create a positive network effect.
The advantage of the monopoly for producers is they can make supernormal profit; which has a spill over effect as consumer also take advantage of the profit as the firm can use the supernormal profits can be used to fund high cost capital investment spending. Successful research can be used for improved products and lower costs in the long term.
The disadvantage of the monopoly is the consumers have limited choice as there is one major firm in the market and also the firm have a less of an incentive to improve their product.
YKK - Talha
YKK - Talha
YKK is the world's leading manufacturer of zippers.

YKK produces more
than 90% of all zippers worldwide.

YKK has over 200 plants around the world thus benefiting from economies of scale. As a result of this they experience a decrease in average costs allowing them to charge lower prices. Therefore acts as a barrier to entry as new firms wanting to enter the market are unable to compete with
such low prices.

As they hold most
of the market share YKK benefits from supernormal profits which can then be used for further development and become more dynamically efficient. This could act as a barrier to entry as this could mean higher sunk costs for firms. 

Becoming more dynamically efficient could also be an advantage to consumers as better quality
products could be produced for the consumer to buy.

However YKK may charge very high prices to consumers as they produce most of the zippers
consumers will be forced to buy as there are very little alternatives.



Royal Mail - Aamirah
Royal Mail - Aamirah
Royal Mail has 23% market share for UK domestic mail services, which makes them a legal monopoly.

A barrier to entry is brand loyalty, which has emerged due to the long period of existence in the industry. Therefore this discourages other firms from entering the market. 

An advantage of being a monopoly is that they can benefit from economies of scale, where an increase in output leads to lower average costs of production.

Economies of scale are an advantage to consumers as it decreases the cost of producing this service, which can be passed on to consumers in the from of low prices. However since it is a monoply, consumers have no control over prices so the firm can charge higher price, which consumers would have to accept. 

Coca Cola Co. - Surabhi 
Coca Cola Co. - Surabhi 
The Coca Cola Company
has legal monopoly in the carbonated drinks market with a market share of 48.6%
world wide

Barriers to entry -

Coca Cola Co. beverages are not patented rather are trade secrets as patents would only give the company the right to produce beverages  for 20 years ( after which the formula would be available to everyone)  and trade secrets stay with the company until it shuts down or sells the secrets to other companies. This gives Coca Cola Co. a competitive edge against it competitors .

Another barrier to entry is loyalty by consumers towards Coca Cola Co.
beverages. 

Advantage to Coca Cola Co. being a monopoly -

A company like Coca Cola Co. makes supernormal profits which it can invest in R&D which in turn
would make them dynamically efficient but as there aren't many competitors (major-Pepsi Co.)  in the market it doesn't research
& develop its beverages  as much as
it could (the company uses the same recipe for coke it has for over 129 years now with very minuet tweaks over the years).

Advantage to consumers of Coca Cola Co. beverages -

Most Coca Cola Co.beverages are available all around the world so consumers when buying beverages would be more likely to go for Coca Cola Co. beverages rather than other beverages available in the market and hence the brand loyalty towards Coca Cola Co. beverages.

Disadvantage to consumers of Coca Cola Co. beverages -
Coca Cola Co. may charge high prices for their beverages to consumers, incentivizing consumers to opt for other company brands like Pepsi co or supermarket own carbonated soft drinks.

Pepsi - Meera
Pepsi - Meera
1)Market for Carbonated Soft Drinks

2)Market Share: 30%

3)Barriers to Entry:

Costs of Advertising - spending on advertising and marketing is very high by Pepsi, making it difficult for an entrant to compete and gain any visibility

Brand Image/Loyalty - Pepsi have a long history of advertising, earning them huge amounts of brand equity and loyal customers around the world, making it virtually impossible for a new entrant to match this scale.

4) Pepsi can maintain supernormal profits in the long run as it is very difficult for other firms to enter; so there is little competition

5) Pepsi is dynamically efficient, as it is investing its supernormal profits to constantly innovate its products and expand into new, healthier markets, giving consumers greater choice

6) Higher prices could be charged to consumers than in competitive markets, as brand loyalty is existent, therefore the demand curve is relatively inelastic.



Amazon - Megha
Amazon - Megha
Amazon is the largest internet based retailer in the United States. It has monopoly power in online retail of books and e-books. 

As of March 2014, Amazon's share of all new book unit
purchases was 41%. They also have the largest share of e-book market, with 67%.

Barriers to Entry:

Predatory Pricing - Amazon are able to sell their products at a really low price, lower than the average cost. This displays their power in the market as well as discouraging other firms to enter

the market or force rivals out of the market.

Advertising - Amazon can deter firms from entering the market through heavy advertising. Firms are discouraged to enter the market as it can lead to sunk costs.

Brand Loyalty: Amazon has a loyal consumer base and therefore they are less likely to experiment with or switch to alternative firms.

One advantage of Amazon being a monopoly is that it has significant monopsony power when it purchases books directly from publishers, thereby bypassing its reliance on wholesalers and giving it a higher profit margin.

Advantage to the consumer - Amazon benefits from economies
of scale and therefore they charge lower prices to the consumer. 

Disadvantage to the consumer - As there are a few alternative sources, consumers may be dissatisfied with the service if Amazon is unable to provide them with the goods. 

Sawan Pancholi - Android
Sawan Pancholi - Android



What Is The Market And Some Market Share Figures - 


Android has around 82% market power in the industry of
smartphone operating systems within the US. Google Play Store owns around 72%
of market power in the industry for an Application marketplace on smartphones
worldwide. This makes android or Google (as android is owned by Google) the
leading monopoly in both the smartphone operating system and smartphone’s
application marketplace industries.


Barriers To Entry


The main barrier to entry for new firms is brand loyalty.
Android has been around since around 2007. On average, most people change their
phones every year or every two years. This means people could have changed
their phone around 8 times and still stayed with the same operating system. As
a result, these people are less incline to change their operating system as
they see Android to be the only viable option as an operating system.


Another barrier to entry is the cost of advertisement.
Android alright has a customer base, however if a new company were to start,
they would have to create a customer base. This would require them to spend
massive amounts in advertising in order to convince people to move from other
operating systems to theirs. These costs act as a disincentive for firms to
start up in that industry.


An Advantage Of Being A Monopoly


Most phones have to come to Google for a viable operating
system and market place. This means most phones will now become Android. This
is due to a lack of other competitors. The only main competitor is Apple who
were previously refusing to allow other phones to use their Operating System.
However, a new competitor is rising as Windows Phones are rising in popularity.
The only downside of these phones is that as the marketplace is new, they are
very restricted in the apps that can be used on windows phones. This makes
smartphone companies such as HTC and Samsung only want to go to Android.


Advantages To The Customer


Majority of smartphones have the same operating systems and
market place. This allows customers to often compare tips on changing settings
on their phones to optimize capabilities. It also allows customers to play the
same games or use the same applications as one another.


Disadvantage To The Customer


The customer may like the specifications of a smartphone and
also the feel of the phone, however may find the Android OS to be too
complicated. They are left with no option but to not get their favourite
smartphone or to buy it and perhaps struggle or be forced to adapt to using the
Android OS.

Anshuman - Dyson 
Anshuman - Dyson 
1) Vacuum cleaners

2) Dyson has a market share of 26.5%

3) Barriers to entry are there are patents on the Dyson technology so people can not use the same design and to create new technology may cost a lot of money. Also as Dyson are a well known brand and may have loyal customers 

4) An advantage of Dyson being a monopoly to the business is that they may benefit from economies of scale so unit costs may fall, which can increase there profit levels 

5) An advantage of Dyson being a monopoly to the consumer is that as they will have high profit levels they can invest some into research and development to carry on improving on their technology 

6) A disadvantage of Dyson being a monopoly to the consumer is that as they not have loads of competition they may lack the incentive to reduce the cost of output to the lowest possible price per unit 

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Royal Mail - Mehul
Royal Mail - Mehul

Royal Mail's market share is around 32% in the market for UK domestic mail service.

One barrier to entry for other firms is consumer brand loyalty. This means that even if other firms enter the market due to consumer brand loyalty they may not be able to attract consumers therefore it will be hard for the firm to stay in the market.

An advantage is that Royal Mail can gain economics of scale. This means that as it increases output, their cost per unit is reduced which causes average cost to fall. This can cause their revenue to increase.

Consumers can also benefit from the Royal Mail being a monopoly. For example as the Royal Mail benefits from economics of scale the fall in average cost may lead to a decrease in the cost for consumers of the service.

However a disadvantage for consumers is that they are price takers, which means that they have very little control of the price the Royal Mail sets for it's service as there is little competition in the market.

search engines- google - Shivani
search engines- google - Shivani
main source of search engine in the world, with a global market share of 67.5%

barriers to entry include such as: 

technology- created different barriers to entry through AdSense, AdWords, integrated search and many more.

for a new firm to enter the market it has to match or do better than googles existing services such as advertisement, programmes and many more.

brand loyalty to google

google has substantial high profits which are supernormal in the long run due to it being a monopoly

due to supernormal profits google are able to expand and improve their existing qualities and services.

Eeti
Eeti
Microsoft has a near (pure) monopoly in the PC Operating System Market. It has around 88.69% of global market share in PC operating systems, maintaining its top position for decades.

https://www.netmarketshare.com/operating-system-market-share.aspx?qprid=10&qpcustomd=0 

Barriers to entry: 

- Due to have really high market share, most ISVs (Independent Software Vendors) have the initiative to write their software and applications for Windows. As Microsoft releases "new and improved" versions very frequently, ISV are attracted to writing for Windows and this also attracts customers to buy Windows operated PCs.

- Microsoft also has a lot of registered trademarks and copyrights which make it harder for competitors to  launch an alternative to Microsoft Products. 

- Also Microsoft have been around longer than its competitors builds consumer confidence and brand loyalty towards it and the customers may find it more reliable. (Microsoft - 1975, Apple Mac OS - 1997)

Advantages of the business being a monopoly are that it can charge high prices for its software and as they are expanding their base, their average cost per unit of software is declining dramatically but their product prices are not decreasing resulting into the huge profits that they make. Microsoft has also been known for exploiting its monopoly power in the past by including clauses of 'Exclusionary Licenses' in their contracts with OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) which means that they would have to pay Microsoft 'per processor' they ship and pay twice for shipping competing systems. 

A disadvantage to the consumer is 'Price Gouging' where the monopoly would charge prices that are significantly higher than what is considered reasonable. (Microsoft has been reported of price gouging in many countries on its different products.)

Android OS (Global) - Muhammed B
Android OS (Global) - Muhammed B
Google owned Android has 82.8% market share of smartphone operating systems globally as of Q2 2015. This means that 82.8% of mobile phones run android or a variant of android.

Barriers to entry:

- Brand Loyalty: Some consumers may be loyal to android and would see them as their go-to in terms of smartphone OS.

- Sunk Costs: New firms that want to enter the smartphone OS market would have to spend a considerable amount of money on start-up costs and advertising etc.

- High Fixed costs: Firms would potentially have high fixed costs to maintain the OS.

As it is a monopoly they can charge consumers higher prices and therefore earn more profit.

Customers can also benefit from the fact that Android OS is a monopoly, As they make large profits, they have money to spend on research and development and as a result can be dynamically efficient. In this case they may get better and faster OS updates etc.

There is also a disadvantage to consumers. The firm may decide not to spend profits on R&D as there is little competition. Also, they can charge more money. In this case, they do not charge consumers more money but they would charge the smartphone companies to use their OS on smartphones. So if they charge more to Samsung for example Samsung may increase the prices of their smartphones to cover their costs. 

BT Sports - Balraj
BT Sports - Balraj
BT compete/competed with organisations such as Sky and ITV in the market for live broadcasting of European football matches.

Within the last few years BT Sports acquired the rights to show every Champions League and Europa League game, to become the single UK broadcaster to show all 350 games. This means they have 100% of the market, and will do so for the next 3 years.

BT put up an incredible £897m to obtain the rights to show these European matches, which means competitors wanting to enter the market will have to be very well funded. Obviously, the firm would also have to have the necessary broadcasting equipment, which can be very costly. There are also many businesses who are already well established in the market and yet don't have the means to compete with BT, so it would be even harder for a new firm to even try to compete with them.

As they're making supernormal profits they can use this to re-invest and possibly extend their rights to show these European games, for a further period of time.

An advantage to the consumer is that if they already have BT internet then there are not any extra costs to view BT Sports channels or watch it on BT's online streaming platform. 

Currently, if you're not an existing BT customer then you can watch their BT Sports channels for around £13, and there is room for this to rise. In previous years viewers could have watched the games for free on ITV. As there are no other (fully legal) ways to watch the games, many people will have to pay for the services of BT and their BT Sports packages.

Apple - Gavin
Apple - Gavin 
Worldwide smartwatch market.

In Q2 this year Apple had 75% of all smartwatch sales according to 
Forbes. Other competitors like Samsung had only 7.5% with other firms like Pebble and Motorola having the remaining share.

There are quite alot of barriers to entry in the smartwatch market such as the huge costs involved with creating the product and making it diffferent to the rest thats already out there. Along with the sunk costs of doing market research that they won't be able to get back. 

The main barrier to entry though i think is the brand loyality to Apple 
and the fact that so many people worldwide have Apple phones and so can't use the other smartwatches avaliable this means that even if other companys had the resources to be able to enter the market they can't because there good wont work anway.


Another Barrier to entry in this market is economics of scale. As Apple is one of the biggest firms in the world they can afford to invest exspensive machinary as well as outsourcing alot which means cheaper leabour and so average costs fall leaving them with more profit.

The advantage to Apple of them being a monopoly is the amount of sales they will get and so revuenue and profit from there smartwatches. With this profit they can spend it on Research and development into the smartwatch market but there isn't really an incentive to do so due to them having so little competition for smartwatches that work for ios. On the other hand though if they do research and development they'd be dynamically effecient and they there's a chance they could get even more market power than what they already have with even better smartwatches in the future.


Apple being a monopoly can benefit the consumer though as they may get better quality or just more prioducts form apple as they can afford to keep improving and making new ones. There also a debatable benefit of having less choice, This can be good for saving time and for those who don't really know what they're looking for in a smartwatch but bad for everyones else as if they can't afford the Applewatch there's no substitute.

The downside to the consumer however is that they have to be price takers as there is no substitute good for them to pick instead, which could be even more problamatic if its difficult to get smartwaches in your location or if they're out of stock and so on.

It all really depends on if Apple are to be dynamically effecient and improve there future products and do more research or if they just want to retain the profits for other things. Ther's also the consideration that no other firm can make smartwatches that work for ios due to them having the patens and so until that barrier is removed they'll have a monpoly.

Royal Mail - Kiran
Royal Mail - Kiran
Royal Mail is the market leader in the UK for the delivery of domestic mail.

Royal Mail have a market share of 32% in the UK.

The main barrier to entry is brand loyalty-customers will be loyal to Royal mail, because they have been established since 1516. New companies entering the market are not very likely to attract customers as they will not be as well known as Royal mail. Also because Royal mail has a large customer base it will be difficult to find new customers who will be willing to join.

An advantage of being a monopoly is that Royal mail can benefit from economies of scale, so as output per unit rises they will see a fall in cost per unit. This will result to a fall in the average costs and they might choose to use the money saved elsewhere.

An advantage to the customer is that due to economies of scale, royal mail will have saved some money, and they may choose to spend the money in research and development. However this is unlikely because Royal mail are market leaders and because there is little threat of competition and they have strong customer base they will be unlikely to invest as they will see no incentive to do so.

A disadvantage to customers is that because of a large market share and as demand is relatively inelastic, Royal mail can charge higher prices to customers.

Microsoft- Muhammad S
Microsoft- Muhammad S
Microsoft have a 50% market share in the market for PC's and smartphones

The main barrier to entry is that Microsoft have most/all aspects of their software copyrighted which means that if it was to be replicated by another party, they could be made to pay civil damages. Also another barrier to entry is brand loyalty. As Microsoft have been one of the first established software producers for PC's especially, consumers may want to stick with them and resist change to another software/ operating system

An advantage of being a monopoly is a lot of time and money can be spent in R&D and if this was to be successful it could lead to improved products/software at potentially lower costs

A disadvantage is that consumers don't really have much of a choice. This is not true for smartphones however this is true for operating systems, as they're a very few other operating systems to choose. 

Amazon - Sadika
Amazon - Sadika
Amazon has monopoly power in online book selling

Last year, Amazon's share of all new book unit
purchases was 41 percent and also, they have the largest share of the e-book market as
well, with 67 percent.

Barriers to entry: 

Consumer trust-new firms have to be able to gain
the trust of consumers so that they feel secure sharing their details online
and purchasing goods

Predatory pricing-Amazon are able to sell their
books very cheaply which demonstrates their power and puts pressure on existing
or potential rivals

Advertising-heavy advertising by Amazon can
deter entry by new rivals as in order to compete, they’ll have to match the
spending of the firm.

Brand loyalty-if consumers are loyal to Amazon
and prefer them, new entrants will find it difficult to win market share.

An advantage to Amazon of being a monopoly is
that it’s aware of its consumers’ preferences so knows more about the specific
demand curve for its products and so will be able to adapt to changing demand
conditions.

Advantage to consumers-Amazon is able to be
dynamically efficient as it earns supernormal profits which can then be used to
innovate products or processes which would have positive externalities on consumers
in the form of better or more improved products.

Disadvantage to consumers-if Amazon fails to
offer a good that is wanted by the consumer, there are few alternative sources
and so consumers may feel dissatisfied with the monopoly. 











Rohan
Rohan
Tesco have monopoly power in the market for groceries with a

% of 28.5 as of the end of July. Their main rivals Asda and Sainsbury’s have a
market share of 16.5%. Emerging supermarkets such as Aldi and Lidl as a result
of the recession and consequently, deteriorating consumer confidence, are beginning
to steal some of the large market shares that have dominated this market for a
long time, but in particular Morrison’s have been affected as they are a middle
of the road company – they do not charge very low prices and they do not provide
very high quality goods.

It is very difficult for new firms to join this industry due
to the barriers to entry such as the larger firms being able to exploit large
economies of scale because they produce at such a large scale and it would be
hard for a new firm to instantly generate the finance to have the factors of
production in place to compete with the likes of Tesco, and nor would it be of
the same quality. Large economies of scale also allow firms to lower their
prices and the new firms won’t have that ability to compete on price and will
therefore be pushed out over time due to lack of demand.

If the business has monopoly power then they will be
generating large revenues due to high level of demand resulting from a lack of
potential or suitable alternatives in the market. This could also mean they are
at a position where the need for heavy investment is less although as Tesco
have seen, complacency can lead to falling market shares.

An advantage for the consumer if there is a monopoly is that
they aren’t spoilt for choice which means their purchasing will be more time
efficient as usually weighing up all the different options and prices can take
time.

A disadvantage could be that the quality of the consumer’s
purchased goods could fall as there is less incentive for the firm to provide
increased quality due to the lack of alternative options for the consumer and
they will be less worried about rivals taking their customers.

East Midlands Trains- Kishan
East Midlands Trains- Kishan
-East Midlands trains contains a monopoly within the market for train travel to and from London (from Leicester) along with other specific routes in the Midlands and this is because it is the only seller within this market.
-Barriers to entry of this market include the fact that no other firms contain the required rights to use the same routes as East Midlands Trains.

-An advantage of the business being a monopoly is that there is no need for consumers to look around for the cheapest price as there is only one seller and this saves time and effort of consumers.

-A disadvantage of this however, is that consumers must pay whatever price is set by East Midlands Trains- even if this price is excessive.

Anheuser-busch inbev- Vinesh&Shanzi
Anheuser-busch inbev- Vinesh&Shanzi
The market is alcohol. The precise figure of market that the company has is 47.2% in the USA and 25% global market share. The barriers to entry are that their are high sunk costs as well as brand loyalty as this company produces the top branded beers in the world. the advantages to the the business being a monopoly is that the business is able to pick their prices which may lead to higher profits which they can then use to further develop their products through research and development. One advantage to the consumer is that due to the company producing many beers this means that consumers have more choice of different beers. the disadvantages to consumers are that the firm may be able to charge high prices. 

Windows - Salmaan
Windows - Salmaan
The Market is desktop and laptop computer operating systems.

Windows created by Microsoft dominates the market holding a
net market share of 90.42%.

The barriers to entry into the market would be very high as
the research, marketing and development costs would be substantial and very few
firms would be capable of entering the market.

By being a monopoly Windows can charge manufacturers of
computers e.g. Dell for using their operating systems on the manufacturers
hardware.  As they hold such a large
market share and consumers are familiar with their product the manufacturers of
desktops and laptops will have to pay the price that Microsoft desire.

The advantage to the consumer is that as it holds such a
large market share, majority of consumers are familiar with the product. Consumers
will be comfortable using a computer with the Windows operating system compared
to any other operating system.

A disadvantage to the consumer is that Microsoft can charge
a premium for their product, there is demand for the product and the firm knows
this therefore they can maximise profits by increasing prices. Users that are
comfortable with the Windows platform will be reluctant to move therefore they
must pay the premium.

Unilever Zain
Unilever Zain
Unilever has its greatest market share over the grocery market

Currently at 50.1% after having come down from 53.7% previously held at 2012. 

The barriers to entry this firm has created are from merging, creating a multinational company causing emerging firms to be knocked out of competition

The advantage of being a monopoly has allowed the firm to put forward its supernormal profit to use on research and development. Holding over 4000 academic researchers who are able to continue innovating products on the consumer market

The advantage to consumers are a wide range of products such as Surf and PG tips. 


Ebay - Shehzad
Ebay - Shehzad
 1) Ebay is the largest online auctioning site in the world

2) it has a market share of 76%

3) barriers to entry may include:

- high sunk costs 

e.g. high advertising required to make website known

e.g. cost of setting up professional website to compete with Ebay

- many individual and business sellers (roughly 6.7 million in 2014) and buyers (roughly 157 million in 2nd quarter of 2015) means that Ebay is definitely seen as a very reliable site for both customers and sellers and therefore are unlikely to use a new unknown website to buy or sell products. (possibly seen as brand loyalty as well)

Coca Cola - Ridwan
Coca Cola - Ridwan
Coca-Cola's market is the soft drink market and had a market share of 42.3% in 2014 in the US.

Barriers to entry:

Even though Coca-Cola does not have a patent for their formula but a trade secret which it relys on it is still a highly competitive market. It has a large customer base which makes it difficult for new firms to stand out and compete. For instance, firms enter the market thus Coca-Cola may reduce their prices and so do the new firms. They make a significant loss and eventually have to leave the market as they will not survive.

Benefits for Coca-Cola:

Its been able to expand worldwide because of its supernormal profits. Furthermore, because of its high profits it can be dynamically efficient i.e. invest into research and development to improve or offer new products eg Diet Coke is lower in sugar than its original.

Advantages and Disadvantages to the consumer:

There are different variations of Coca-Cola such as coke, lemonades, energy drinks etc. 

However, if you go to a fast food restaurant they often have many drinks from Coca-Cola which charge significantly higher prices as opposed to supermarkets. 

Severn Trent Water- Bhavisha
Severn Trent Water- Bhavisha
1) They have a pure monopoly for mains water supply in Leicestershire.

2) As there is no other mains water supplier available for households in this area, they have 100% market share. See link below, in particular section on 'Water and Sewerage Companies' ('regional monopoly'). https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/industryoverview/today/watercompanies#wasc

3) The barriers to entry include:

It is a natural monopoly as there is significant infrastructure needed to enter the market, such as large-scale pipework and reservoirs. New firms must set this up if they wish to supply the area,  and this is both costly and time-consuming, acting as a disincentive to enter the market.

Additionally, the government have legislation to keep it a monopoly in Leicestershire. In the link below, the last line states the government have stopped any competition entering the market, meaning Severn Trent Water has a government granted monopoly for this region (also an example of a local monopoly).

https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/consumerissues/watercompanies/changesupplier/ 

4) The company benefits from having all the customers in this area as they are a pure monopoly, which could create supernormal profits (however Ofwat regulates revenue). Additionally, because water is a necessity demand is very inelastic, so the company is unlikely to face consumers leaving, due to low threat of competition. Large profits made by the company can then be used to expand their reservoirs in the area and become more dynamically efficient in the long run, allowing them to keep their market share. 

5) An advantage to the consumer is that Severn Trent may experience economies of scale (a fall in long run average costs per unit) which could potentially lead to lower prices to consumers. Additionally, because it is a government granted monopoly, the regulator Ofwat can ensure that customers are paying an appropriate price and are not largely overcharged. Also, Ofwat ensures that water companies spend a proportion of their profits on improving infrastructure/new capital, possiblyimproving water quality.

6) A disadvantage to the consumer is that they have little choice on what water supplier to use, and they must use Severn Trent regardless of their personal preferences (e.g environmentalists may disagree with some of Severn Trent's ideas, yet must still use their water). Also, customers may have to be 'price takers' and accept whatever price the company (and Ofwat) set.

Tesco - Priyanka
Tesco - Priyanka
1. Multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer. 

2. Market share - 28.8% 

3. Barriers to entry include: 

- Tesco experiences economies of large scale production so other firms will find it hard to compete with their low prices. 

- High set up costs = high sunk costs 

- Advertising costs 

- Brand loyalty to Tesco 

4. Advantage to Tesco of being a monopoly - they make large profits, which they can therefore use to invest in latest technology to be more efficient and avoid competition. 

5. Advantage to consumer - Tesco benefits from economies of scale and so this can be passed on to consumers in the form of low prices. 

6. Disadvantage to consumer - they will have restricted choice as there is only a few options for them. 

Shimano - Josh
Shimano - Josh
Shimano has a 50% market share in the bicycle components market, with provided parts including gears, drivetrains, pedals and brakes.

The barriers to entry include the fact that Shimano are benefiting from economies of scale due to the size of the monopoly. Due to the huge size of the firm, Shimano are likely to be experience all six internal economies of scale (risk bearing, financial, marketing, technical & managerial). This acts as a barrier to entry because Shimano's average costs have fallen as a result of the economies of scale and therefore, any new firms wanting to enter the market will not be able to compete with Shimano because Shimano's average costs are much lower and can charge lower prices yet still make greater supernormal profits than new firms. Further barriers to entry include the dynamic efficiency in the long run should Shimano decide to innovate - this may happen should Shimano feel that they are under threat from competitors to improve and reduce prices. Finally, brand loyalty among cyclists and cycling shops to Shimano may play a distinct factor in new firms struggling to make a breakthrough into the market because consumers are reluctant to switch to a new firm when they know what they're getting with the reliable Shimano.

One benefit to the business of being a monopoly is that they are able to make supernormal profits in the long run due to the lack of competition. This supernormal profit can then be used for research and development, for innovation, to become more dynamically efficient.

One advantage to the consumer is that as the firm is a monopoly, they are likely to make supernormal profits. If the firm decides to spend this profit on innovation, then Shimano are likely to create newer, better products for consumers to buy. Thus, the consumer's welfare can improve as the quality of the good they are purchasing improves. 

One disadvantage to the consumer that Shimano has monopoly power is that the price of their products are likely to be higher than the socially optimum output. This means that the output demanded at the price set by Shimano is less than the output at the productively efficient or allocatively efficient levels.

BT - Peter
BT - Peter
1) BT is the largest fixed broadband provider in the UK.

2) BT has a market share of 31% in the broadband market, compared to Sky and Virgin who have 20% each as well as Talk Talk who has a 15% share in this market.  

3) A barrier to entry for a new firm wanting to supply broadband, which is a high bandwidth connection to the internet, is the set-up cost of placing their own cable unless they want to rent BT’s.

4) An advantage to BT of being a monopoly is that it can invest, using its supernormal profits, in new high cost capital that may give it an edge over its opponents.  

5) An advantage to consumers is  that they are able to use
one integrated broadband network as the majority of the cables were built nationwide and are owned by one company. 

6) A disadvantage to the consumer is that due to the fact that BT owns the cables the line rental price may be at a higher price than if they were in competition with other suppliers.


Apple - Gavin
Apple - Gavin
Worldwide smartwatch market.

In Q2 this year they had 75% of all smartwatch sales according to Forbes. Other competitors like Samsung had only 7.5% with other firms like Pebble and Motorola having the rest.

There are quite alot of barriers to entry in the smartwatch market such as the huge costs involved with creating the product and making it diffferent to the rest thats already out there. 

Along with the sunk costs of doing market research that they won't be able to get back. 

The main barrier to entry though i think is the brand loyality to Apple and the fact that so many people worldwide have Apple phones and so can't use the other smartwatches avaliable.

The advantage to Apple of them being a monopoly is all the profts they can get due to the amount of revenue they got from all the smartwatch sales. With this profit they can spend it on developing new products or the next generation of the old ones.

Dyson Vacuum - Nhaudzawo
Dyson Vacuum - Nhaudzawo
1/2.Dyson has 27% of the market share in household hoovers

3. The barriers of entry are mainly due to the inability for new business to copy some of the ground breaking innovations, that British wonder boy James Dyson has implemented onto the Dyson vacuums. This is made possible by the thousands of patents that he has put each product.

4. Advantages of being monopoly are Dyson have a a lot of control on their prices due to inelastic demand. Which means big bucks for Dyson.

5.{{{ An advantage to the consumer would be that Due to the supernormal profits made, dyson have the funds to invest in their product and therefore improve the product for the consumer. 

However due to large share in market this maybe unlikely.And this would make them Dynamically Inefficient }}}

6. A disadvantage to the consumer would be a monopoly will never be allocatively efficient, As they have the power to over price their goods.

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Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola's market is the soft-drink market and had a Market share 

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Royal Mail has 23% market share for UK domestic mail services, which makes them a legal monopoly.

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Royal Mail - Aamirah
Royal Mail has 23% market share for UK domestic mail services, which makes them a legal monopoly.

A barrier to entry is brand loyalty, which has emerged due to the long period of existence in the industry. Therefore this discourages other firms from entering the market. 

An advantage of being a monopoly is that they can benefit from economies of scale, where an increase in output leads to lower average costs of production.

Economies of scale are an advantage to consumers as it decreases the cost of producing this service, which can be passed on to consumers in the from of low prices. However since it is a monoply, consumers have no control over prices so the firm can charge higher price, which consumers would have to accept.

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However since it is a monoply, consumers have no control over prices so the firm can charge higher price, which consumers would have to

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 A barrier to entry for a new firm wanting to supply broadband, which is a high bandwidth connection to the internet, is the set-up cost of placing their own cable unless they want to rent BT’s

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The map below shows which water company supplies each area of England and Wales.

Water supply licencees are not tied to specific areas of the country. Find their contact details.

Water supply and sewerage licenses are not tied to specific parts of the country. Find their contact details.

Key

AFW Affinity Water

BRL Bristol Water

CHL Cholderton & District Water

DVW Dee Valley Water

ESK Essex & Suffolk (part of Northumbrian Water)

HPL Hartlepool (part of Anglian Water)

PRT Portsmouth Water

SBW Bournemouth Water

SES SES Water

SEW South East Water

SSC South Staffs Water

Local water companies' contact details

There are a number of other companies who provide regulated water and sewerage services whose areas are too small to show on this map. They are:

Albion Water

Independent Water Networks

Independent Water Networks Ltd
Head Office Address:
Driscoll 2
Ellen Street
Cardiff, CF10 4BP
Phone: 02920 028 711
http://www.iwnl.co.uk/

SSE Water

SSE Water Ltd
Head Office Address:
55 Vastern Road
Reading RG1 8BU
Phone: +44 (0)118 958 0100
Fax: +44 (0)118 953 4028
www.southern-electric.co.uk/youraccount/water/
www.swalec.co.uk/youraccount/water/

Leep Water Networks Limited

Veolia Water Projects

Water companies' contact details

Affinity Water
(formerly Three Valleys, Tendring Hundred, Folkestone & Dover, Veolia Central, Veolia East, Veolia Southeast)

Head Office
Tamblin Way
Hatfield
Hertfordshire AL10 9EZ
Phone: +44(0)1707 268 111
Fax: +44(0)1707 277 333
http://www.affinitywater.co.uk

Affinity Water (East region)
Mill Hill
Manningtree
Essex CO11 2AZ
General and Billing Enquiries 0845 1489288
Payment Helpline 0845 1482911
Emergency?? 0845 1489299
Fax: +44(0)1206 399 210

Affinity Water (Southeast region)
Head Office Address:
Cherry Garden Lane
Folkestone
Kent CT19 4QB
Phone: +44(0)345 357 2407
Fax: +44(0)1303 276 712

Anglian Water (including Hartlepool)

Anglian Water Services Ltd
Head Office Address:
Lancaster House
Lancaster Way
Ermine Business Park
Huntingdon
PE29 6YJ
Phone: +44 (0)1480 323 000
Fax: +44 (0)1480 323 115
http://www.anglianwater.co.uk/

Bristol Water

Cholderton & District

Dee Valley

Dee Valley Water plc
Head Office Address:
Packsaddle
Wrexham Road
Rhostyllen
Wrexham
Clwyd
North Wales LL14 4EH
Phone: +44(0)1978 846 946
Fax: +44(0)1978 846 888
http://www.deevalleywater.co.uk/

Dwr Cymru

Northumbrian Water (including Essex & Suffolk)

Portsmouth

Bournemouth Water

Severn Trent Water

South East Water

Southern Water

South Staffs Water

Cambridge region:
90 Fulbourn Road
Cambridge, CB1 9JN
Phone: +44(0) 1223 706050
Fax: +44(0)1223 214 052
http://www.cambridge-water.co.uk/

South West Water

Sutton & East Surrey

Thames Water

United Utilities

United Utilities Water plc
Head Office Address:
Haweswater House
Lingley Mere Business Park
Lingley Green Avenue
Great Sankey
Warrington WA5 3LP
Phone: See http://www.unitedutilities.com/contacts.aspx for phone numbers
Fax: +44(0)1925 237 073
http://www.unitedutilities.com/

Wessex Water

Yorkshire Water

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Contact details for your water company - Ofwat

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Water companies' contact details The map below shows which water company supplies each area of England and Wales. Water supply licencees are not tied to specific areas of the country. Find their contact details. Water supply and sewerage licenses are not tied to specific parts of the country. Find their contact details.

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Beverage Industry

30% market share of global beverage company

Barriers to entry:-

Very High advertising and marketing costs to be able to compete with a very well known brand - Practically impossible

Extremely Large Start Up Costs required to reach the scale of Coca-cola's production

Advantages :-

Perhaps benefit from Economies of Scale resulting in lower prices

May choose to be dynamically efficient and innovate as shown by Coca - Cola's research and development on vending machines

Consumers are loyal to the brand - Coca-Cola makes a huge revenue -$46.854 Billion
Disadvantages:-

Success within the market may mean that Coca-cola may lack the incentive to make new or better quality products

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Walkers is a British snack food manufacturer mainly operating in the UK and Ireland. Walkers hold 58% of the British Crisp market.

The barriers to entry are:

Brand Loyalty: Walkers have been in operation since 1948, they have a strong brand which may limit other firms.

Advertising: Walkers can benefit from economies of scale and therefore be able to set up more successful campaigns. Gary Lineker is the official face of Walkers and stars in many of their ad campaigns. As a large firm, they are able to use brand endorsement and have had celebrities like Jimmy Carr, Stephen Fry, Al Murray and Frank Skinner endorse their brand.

Research & Development: Walkers are always coming up with new flavours and different products. In 2006, they announced that their crisps were going to be 70% lower in saturated fat, they claimed that SunSeed oil was lower in fat than Sunflower oil which they used previously.

Vertical Integration or Takeover: Walkers have brought Squares, Wotsits, Quavers and Monster Munch. This increased their market share. Currently, Walkers claim that 11million people will eat one Walkers product every day.

For the consumer, there is huge choice just within the Walkers range due to their huge range of products. Due to high profits, Walkers is able to invest in research & development and continue introducing new and unique products thus increasing choice for consumers.

Due to Walkers owning majority of the market share, they are able to charge higher prices which consumers have to accept because many Crisp brands are owned by Walkers.

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BT Sport is a group of sports television channels in the United Kingdom and in
Ireland, owned by BT Consumer, a division of BT Group, which launched on 1
August 2013. There competitors are sky sports and ITV to broadcast the UEFA
champions league.

It initially started only showing 38 premier league matches but within
three years after investing nearly 900M pounds they have earned the right to
solely show all of the European matches, this means that they are benefiting
from monopoly power as no one else can show the matches.

The barriers for a firm wanting to enter the market are:-They
will need initial funding to invest. Also as there already are many competitors such as ITV, SKY. It may mean that other
businesses will be put off joining the market, and this could act as a barrier.

-Also they have consumer loyalty.

An advantage is that BT customers can benefit from BT SPORTS
for free, whereas those on other internet companies have to pay extra for it so
it could be argued this is an example of price discrimination.

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Seven trent water💧

Market: Mains Water Supply.

Market Share: 100% market share due to them only being the only water supplier in Leicestershire.

Barriers to Entry: it will be quite difficult to enter the market due to the extensive equipment needed to run a water supply company such as pipes. This will be costly and time consuming to do.

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1) They are the world's largest eyewear company,as well as being the owner of Lenscrafters, Pearle Vision, Sears Optical, Target Optical, Eyemed vision care plan, and Glasses.com. Its more well-known brands as Ray-Ban and Oakleys. Luxottica also makes sunglasses and prescription frames for a multitude of designer brands such as Chanel, Prada and Dolce Gabbana.

2) They control over 80% of the world's major eyewear brands.

3) Barriers to entry

- Brand Loyalty: People who buy these brands of glasses may be inclined to keep buying from Dolce or Versace

- Economies of Scale: Luxottica are a global company so smaller firms that aren’t owned by Luxottica will struggle to compete in regards to advertising cost/mass producing/global shipping

4) Advantages for Business

- They can make supernormal profits and hence use said profits to innovate and continue research developments to achieve dynamic efficiency

5) Advantages for Consumer

- If Luxottica choose to innovate, consumers can enjoy better versions of their products

6) Disadvantages to Consumer

- Luxottica can charge high prices

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1. Search engine global market share: 67.49%

2. Yahoo: 10.77%

Bing: 10.67%

Baidu: 8.13%

3. Barriers to entry:

-Brand loyalty to Google - because Google is so popular, consumers are less likely to search for and use other search engines, even if they may be better than Google.

-Technology - Google was able to create other barriers to market entry through AdWords, AdSense, API’s, Integrated search and so on. Not only does a new company have to provide better or equal search results, it also has to replicate Google’s services to advertisers, programmers, webmasters, content creators and so on.

4. High profits (supernormal in long-run) as there are few other firms in the market to compete for profits. Of course, this is a great advantage to Google for being an monopoly, as one of the main objectives of a firm is often to maximise profits.

5. As Google has supernormal profits in the long-run, it has the funds available to be dynamically efficient. This means that Google has the funds to be  more efficient and to innovate, improving the service for the consumers. Due to the lack of competition in the market, it could be the case that there is little incentive to be dynamically efficient as there is little threat from other firms. Yet, it would be widely agreed that Google is often an innovative and efficient firm.

6. However, one disadvantage to the consumer could be that they are price-takers, meaning that they will have to pay the price that Google set if they want to receive a particular service, such as advertising on Adwords. In a more competitive market, prices are likely to be much lower as firms are all competing for consumers, but Google has little competition due to its brand loyalty and investment into research and development.

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British Telecom,owns the telephone cabling running into the majority of UK homes and businesses.

63% market share
There are barriers to entry as, if there is a strong existing network it may limit new entrants who fail to gain sufficient numbers to of users to create a positive network effect.
The advantage of the monopoly for producers is they can make supernormal profit; which has a spill over effect as consumer also take advantage of the profit as the firm can use the supernormal profits can be used to fund high cost capital investment spending. Successful research can be used for improved products and lower costs in the long term.
The disadvantage of the monopoly is the consumers have limited choice as there is one major firm in the market and also the firm have a less of an incentive to improve their product.

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YKK is the world's leading manufacturer of zippers.

YKK produces more than 90% of all zippers worldwide.

YKK has over 200 plants around the world thus benefiting from economies of scale. As a result of this they experience a decrease in average costs allowing them to charge lower prices. Therefore acts as a barrier to entry as new firms wanting to enter the market are unable to compete with
such low prices.

As they hold most
of the market share YKK benefits from supernormal profits which can then be used for further development and become more dynamically efficient. This could act as a barrier to entry as this could mean higher sunk costs for firms.

Becoming more dynamically efficient could also be an advantage to consumers as better quality
products could be produced for the consumer to buy.

However YKK may charge very high prices to consumers as they produce most of the zippers
consumers will be forced to buy as there are very little alternatives.

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Royal Mail has 23% market share for UK domestic mail services, which makes them a legal monopoly.

A barrier to entry is brand loyalty, which has emerged due to the long period of existence in the industry. Therefore this discourages other firms from entering the market.

An advantage of being a monopoly is that they can benefit from economies of scale, where an increase in output leads to lower average costs of production.

Economies of scale are an advantage to consumers as it decreases the cost of producing this service, which can be passed on to consumers in the from of low prices. However since it is a monoply, consumers have no control over prices so the firm can charge higher price, which consumers would have to accept.

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The Coca Cola Company has legal monopoly in the carbonated drinks market with a market share of 48.6% world wide

Barriers to entry -

Coca Cola Co. beverages are not patented rather are trade secrets as patents would only give the company the right to produce beverages  for 20 years ( after which the formula would be available to everyone)  and trade secrets stay with the company until it shuts down or sells the secrets to other companies. This gives Coca Cola Co. a competitive edge against it competitors .

Another barrier to entry is loyalty by consumers towards Coca Cola Co. beverages.

Advantage to Coca Cola Co. being a monopoly -

A company like Coca Cola Co. makes supernormal profits which it can invest in R&D which in turn would make them dynamically efficient but as there aren't many competitors (major-Pepsi Co.)  in the market it doesn't research & develop its beverages  as much as it could (the company uses the same recipe for coke it has for over 129 years now with very minuet tweaks over the years).

Advantage to consumers of Coca Cola Co. beverages -

Most Coca Cola Co.beverages are available all around the world so consumers when buying beverages would be more likely to go for Coca Cola Co. beverages rather than other beverages available in the market and hence the brand loyalty towards Coca Cola Co. beverages.
Disadvantage to consumers of Coca Cola Co. beverages -
Coca Cola Co. may charge high prices for their beverages to consumers, incentivizing consumers to opt for other company brands like Pepsi co or supermarket own carbonated soft drinks.

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1)Market for Carbonated Soft Drinks

2)Market Share: 30%

3)Barriers to Entry:

Costs of Advertising - spending on advertising and marketing is very high by Pepsi, making it difficult for an entrant to compete and gain any visibility

Brand Image/Loyalty - Pepsi have a long history of advertising, earning them huge amounts of brand equity and loyal customers around the world, making it virtually impossible for a new entrant to match this scale.

4) Pepsi can maintain supernormal profits in the long run as it is very difficult for other firms to enter; so there is little competition

5) Pepsi is dynamically efficient, as it is investing its supernormal profits to constantly innovate its products and expand into new, healthier markets, giving consumers greater choice

6) Higher prices could be charged to consumers than in competitive markets, as brand loyalty is existent, therefore the demand curve is relatively inelastic.

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Amazon is the largest internet based retailer in the United States. It has monopoly power in online retail of books and e-books.

As of March 2014, Amazon's share of all new book unit purchases was 41%. They also have the largest share of e-book market, with 67%.

Barriers to Entry:

Predatory Pricing - Amazon are able to sell their products at a really low price, lower than the average cost. This displays their power in the market as well as discouraging other firms to enter

the market or force rivals out of the market.

Advertising - Amazon can deter firms from entering the market through heavy advertising. Firms are discouraged to enter the market as it can lead to sunk costs.

Brand Loyalty: Amazon has a loyal consumer base and therefore they are less likely to experiment with or switch to alternative firms.

One advantage of Amazon being a monopoly is that it has significant monopsony power when it purchases books directly from publishers, thereby bypassing its reliance on wholesalers and giving it a higher profit margin.

Advantage to the consumer - Amazon benefits from economies of scale and therefore they charge lower prices to the consumer.

Disadvantage to the consumer - As there are a few alternative sources, consumers may be dissatisfied with the service if Amazon is unable to provide them with the goods.

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What Is The Market And Some Market Share Figures -

Android has around 82% market power in the industry of smartphone operating systems within the US. Google Play Store owns around 72% of market power in the industry for an Application marketplace on smartphones worldwide. This makes android or Google (as android is owned by Google) the leading monopoly in both the smartphone operating system and smartphone’s application marketplace industries.

Barriers To Entry

The main barrier to entry for new firms is brand loyalty. Android has been around since around 2007. On average, most people change their phones every year or every two years. This means people could have changed their phone around 8 times and still stayed with the same operating system. As a result, these people are less incline to change their operating system as they see Android to be the only viable option as an operating system.

Another barrier to entry is the cost of advertisement. Android alright has a customer base, however if a new company were to start, they would have to create a customer base. This would require them to spend massive amounts in advertising in order to convince people to move from other operating systems to theirs. These costs act as a disincentive for firms to start up in that industry.

An Advantage Of Being A Monopoly

Most phones have to come to Google for a viable operating system and market place. This means most phones will now become Android. This is due to a lack of other competitors. The only main competitor is Apple who were previously refusing to allow other phones to use their Operating System. However, a new competitor is rising as Windows Phones are rising in popularity. The only downside of these phones is that as the marketplace is new, they are very restricted in the apps that can be used on windows phones. This makes smartphone companies such as HTC and Samsung only want to go to Android.

Advantages To The Customer

Majority of smartphones have the same operating systems and market place. This allows customers to often compare tips on changing settings on their phones to optimize capabilities. It also allows customers to play the same games or use the same applications as one another.

Disadvantage To The Customer

The customer may like the specifications of a smartphone and also the feel of the phone, however may find the Android OS to be too complicated. They are left with no option but to not get their favourite smartphone or to buy it and perhaps struggle or be forced to adapt to using the Android OS.

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1) Vacuum cleaners

2) Dyson has a market share of 26.5%

3) Barriers to entry are there are patents on the Dyson technology so people can not use the same design and to create new technology may cost a lot of money. Also as Dyson are a well known brand and may have loyal customers

4) An advantage of Dyson being a monopoly to the business is that they may benefit from economies of scale so unit costs may fall, which can increase there profit levels

5) An advantage of Dyson being a monopoly to the consumer is that as they will have high profit levels they can invest some into research and development to carry on improving on their technology

6) A disadvantage of Dyson being a monopoly to the consumer is that as they not have loads of competition they may lack the incentive to reduce the cost of output to the lowest possible price per unit

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Royal Mail's market share is around 32% in the market for UK domestic mail service.

One barrier to entry for other firms is consumer brand loyalty. This means that even if other firms enter the market due to consumer brand loyalty they may not be able to attract consumers therefore it will be hard for the firm to stay in the market.

An advantage is that Royal Mail can gain economics of scale. This means that as it increases output, their cost per unit is reduced which causes average cost to fall. This can cause their revenue to increase.

Consumers can also benefit from the Royal Mail being a monopoly. For example as the Royal Mail benefits from economics of scale the fall in average cost may lead to a decrease in the cost for consumers of the service.

However a disadvantage for consumers is that they are price takers, which means that they have very little control of the price the Royal Mail sets for it's service as there is little competition in the market.

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main source of search engine in the world, with a global market share of 67.5%

barriers to entry include such as:

technology- created different barriers to entry through AdSense, AdWords, integrated search and many more.

for a new firm to enter the market it has to match or do better than googles existing services such as advertisement, programmes and many more.

brand loyalty to google

google has substantial high profits which are supernormal in the long run due to it being a monopoly

due to supernormal profits google are able to expand and improve their existing qualities and services.

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Microsoft has a near (pure) monopoly in the PC Operating System Market. It has around 88.69% of global market share in PC operating systems, maintaining its top position for decades.

https://www.netmarketshare.com/operating-system-market-share.aspx?qprid=10&qpcustomd=0

Barriers to entry:

- Due to have really high market share, most ISVs (Independent Software Vendors) have the initiative to write their software and applications for Windows. As Microsoft releases "new and improved" versions very frequently, ISV are attracted to writing for Windows and this also attracts customers to buy Windows operated PCs.

- Microsoft also has a lot of registered trademarks and copyrights which make it harder for competitors to launch an alternative to Microsoft Products.

- Also Microsoft have been around longer than its competitors builds consumer confidence and brand loyalty towards it and the customers may find it more reliable. (Microsoft - 1975, Apple Mac OS - 1997)

Advantages of the business being a monopoly are that it can charge high prices for its software and as they are expanding their base, their average cost per unit of software is declining dramatically but their product prices are not decreasing resulting into the huge profits that they make. Microsoft has also been known for exploiting its monopoly power in the past by including clauses of 'Exclusionary Licenses' in their contracts with OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) which means that they would have to pay Microsoft 'per processor' they ship and pay twice for shipping competing systems.

A disadvantage to the consumer is 'Price Gouging' where the monopoly would charge prices that are significantly higher than what is considered reasonable. (Microsoft has been reported of price gouging in many countries on its different products.)

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Google owned Android has 82.8% market share of smartphone operating systems globally as of Q2 2015. This means that 82.8% of mobile phones run android or a variant of android.

Barriers to entry:

- Brand Loyalty: Some consumers may be loyal to android and would see them as their go-to in terms of smartphone OS.

- Sunk Costs: New firms that want to enter the smartphone OS market would have to spend a considerable amount of money on start-up costs and advertising etc.

- High Fixed costs: Firms would potentially have high fixed costs to maintain the OS.

As it is a monopoly they can charge consumers higher prices and therefore earn more profit.

Customers can also benefit from the fact that Android OS is a monopoly, As they make large profits, they have money to spend on research and development and as a result can be dynamically efficient. In this case they may get better and faster OS updates etc.

There is also a disadvantage to consumers. The firm may decide not to spend profits on R&D as there is little competition. Also, they can charge more money. In this case, they do not charge consumers more money but they would charge the smartphone companies to use their OS on smartphones. So if they charge more to Samsung for example Samsung may increase the prices of their smartphones to cover their costs.

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BT compete/competed with organisations such as Sky and ITV in the market for live broadcasting of European football matches.

Within the last few years BT Sports acquired the rights to show every Champions League and Europa League game, to become the single UK broadcaster to show all 350 games. This means they have 100% of the market, and will do so for the next 3 years.

BT put up an incredible £897m to obtain the rights to show these European matches, which means competitors wanting to enter the market will have to be very well funded. Obviously, the firm would also have to have the necessary broadcasting equipment, which can be very costly. There are also many businesses who are already well established in the market and yet don't have the means to compete with BT, so it would be even harder for a new firm to even try to compete with them.

As they're making supernormal profits they can use this to re-invest and possibly extend their rights to show these European games, for a further period of time.

An advantage to the consumer is that if they already have BT internet then there are not any extra costs to view BT Sports channels or watch it on BT's online streaming platform.

Currently, if you're not an existing BT customer then you can watch their BT Sports channels for around £13, and there is room for this to rise. In previous years viewers could have watched the games for free on ITV. As there are no other (fully legal) ways to watch the games, many people will have to pay for the services of BT and their BT Sports packages.

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Worldwide smartwatch market. In Q2 this year Apple had 75% of all smartwatch sales according to Forbes. Other competitors like Samsung had only 7.5% with other firms like Pebble and Motorola having the remaining share. There are quite alot of barriers to entry in the smartwatch market such as the huge costs involved with creating the product and making it diffferent to the rest thats already out there. Along with the sunk costs of doing market research that they won't be able to get back. The main barrier to entry though i think is the brand loyality to Apple and the fact that so many people worldwide have Apple phones and so can't use the other smartwatches avaliable this means that even if other companys had the resources to be able to enter the market they can't because there good wont work anway.

Another Barrier to entry in this market is economics of scale. As Apple is one of the biggest firms in the world they can afford to invest exspensive machinary as well as outsourcing alot which means cheaper leabour and so average costs fall leaving them with more profit.

The advantage to Apple of them being a monopoly is the amount of sales they will get and so revuenue and profit from there smartwatches. With this profit they can spend it on Research and development into the smartwatch market but there isn't really an incentive to do so due to them having so little competition for smartwatches that work for ios. On the other hand though if they do research and development they'd be dynamically effecient and they there's a chance they could get even more market power than what they already have with even better smartwatches in the future.

Apple being a monopoly can benefit the consumer though as they may get better quality or just more prioducts form apple as they can afford to keep improving and making new ones. There also a debatable benefit of having less choice, This can be good for saving time and for those who don't really know what they're looking for in a smartwatch but bad for everyones else as if they can't afford the Applewatch there's no substitute.

The downside to the consumer however is that they have to be price takers as there is no substitute good for them to pick instead, which could be even more problamatic if its difficult to get smartwaches in your location or if they're out of stock and so on.

It all really depends on if Apple are to be dynamically effecient and improve there future products and do more research or if they just want to retain the profits for other things. Ther's also the consideration that no other firm can make smartwatches that work for ios due to them having the patens and so until that barrier is removed they'll have a monpoly.

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Royal Mail is the market leader in the UK for the delivery of domestic mail.

Royal Mail have a market share of 32% in the UK.

The main barrier to entry is brand loyalty-customers will be loyal to Royal mail, because they have been established since 1516. New companies entering the market are not very likely to attract customers as they will not be as well known as Royal mail. Also because Royal mail has a large customer base it will be difficult to find new customers who will be willing to join.

An advantage of being a monopoly is that Royal mail can benefit from economies of scale, so as output per unit rises they will see a fall in cost per unit. This will result to a fall in the average costs and they might choose to use the money saved elsewhere.

An advantage to the customer is that due to economies of scale, royal mail will have saved some money, and they may choose to spend the money in research and development. However this is unlikely because Royal mail are market leaders and because there is little threat of competition and they have strong customer base they will be unlikely to invest as they will see no incentive to do so.

A disadvantage to customers is that because of a large market share and as demand is relatively inelastic, Royal mail can charge higher prices to customers.

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Microsoft have a 50% market share in the market for PC's and smartphones

The main barrier to entry is that Microsoft have most/all aspects of their software copyrighted which means that if it was to be replicated by another party, they could be made to pay civil damages. Also another barrier to entry is brand loyalty. As Microsoft have been one of the first established software producers for PC's especially, consumers may want to stick with them and resist change to another software/ operating system

An advantage of being a monopoly is a lot of time and money can be spent in R&D and if this was to be successful it could lead to improved products/software at potentially lower costs

A disadvantage is that consumers don't really have much of a choice. This is not true for smartphones however this is true for operating systems, as they're a very few other operating systems to choose.

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Amazon has monopoly power in online book selling

Last year, Amazon's share of all new book unit
purchases was 41 percent and also, they have the largest share of the e-book market as
well, with 67 percent.

Barriers to entry:

1. Consumer trust-new firms have to be able to gain
the trust of consumers so that they feel secure sharing their details online
and purchasing goods

2. Predatory pricing-Amazon are able to sell their
books very cheaply which demonstrates their power and puts pressure on existing
or potential rivals

3. Advertising-heavy advertising by Amazon can
deter entry by new rivals as in order to compete, they’ll have to match the
spending of the firm.

4. Brand loyalty-if consumers are loyal to Amazon
and prefer them, new entrants will find it difficult to win market share.

An advantage to Amazon of being a monopoly is
that it’s aware of its consumers’ preferences so knows more about the specific
demand curve for its products and so will be able to adapt to changing demand
conditions.

Advantage to consumers-Amazon is able to be
dynamically efficient as it earns supernormal profits which can then be used to
innovate products or processes which would have positive externalities on consumers
in the form of better or more improved products.

Disadvantage to consumers-if Amazon fails to
offer a good that is wanted by the consumer, there are few alternative sources
and so consumers may feel dissatisfied with the monopoly.

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Tesco have monopoly power in the market for groceries with a

% of 28.5 as of the end of July. Their main rivals Asda and Sainsbury’s have a market share of 16.5%. Emerging supermarkets such as Aldi and Lidl as a result of the recession and consequently, deteriorating consumer confidence, are beginning to steal some of the large market shares that have dominated this market for a long time, but in particular Morrison’s have been affected as they are a middle of the road company – they do not charge very low prices and they do not provide very high quality goods.

It is very difficult for new firms to join this industry due to the barriers to entry such as the larger firms being able to exploit large economies of scale because they produce at such a large scale and it would be hard for a new firm to instantly generate the finance to have the factors of production in place to compete with the likes of Tesco, and nor would it be of the same quality. Large economies of scale also allow firms to lower their prices and the new firms won’t have that ability to compete on price and will therefore be pushed out over time due to lack of demand.

If the business has monopoly power then they will be generating large revenues due to high level of demand resulting from a lack of potential or suitable alternatives in the market. This could also mean they are at a position where the need for heavy investment is less although as Tesco have seen, complacency can lead to falling market shares.

An advantage for the consumer if there is a monopoly is that they aren’t spoilt for choice which means their purchasing will be more time efficient as usually weighing up all the different options and prices can take time.

A disadvantage could be that the quality of the consumer’s purchased goods could fall as there is less incentive for the firm to provide increased quality due to the lack of alternative options for the consumer and they will be less worried about rivals taking their customers.

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-East Midlands trains contains a monopoly within the market for train travel to and from London (from Leicester) along with other specific routes in the Midlands and this is because it is the only seller within this market.

-Barriers to entry of this market include the fact that no other firms contain the required rights to use the same routes as East Midlands Trains.

-An advantage of the business being a monopoly is that there is no need for consumers to look around for the cheapest price as there is only one seller and this saves time and effort of consumers.

-A disadvantage of this however, is that consumers must pay whatever price is set by East Midlands Trains- even if this price is excessive.

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The market is alcohol. The precise figure of market that the company has is 47.2% in the USA and 25% global market share. The barriers to entry are that their are high sunk costs as well as brand loyalty as this company produces the top branded beers in the world. the advantages to the the business being a monopoly is that the business is able to pick their prices which may lead to higher profits which they can then use to further develop their products through research and development. One advantage to the consumer is that due to the company producing many beers this means that consumers have more choice of different beers. the disadvantages to consumers are that the firm may be able to charge high prices.

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The Market is desktop and laptop computer operating systems.

Windows created by Microsoft dominates the market holding a net market share of 90.42%.

The barriers to entry into the market would be very high as the research, marketing and development costs would be substantial and very few firms would be capable of entering the market.

By being a monopoly Windows can charge manufacturers of computers e.g. Dell for using their operating systems on the manufacturers hardware.  As they hold such a large market share and consumers are familiar with their product the manufacturers of desktops and laptops will have to pay the price that Microsoft desire.

The advantage to the consumer is that as it holds such a large market share, majority of consumers are familiar with the product. Consumers will be comfortable using a computer with the Windows operating system compared to any other operating system.

A disadvantage to the consumer is that Microsoft can charge a premium for their product, there is demand for the product and the firm knows this therefore they can maximise profits by increasing prices. Users that are comfortable with the Windows platform will be reluctant to move therefore they must pay the premium.

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Unilever has its greatest market share over the grocery market

Currently at 50.1% after having come down from 53.7% previously held at 2012.

The barriers to entry this firm has created are from merging, creating a multinational company causing emerging firms to be knocked out of competition

The advantage of being a monopoly has allowed the firm to put forward its supernormal profit to use on research and development. Holding over 4000 academic researchers who are able to continue innovating products on the consumer market

The advantage to consumers are a wide range of products such as Surf and PG tips.

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1) Ebay is the largest online auctioning site in the world

2) it has a market share of 76%

3) barriers to entry may include:

- high sunk costs

e.g. high advertising required to make website known

e.g. cost of setting up professional website to compete with Ebay

- many individual and business sellers (roughly 6.7 million in 2014) and buyers (roughly 157 million in 2nd quarter of 2015) means that Ebay is definitely seen as a very reliable site for both customers and sellers and therefore are unlikely to use a new unknown website to buy or sell products. (possibly seen as brand loyalty as well)

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Coca-Cola's market is the soft drink market and had a market share of 42.3% in 2014 in the US.

Barriers to entry:

Even though Coca-Cola does not have a patent for their formula but a trade secret which it relys on it is still a highly competitive market. It has a large customer base which makes it difficult for new firms to stand out and compete. For instance, firms enter the market thus Coca-Cola may reduce their prices and so do the new firms. They make a significant loss and eventually have to leave the market as they will not survive.

Benefits for Coca-Cola:

Its been able to expand worldwide because of its supernormal profits. Furthermore, because of its high profits it can be dynamically efficient i.e. invest into research and development to improve or offer new products eg Diet Coke is lower in sugar than its original.

Advantages and Disadvantages to the consumer:

There are different variations of Coca-Cola such as coke, lemonades, energy drinks etc.

However, if you go to a fast food restaurant they often have many drinks from Coca-Cola which charge significantly higher prices as opposed to supermarkets.

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1) They have a pure monopoly for mains water supply in Leicestershire.

2) As there is no other mains water supplier available for households in this area, they have 100% market share. See link below, in particular section on 'Water and Sewerage Companies' ('regional monopoly'). https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/industryoverview/today/watercompanies#wasc

3) The barriers to entry include:

It is a natural monopoly as there is significant infrastructure needed to enter the market, such as large-scale pipework and reservoirs. New firms must set this up if they wish to supply the area, and this is both costly and time-consuming, acting as a disincentive to enter the market.

Additionally, the government have legislation to keep it a monopoly in Leicestershire. In the link below, the last line states the government have stopped any competition entering the market, meaning Severn Trent Water has a government granted monopoly for this region (also an example of a local monopoly).

https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/consumerissues/watercompanies/changesupplier/

4) The company benefits from having all the customers in this area as they are a pure monopoly, which could create supernormal profits (however Ofwat regulates revenue). Additionally, because water is a necessity demand is very inelastic, so the company is unlikely to face consumers leaving, due to low threat of competition. Large profits made by the company can then be used to expand their reservoirs in the area and become more dynamically efficient in the long run, allowing them to keep their market share.

5) An advantage to the consumer is that Severn Trent may experience economies of scale (a fall in long run average costs per unit) which could potentially lead to lower prices to consumers. Additionally, because it is a government granted monopoly, the regulator Ofwat can ensure that customers are paying an appropriate price and are not largely overcharged. Also, Ofwat ensures that water companies spend a proportion of their profits on improving infrastructure/new capital, possiblyimproving water quality.

6) A disadvantage to the consumer is that they have little choice on what water supplier to use, and they must use Severn Trent regardless of their personal preferences (e.g environmentalists may disagree with some of Severn Trent's ideas, yet must still use their water). Also, customers may have to be 'price takers' and accept whatever price the company (and Ofwat) set.

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1. Multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer.

2. Market share - 28.8%

3. Barriers to entry include:

- Tesco experiences economies of large scale production so other firms will find it hard to compete with their low prices.

- High set up costs = high sunk costs

- Advertising costs

- Brand loyalty to Tesco

4. Advantage to Tesco of being a monopoly - they make large profits, which they can therefore use to invest in latest technology to be more efficient and avoid competition.

5. Advantage to consumer - Tesco benefits from economies of scale and so this can be passed on to consumers in the form of low prices.

6. Disadvantage to consumer - they will have restricted choice as there is only a few options for them.

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Shimano has a 50% market share in the bicycle components market, with provided parts including gears, drivetrains, pedals and brakes.

The barriers to entry include the fact that Shimano are benefiting from economies of scale due to the size of the monopoly. Due to the huge size of the firm, Shimano are likely to be experience all six internal economies of scale (risk bearing, financial, marketing, technical & managerial). This acts as a barrier to entry because Shimano's average costs have fallen as a result of the economies of scale and therefore, any new firms wanting to enter the market will not be able to compete with Shimano because Shimano's average costs are much lower and can charge lower prices yet still make greater supernormal profits than new firms. Further barriers to entry include the dynamic efficiency in the long run should Shimano decide to innovate - this may happen should Shimano feel that they are under threat from competitors to improve and reduce prices. Finally, brand loyalty among cyclists and cycling shops to Shimano may play a distinct factor in new firms struggling to make a breakthrough into the market because consumers are reluctant to switch to a new firm when they know what they're getting with the reliable Shimano.

One benefit to the business of being a monopoly is that they are able to make supernormal profits in the long run due to the lack of competition. This supernormal profit can then be used for research and development, for innovation, to become more dynamically efficient.

One advantage to the consumer is that as the firm is a monopoly, they are likely to make supernormal profits. If the firm decides to spend this profit on innovation, then Shimano are likely to create newer, better products for consumers to buy. Thus, the consumer's welfare can improve as the quality of the good they are purchasing improves.

One disadvantage to the consumer that Shimano has monopoly power is that the price of their products are likely to be higher than the socially optimum output. This means that the output demanded at the price set by Shimano is less than the output at the productively efficient or allocatively efficient levels.

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1) BT is the largest fixed broadband provider in the UK.

2) BT has a market share of 31% in the broadband market, compared to Sky and Virgin who have 20% each as well as Talk Talk who has a 15% share in this market.

3) A barrier to entry for a new firm wanting to supply broadband, which is a high bandwidth connection to the internet, is the set-up cost of placing their own cable unless they want to rent BT’s.

4) An advantage to BT of being a monopoly is that it can invest, using its supernormal profits, in new high cost capital that may give it an edge over its opponents.

5) An advantage to consumers is that they are able to use one integrated broadband network as the majority of the cables were built nationwide and are owned by one company.

6) A disadvantage to the consumer is that due to the fact that BT owns the cables the line rental price may be at a higher price than if they were in competition with other suppliers.

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Worldwide smartwatch market. In Q2 this year they had 75% of all smartwatch sales according to Forbes. Other competitors like Samsung had only 7.5% with other firms like Pebble and Motorola having the rest. There are quite alot of barriers to entry in the smartwatch market such as the huge costs involved with creating the product and making it diffferent to the rest thats already out there. Along with the sunk costs of doing market research that they won't be able to get back. The main barrier to entry though i think is the brand loyality to Apple and the fact that so many people worldwide have Apple phones and so can't use the other smartwatches avaliable. The advantage to Apple of them being a monopoly is all the profts they can get due to the amount of revenue they got from all the smartwatch sales. With this profit they can spend it on developing new products or the next generation of the old ones.

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1/2.Dyson has 27% of the market share in household hoovers

3. The barriers of entry are mainly due to the inability for new business to copy some of the ground breaking innovations, that British wonder boy James Dyson has implemented onto the Dyson vacuums. This is made possible by the thousands of patents that he has put each product.

4. Advantages of being monopoly are Dyson have a a lot of control on their prices due to inelastic demand. Which means big bucks for Dyson.

5.{{{ An advantage to the consumer would be that Due to the supernormal profits made, dyson have the funds to invest in their product and therefore improve the product for the consumer.

However due to large share in market this maybe unlikely.And this would make them Dynamically Inefficient }}}

6. A disadvantage to the consumer would be a monopoly will never be allocatively efficient, As they have the power to over price their goods.

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Coca-Cola's market is the soft-drink market and had a Market share of 42.3% in 2014 in the US. (including its brands Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite, Fanta)

Barriers to entry:

large customer base, so difficult for new firms to enter the market

Advantages to Coca-Cola:

-> can charge higher prices, as demand is inelastic, consumers are loyal to brand

->are dynamic efficient as they bring out new variations of products