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Marcus Terentius Varro was one of the first person to postulate that certain creatures that are invisible to the eyes can cause disease. It was written on his poem entitled Res Rusticae (On Farming)

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Titus Lucretius Carus hinted about the unseen atoms that causes diseases in his epic poem entitled De Rerum Natural (On the Nature of the Universe)

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Mahariva’s teaching on Jainism suggests the existence of tiny and invisible microbiological entities.

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Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), a prominent eastern medical practitioner of his time, stated that "Infections are caused by the contamination of body secretions of host organisms by foreign tainted microorganisms.” He even went further as to assess that microbial diseases are contagious.

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1546: Fracastoro's assumptions on disease transmissions

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1546: Fracastoro's assumptions on disease transmissions

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Girolamo Fracastoro is best regarded for his proposal on how epidemic diseases are transmitted through direct and indirect means. Years later, his work is superseded by the germ theory. He also termed the word syphilis.

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Robert Hooke was the first to use a microscope to observe living things. “Micrographia”, contained descriptions of plant cells.

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1668: Francesco Redi on Spontaneous Generation

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1668: Francesco Redi on Spontaneous Generation

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Francesco Redi

One of the first to refute the idea that maggots spontaneously generate on meat left out in the open air. He predicted that preventing flies from having direct contact with the meat would also prevent the appearance of maggots.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek made careful observations of microscopic organisms, “animalcules”.Provided accurate descriptions of protozoa, fungi, and bacteria.  Ended the long-held belief that life spontaneously appeared from non-living substances during the process of spoilage. Curiosity arose on how grapes turn into wine, milk into cheese. **First to observe sperm cells.

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1748: Leclerc, Comte de Buffon theorized the idea of spontaneous generation with Needham

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1748: Leclerc, Comte de Buffon theorized the idea of spontaneous generation with Needham

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Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon theorized the idea of spontaneous generation with Needham in connection to animalcules. he conducted an experiment involving a series of infusions made from various grains and seeds. Needham assisted him by adding infusions of his own. after fifteen days, they observed in the magnifier the presence of "Clouds of moving Atoms, so small, and so prodigiously active." Buffon called it "mere organiz'd Bodies" formed from the matter in the infusion "by a Coalition of active Principles."

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1750: John Needham's theory on generation of living organisms

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1750: John Needham's theory on generation of living organisms

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John Needham observed microscopic plants and zoophytes. In 1749, he published illustrations of said microorganisms in his book “Observations upon the Generation, Composition, and Decomposition of Animal and Vegetable Substances.” Through his microscopic observations, he denied the idea of preexistent organic particles which causes organisms to arise. instead, he argued that animalcules arise from grain infusion due to “vegetative force” or as a result of the decomposition of the grain and simply a vegetative process. he argues that animalcules (microorganisms) are not true animals.

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1765: Spallanzani argued that animals cannot arise from plants

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1765: Spallanzani argued that animals cannot arise from plants

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Lazarro Spallanzani challenged Needham’s conclusion on microorganisms. He was skeptic of Needham and Buffon’s analysis of animalcules which they found in plant and animal infusions. he argued that animals cannot arise from plants. therefore, the organisms did not come from the filaments of the plant  nor because of the decomposition. instead, it came from the eggs in the water surrounding the infusions. He argued that needham and buffon did not heat their sealed infusions thoroughly and long enough. spallanzini's first contribution to microbology is the conclusion that animalcules are true animals that reproduce in normal means.

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Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle proposed the criteria that proves microorganisms, namely pathogens, are responsible for human diseases. This theory was entitled germ theory of disease.

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*including transition period to modern microbiology (1916-1939)

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1848: Semmelweis determined the importance of handwashing 

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1848: Semmelweis determined the importance of handwashing 

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Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis implemented the practice of hand washing before attending to patients in the maternity wards. This is because  he determined that unclean hands used to in autopsies prior to examining a woman after labor or for abortion, can spread infections in the urinary tract that leads to puerperal fever. This introduced practice decreased the death rate from puerperal fever in maternity wards.

reference:

https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/ignaz-philipp-semmelweis-1818-1865

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1854: Nightingale’s implementation of hand hygiene

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1854: Nightingale’s implementation of hand hygiene

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Florence Nightingale’s implementation of hand hygiene and cleanliness in the area at the Scutari hospital in Turkey during the Crimean war, reduced death rates among British soldiers.

John Snow demonstrated that the contaminated water from the broad street pump was the cause of the cholera epidemic in London. He determined this through his studies and observation on how those people that are infected are within the surrounding of the broad street pump.

references:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150208/

https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/florence-nightingale-lady-lamp

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| Louis Pasteur discovered that bacteria caused the formation of lactic acid in the fermentation of wine. This discovery led to the formation of the Pasteurization process.

reference:
https://hekint.org/2017/02/01/the-early-days-of-the-nobel-prize-and-golden-age-of-microbiology/

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Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation with the swan-neck flask experiment.

Germ Theory of Disease was supported by Pasteur and other scientist as they believed that microorganisms are causative agents for the diseases

reference:
https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/louis-pasteur

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Joseph Lister discovered carbolic acid spray and contributed works that led to the development of antisepsis practices that he applied in surgeries along with the Germ Theory.

reference:
https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/listers-antisepsis-system

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1869: Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids

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1869: Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids

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In 1876, Ferdinand Cohn discovered Endospores in Bacillus subtilis and other bacteria. With this discovery, he was able to determine its certain characteristics such as resistance to extreme temperatures.

Robert Koch identified that bacterial pathogen causing anthrax is Bacillus anthracis which he had observed from the blood of a cattle. What lead to this discovery is his experiments from which he gathered data based on his observations.

references:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Cohn

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/1%3A_Introduction_to_Microbiology/1.1%3A_Introduction_to_Microbiology/1.1B%3A_History_of_Microbiology_-_Hooke_van_Leeuwenhoek_and_Cohn

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1880: Pasteur and the term "Microbiology" + Laveran on Malaria

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1880: Pasteur and the term "Microbiology" + Laveran on Malaria

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Pasteur coins the term “microbiology”

Dr. Alphonse Laveran discovers the cause of Malaria by observing black pigments from freshly drawn blood of patients.

references:

The early days of the Nobel Prize and Golden Age of Microbiology - Hektoen International (hekint.org)

https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/laveran.html

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Louis Pasteur develops the first ever anthrax vaccine for animals

Koch cultured bacteria in gelatin after various experiments since he determined the importance of having a solid medium where bacteria will be cultured.

Koch identified the bacterial pathogen for tuberculosis, Myobacterium tuberculosis.

Carle Gessard became the first one to determine and provide a description of the Pseudomonas aeruginos

reference:

https://wickhamlabs.co.uk/technical-resource-centre/fact-sheet-pseudomonas-aeruginosa/#:~:text=In%201882%20Carle%20Gessard%2C%20a,exposed%20to%20ultra%2Dviolet%20light.

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In 1884, Robert Koch started formulating the Koch’s Postulates.

Metchnikoff made discovery of phagocytosis

Autoclave was further developed

Christian Gram develops Gram staining. It is a method used to differentiate positive and negative gram bacteria.

references:

https://thebiomedicalscientist.net/science/big-story-petri-dish

Gram Stain - Hans Christian Gram - History and principles of gram staining (hardydiagnostics.com)

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Pasteur develops rabies vaccine

The cause of diarrhea, Escherichia coli, is discovered by Theodor Escherich.

references:

https://www.vbivaccines.com/evlp-platform/louis-pasteur-attenuated-vaccine/

Shulman, S., Friedmann, H., Sims, R. (2007). Theodor Escherich: The First Pediatric Infectious Diseases Physician?, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 45 (8), 1025–1029, https://doi.org/10.1086/521946

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1886: discovery of the cause of pneumonia

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1886: discovery of the cause of pneumonia

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is discovered as a cause of pneumonia by Julius Albert Fraenkel

reference:

Pommervile, J. (2017). Fundamentals of Microbiology. pp. 20. Jones & Bartlett Learning samples.jblearning.com/9781284100952/9781284101041_CH01_Secured_20985_1.pdf

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1887-90: development of the petri dish by Richard Petri

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1887-90: development of the petri dish by Richard Petri

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Martinus Beijerinck discovers the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation in root nodules and names them rhizobia

Russian Flu Pandemic rages across the globe and continues to do so until 1890.

references:

Daugherty, G. (n.d.). The Russian Flu of 1889: The Deadly Pandemic Few Americans Took Seriously.

Early Discoveries in Nitrogen Fixation. (2021, January 4). Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/9148

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In 1890, based on Robert Koch’s gathered information from his studies, he was able to finish his Postulates from which we can base the link between a microbe and a disease.

Antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus developed and prepared by Emil Von Behring.

Winogradsky, from 1887, studies sulfur and nitrifying bacteria, and discovers chemosynthesis.

references:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/kochs-postulates

Kaufmann, S. (2017). Remembering Emil von Behring: from Tetanus Treatment to Antibody Cooperation with Phagocytes. Retrieved March 19, 2021 from https://mbio.asm.org/content/8/1/e00117-17

Sergei Winogradsky. (2015). Sergei Winogradsky - Famous Scientists. Retrieved March 20, 2021 from www.famousscientists.org/sergei-winogradsky

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Dmitry Ivanovsky discovers the pathogen for the tobacco mosaic virus. This will eventually help Bejerinck prove the existence of viruses in 1899.

In 1892, Waldemar Haffkine develops a cholera vaccine that is deemed effective in preventing increase of cases.

references:

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, November 5). Dmitry Ivanovsky. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dmitry-Ivanovsky

Gunter, J., Pandey, V. (2020). Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot. Retrieved March 19, 2021 from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012

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Shibasaburo Kitasato and Andre Yersin independently of each other discover Yersinia pestis, the bacteria responsible for the plague. This was during the third plague pandemic, which raged from 1855-1960.

reference:

Maki, R. (n.d.). Discovery of Yersinia pestis. University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved March 19, 2021 from http://www.antimicrobe.org/h04c.files/history/yersinia-pestis.asp

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Emile Van Ermengem discovers the cause of botulism, the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

Sir Almroth Edward Wright developed the first effective typhoid vaccine and was first utilized on the British military.

references:

Smith, Yolanda. (2018, August 23). Typhoid Fever History. News-Medical. Retrieved on March 20, 2021 from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Typhoid-Fever-History.aspx.

Erbguth F. J. (2004). Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium botulinum, botulinum toxin, and the idea of the therapeutic use of the toxin. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 19 Suppl 8, S2–S6. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20003

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Eduard Buchner discovered cell-free fermentation after preparing yeast extract that could ferment.

Sir Ronald Ross makes the discovery that mosquitoes are transmitters of malaria parasites.

On 1897, Waldemar Haffkine tested the bubonic plague vaccine he had developed on himself successfully, and within the year, inoculated thousands others.

references:

The Nobel Foundation. (1966). Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901-1921. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1907/buchner/biographical/

CDC. (2015). Ross and the Discovery that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites. Retrieved March 19, 2021 from https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/ross.html

Gunter, J., Pandey, V. (2020). Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot. Retrieved March 19, 2021 from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012

Hawgood B. J. (2007). Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860-1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India. Journal of medical biography, 15(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-5

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In 1892, Martinus Beijerinck, now known as the father of virology, called the pathogen that causes tobacco mosaic disease a virus, His concept of a virus opened the path to virology.

reference:

van Kammen A. (1999). Beijerinck's contribution to the virus concept--an introduction. Archives of virology. Supplementum, 15, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_1

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Walter Reed proves that mosquitoes are responsible for yellow fever transmission.

references:

http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/progress/jb_progress_yellow_2.html

Feng, P. (2021). Major Walter Reed and the Eradication of Yellow Fever. Retrieved March 19, 2021 from https://armyhistory.org/major-walter-reed-and-the-eradication-of-yellow-fever/

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Karl Landsteiner discovered the different blood groups in humans in 1901. By 1909, he classified the blood groups into the familiar O, A, B, and AB we know today.

reference:

The Nobel Foundation. (1965). Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941.

Karl Landsteiner - Facts - NobelPrize.org

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1930/landsteiner/facts/

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The cause for syphilis, Treponema pallidum, was identified on March 3, 1905 by Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann.

reference:

de Souza, E. (2005). A hundred years ago, the discovery of Treponema pallidum. An Bras Dermatol. 2005;80(5), 547-8

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August Paul Wasserman developed the Wasserman Test, the first blood test for detecting syphilis.

reference:

Miller, V. (1930). Tests for Syphilis: An Explanation of the Wasserman Test. The American Journal of Nursing, 30(6), 707-712. doi:10.2307/3410619

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Howard Ricketts proved in 1909 that the Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by bacteria and is transmitted by ticks, commonly through tick bites.

references:

Rickettsia rickettsii (uwlax.edu)

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) (rarediseases.org)

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) (rarediseases.org)

Rickettsiae - Medical Microbiology - NCBI Bookshelf (nih.gov)

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Paul Ehrlich made his discovery of a chemotherapeutic agent, arsphenamine, being an effective treatment for syphilis. The treatment, after being tested by Ehrlich and his team on a syphilis-infected rabbit, was then later used to treat human patients. This was one of the many contributions by Ehrlich, which include the idea for ‘magic bullets’, and other advancements in chemotherapy.

references:

Bosch, F., & Rosich, L. (2008). The contributions of Paul Ehrlich to pharmacology: a tribute on the occasion of the centenary of his Nobel Prize. Pharmacology, 82(3), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1159/000149583

Paul Ehrlich - Biographical (nobelprize.org)

Paul Ehrlich. (2017). Paul Ehrlich | Science History Institute. Retrieved March 19, 2021 from https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/paul-ehrlich

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Rous discovered a virus that causes chickens to develop sarcoma, a type of cancer, which led to the discovery of oncogenes and proved that some cancers are transmittable.

references:

Weiss, R. A., & Vogt, P. K. (2011). 100 years of Rous sarcoma virus. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 208(12), 2351–2355. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20112160

Van Epps, H. (2005). Peyton Rous : father of the tumor virus. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 201 (3), 320. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.2013fta

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1915-19: William and Herelle's discovery of bacteriophages

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1915-19: William and Herelle's discovery of bacteriophages

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Frederick William Twort and Felix D’Herelle discovered bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages, independently of each other in 1915 and 1917, respectively. D’Herelle coined the term ‘bacteriophage’ and pioneered in phage therapy. In 1919, after succeeding with a typhoid-infected chicken, he proceeded to human trials.

reference:

Frederick William Twort: not just bacteriophage | Microbiology Society Felix d’Herelle, the Discovery of Bacteriophages, and Phage Therapy | Leonard N`orkin Virology Site (wordpress.com)

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The Spanish Flu/Influenza Pandemic hits, infecting around 500 million people worldwide, and causing at least 50 million deaths. This pandemic is considered to be the worst one encountered yet.

reference:

NCIRD. (2019). 1918 Pandemic (H1N1 virus). Retrieved March 19, 2021 from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html