# data[].attributes.body
San Jose, California provides a 12.9% chance of rising to the bottom to the top fifth of the income distribution. The City that offers the largest chance for this "American Dream" is Dubuque, Iowa, with a 17.9% chance.

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1. Areas with larger African American populations have a lower level of upward mobility.
2. This isn't only due to a lack of mobility across racial groups; families that move to areas with high African American Populations will experience a decrease in their children's outcomes
3. African American communities tend to have less investments in in public goods and schools
4. Place effects amplify racial inequality

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1. Help people move to better areas
a. outcomes could be improved through giving low income families vouchers to move to better areas
b. will affect young children but not teens or parents
2. Invest in places with low levels of opportunity to replicate successes of places with high upward mobility
a. characterize features of areas that generate good outcomes

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Variance occurs due to heterogeneity and neighborhood effects. Heterogeneity is the fact that people live in different places and neighborhood effects display a casual effect on upward mobility for a given person.

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What is Chetty's definition of the American Dream?

# data[].attributes.subject
What is Chetty's definition of the American Dream?

# data[].attributes.body
The American Dream is being able to move from the bottom fifth of the income distribution to the top fifth.