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During his fifty years of public service, between 1914 and his death in 1964, Hoover turned any salary he received over to charity.

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On the outbreak of the first world war, he was asked to become a British cabinet minister; instead, he turned his talents to famine relief in Belgium and then, after the war, throughout Europe.

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By the time of the 1932 presidential election, Hoover had become a deeply unpopular–even reviled–figure across much of the country. Carrying only six states, he was soundly defeated by Democratic candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt, the governor of New York,

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He believed in a limited role for government and worried that excessive federal intervention posed a threat to capitalism and individualism. He felt that assistance should be handled on a local, voluntary basis. Accordingly, Hoover vetoed several bills that would have provided direct relief to struggling Americans.

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During the fast-paced modernization of the 1920s, Hoover played an active role in organizing the fledgling radio broadcasting and civilian aviation industries,

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He opposed the use of the atomic bomb on Japan, of which he wrote to a friend in August 1945: "The only difference between this and the use of poison gas is the fear of retaliation. We alone have the bomb."

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Hoover's commentary on America's Cold War policies was at times supportive and at other times highly critical. For instance, he encouraged Truman's policies in the immediate aftermath of World War II to rebuild Germany, both economically and politically, as a barrier against Soviet communism.

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advised the U.S. government on occupation policies in Germany and Austria.

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Hoover seemed never to have grasped the grave threat that the economic crisis represented to the nation—and that solutions to the Depression might have required abandoning some of his deeply held beliefs.

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Hoover's refusal to authorize large-scale relief programs that might have alleviated suffering and hunger, his unwillingness to use significant federal spending to stimulate the economy, and his general failure to recognize the all-encompassing nature of the Great Depression.

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Hoover sometimes abandoned voluntarism in favor of government interventions into the nation's economic affairs in the hope of ending the Depression with efforts like the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the Emergency Relief Construction Act. Finally, many historians, with the benefit of hindsight, argue that Hoover in reality could have done little to solve the Depression.

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Hoover also consistently lobbied state and local governments—and the U.S. Congress—to increase public works spending.

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Hoover's faith in voluntarism and cooperation remained steadfast, leading to innovative and unprecedented government-inspired efforts such as the President's Emergency Committee on Employment, the President's Organization for Unemployment Relief, and the National Credit Corporation.

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Hoover's reputation with the American people reached its peak in 1927, when he took charge of relief efforts following disastrous floods along the Mississippi River.

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This stance led him to support trade associations—industry-wide cooperative groups wherein information on prices, markets, and products could be exchanged among competitors—which Hoover saw as a middle way between competition and monopoly. He insisted, though, that participation in these associations remain voluntary and that the government merely promote and encourage, rather than require, their establishment.

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He brought together more than one hundred different industries and convinced them to adopt standardized tools, hardware, building materials, and automobile parts. Finally, he aggressively pursued international trade opportunities for American business. To win these reforms, Hoover strengthened existing agencies in the Commerce Department, like the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, or simply established new ones, like the Bureau of Standards, for the standardization project. He also formed commissions that brought together government officials, experts, and leaders of the relevant economic sectors to work towards reform.

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Germany's devastating invasion of Belgium led Hoover to pool his money with several wealthy friends to organize the Committee for the Relief of Belgium. Working without direct government support, Hoover raised millions of dollars for food and medicine to help desperate Belgians.

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He attended Friends Pacific Academy in Newberg, Oregon, earning average to failing grades in all subjects except math. Determined, nevertheless, to go to the newly established Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, Hoover studied hard and barely passed the university's entrance exam.

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He died on October 20, 1964 of cancer.
background information

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Hoover ran for reelection in 1932 but was defeated by Franklin Roosevelt.

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On Black Thursday, October 24, 1929, stock prices began falling heavily. Then on October 29, 1929, the stock market crashed even further which began the Great Depression.

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In 1928, Hoover was nominated as the Republican candidate for president on the first ballot with Charles Curtis as his running mate. He ran against Alfred Smith, the first Roman Catholic to be nominated to run for president. His religion was an important part of the campaign against him. Hoover ended up winning with 58% of the vote and 444 out of 531 votes

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Together they had two children: Herbert Hoover Jr. and Allan Hoover. Herbert Jr. would be a politician and businessman while Allan would be a humanitarian who founded his father's presidential library.

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Hoover was the son of Jesse Clark Hoover, a blacksmith and salesman, and Huldah Minthorn, a Quaker minister. He had one brother and one sister. On February 10, 1899, Herbert Hoover married Lou Henry.

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Hoover was born on August 10, 1874 in West Branch, Iowa. He grew up a Quaker. From age 10, he lived in Oregon. His father died when Hoover was 6. Three years later, his mother died, and he and his two siblings were sent off to live with various relatives. He attended a local school as a youth. He never graduated from high school. He was then enrolled as part of the first class at Stanford University in California. He graduated with a degree in geology.

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Born in an Iowa village in 1874, he grew up in Oregon. He enrolled at Stanford University when it opened in 1891, graduating as a mining engineer.

He married his Stanford sweetheart, Lou Henry."

Background information

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In 1947 President Truman appointed Hoover to a commission, which elected him chairman, to reorganize the Executive Departments. He was appointed chairman of a similar commission by President Eisenhower in 1953. Many economies resulted from both commissions' recommendations.

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the President presented to Congress a program asking for creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to aid business, additional help for farmers facing mortgage foreclosures, banking reform, a loan to states for feeding the unemployed, expansion of public works, and drastic governmental economy.

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President Wilson appointed Hoover head of the Food Administration. He succeeded in cutting consumption of foods needed overseas and avoided rationing at home, yet kept the Allies fed.

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Germany declared war on France, and the American Consul General asked his help in getting stranded tourists home. In six weeks his committee helped 120,000 Americans return to the United States. Next Hoover turned to a far more difficult task, to feed Belgium, which had been overrun by the German army.

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In June 1900 the Boxer Rebellion caught the Hoovers in Tientsin. For almost a month the settlement was under heavy fire. While his wife worked in the hospitals, Hoover directed the building of barricades, and once risked his life rescuing Chinese children.

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Freidel, Frank, and Hugh Sidey. "Herbert Hoover." The White House. The United States Government, 30 Dec. 2014. Web. 07 Feb. 2017. <https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/herberthoover>.

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"Herbert Hoover's Life and Presidency." About.com Education. About.com, 25 Sept. 2016. Web. 06 Feb. 2017. <www.americanhistory.about.com/od/herberthoover/p/phoover.htm>.

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"Herbert Hoover: Life Before the Presidency." Miller Center. Ed. David E. Hamilton. University of Virginian, 1991. Web. 06 Feb. 2017. <http://millercenter.org/president/biography/hoover-life-before-the-presidency>.

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"Herbert Hoover: Impact and Legacy." Miller Center. Ed. David E. Hamilton. University of Vagina, 1991. Web. 06 Feb. 2017. <http://millercenter.org/president/biography/hoover-impact-and-legacy>.

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Hamilton, David E. "Miller Center." Herbert Hoover: Life After the Presidency. Miller Center, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2017. <http://millercenter.org/president/biography/hoover-life-after-the-presidency>.

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Goode, Stephen. "Herbert Hoover - An Uncommon Man Brought Down by the Great Depression." World and I, Mar. 2001, p. 282. World History In Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=nip22530&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA70461375&it=r&asid=c5b6e8999291becbd15be097a59f4d7d. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.

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"George Herbert Hoover Bush." The Economist, 31
Oct. 1992, p. A30. Gale Biography In Context,
go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?
p=GPS&sw=w&u=nip22530&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA12812301&it=r&asid=bb8d39f02abb34d916d67b67c4815b57. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.

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"He helped 120,000 stranded American tourists return home from Europe when the hostilities broke out"

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"Herbert Hoover." History.com. A&E Television
Networks,
2009. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.
<http://www.history.com/topics/us-
presidents/herbert-hoover>.