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Definition: an irrelevant topic that is introduced into an argument meant to divert the attention of the audience from the original discussion.
Example:
Mike: It is morally wrong to cheat on your spouse, why on earth would you have done that?

Ken: But what is morality exactly?

Mike: It’s a code of conduct shared by cultures.

Ken: But who creates this code?...
Explanation: Ken has successfully derailed this conversation off of his sexual digressions to the deep, existential, discussion on morality.

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Definition: A claim is made.  Another individual distorts the claim and then proceeds to attack the distorted claim.
Example: Bill and Jill are arguing about cleaning out their closets:
Jill: "We should clean out the closets. They are getting a bit messy."
Bill: "Why, we just went through those closets last year. Do we have to clean them out everyday?"
Jill: "I never said anything about cleaning them out every day. You just want too keep all your junk forever, which is just ridiculous."
Explanation: Bill distorts the original claim that Jill had made.

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Definition: Use pity as a way to distract from the truth.
Example: I'm positive that my work will meet your requirements. I really need the job since my grandmother is sick.
Explanation: The fact that we should pity them, has nothing to do with the quality of the paper written.

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Definition: Attacking the individual who is making the argument, instead of the argument itself (the attack is often irrelevant);
Example: My opponent suggests that lowering taxes will be a good idea -- this is coming from a woman who eats a pint of Ben and Jerry’s each night!
Explanation: The fact that the woman loves her ice cream, has nothing to do with the lowering of taxes, and therefore, is irrelevant to the argument.

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Definition: Majority approve of a thing, making it true.
Example: I read the other day that most people really like the new gun control laws. I was sort of suspicious of them, but I guess if most people like them, then they must be okay.
Explanation: That is the consensus, making it appear true.

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Definition:  An individual claims to be an authority on a subject.  He/she makes a claim and it is believed to be true due to their status.
Example: The Pope told me that priests can turn bread and wine into Jesus’ body and blood.  The Pope is not a liar.  Therefore, priests really can do this.
Explanation: The Pope may believe what he says, and perhaps the Pope is not a liar, but the Pope is not an authority on the fact that the bread and wine are actually transformed into Jesus’ body and blood.

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Definition: "everyone believes it, so you should as well."
Example: Bill thinks that welfare is needed in some cases. His friends in the Young Republicans taunt him every time he makes his views known. He accepts their views in order to avoid rejection.
Explanation: Bill changes his opinion because all of his other friends believe something differently.

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Definition: Assumes that one thing will lead to another.
Example: The US shouldn't get involved militarily in other countries. Once the government sends in a few troops, it will then send in thousands to die.
Explanation: U.S.A gets involved, then the death of thousands of soldiers is inevitable.

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Definition: One event is thought to be the cause of a later event because it occurred earlier.
Example: I had been doing pretty poorly this season. Then my girlfriend gave me this neon laces for my spikes and I won my next three races. Those laces must be good luck...if I keep on wearing them I can't help but win!
Explanation: Buying laces occurs before winning so, the new laces causes the team to win.

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Definition: A mistaken belief in which a conclusion is not logically rationalized.
Example: Three congressional representatives have had affairs. Therefore, members of Congress are adulterers.
Explanation: Based on inadequate data.  Jumped to conclusions

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Definition: Logic, reason, and proof.
Example: A politician argues for a new domestic spending program by stating facts and figures about the current level of spending, the current economy, and how this program is projected to improve the economy.
Explanation: Facts and evidence are used by the politician to convince the audience.

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Definition: Emotions and values.
Example: “He had meant the best in the world, and been treated like a dog—like a very dog. She would be sorry someday—maybe when it was too late. Ah, if he could only die TEMPORARILY!”
Explanation: Tom arouses feelings of pity in readers’ minds by telling how the girl, whom he loved, treated him like an animal despite his honest feelings for her. He wishes he had died and then she would feel sorry for him.

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Definition: Credibility and trust.
Example: “Our expertise in roofing contracting is evidenced not only by our 100 years in the business and our staff of qualified technicians, but in the decades of satisfied customers who have come to expect nothing but the best.”
Explanation: The advertisers try to build up their credibility with their customers by mentioning the experience they have in the field and the technical expertise of their staff.