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British military base had only been completed at great cost in 1938. Singapore epitomised what the British Empire was all about – a strategically vital military base that protected Britain’s other Commonwealth possessions in the Far East.
Source from: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/the-pacific-war-1941-to-1945/the-fall-of-singapore

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The British surrender to the Japanese in 1942 due to the miscommunication which leads to the japanese gaining control of the area. This can be supported by "Lt Gen Percival made plans for his soldiers to withdraw to protect the town centre,if necessary. His orders were misunderstood and many soldiers withdrew immediately, leaving the north-western part of Singapore undefended" . This proves that the troop misapprehend the instructions therefore, it led to Britain surrending to the Japanese.

Source: Book- Singapore: The making of a Nation-state, 1300-1975
2015
Page: 23

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The morale of the British soldiers stationed in Malaya was in as sorry a state as their training, and General Percival did nothing to improve it. Most of the British had no idea why they had been sent to Malaya in the first place. As far as they were concerned, the real war was in Europe against the Germans. In the minds of most of the troops, Singapore might have been on the dark side of the moon. “Men might have been resigned or even prepared to die for their homes in Glasgow or Manchester or London,” commented a British writer. “No one wanted to die for Singapore.”
http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-singapore

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Gen percival wanted to discuss ways to counterattack  but his commanders were against it .They were running out of food and water and the soldiers were tired. To prevent further bloodshed british decided to surrender to Japanese
Source from history textbook pg25

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By 15 February 1942, the situation in Singapore had become difficult for the Allied forces. There was only enough water supply for 24 hours due to breaks in the water mains and pipes. Furthermore, the main reservoirs were all in Japanese hands.¹⁷ Casualties from enemy bombing were increasing faster than the rate in which bodies could be collected and there was only three days’ worth of rations.¹⁸

On the morning of 15 February, Percival met his commanders at the Fort Canning Bunker (also known as the Battle Box). In light of the circumstances, the decision was made to surrender to the Japanese. Later that day, Percival and his surrender party met Yamashita in the Japanese headquarters located at the Ford Factory in Bukit Timah and officially surrendered Singapore to the Japanese forces.19

SOURCE: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-19_113523.html

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Conscious that British defences were focused on the sea, Japan approached Singapore from its back door, Malaya. The British army had anticipated a landward attack and developed a first strike plan code-named “Operation Matador” to stop the Japanese advance in Thailand. However, political reasons prevented Operation Matador from being activated until it was too late.6

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Military defence
The defending British and Commonwealth troops, however, were neither trained nor prepared. They were inexperienced and undertrained in just about all aspects of fightingTroops in and around Singapore had no idea what jungle warfare would entail for them and they had no real idea what to expect from their Japanese opponents

http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-singapore

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By 15 February 1942, the situation in Singapore had become difficult for the Allied forces. There was only enough water supply for 24 hours due to breaks in the water mains and pipes. Furthermore, the main reservoirs were all in Japanese hands.¹⁷ Casualties from enemy bombing were increasing faster than the rate in which bodies could be collected and there was only three days’ worth of rations.¹⁸

On the morning of 15 February, Percival met his commanders at the Fort Canning Bunker (also known as the Battle Box). In light of the circumstances, the decision was made to surrender to the Japanese. Later that day, Percival and his surrender party met Yamashita in the Japanese headquarters located at the Ford Factory in Bukit Timah and officially surrendered Singapore to the Japanese forces.19
Website: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-19_113523.html

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The Japanese onslaught through the Malay Peninsula took everybody by surprise. Speed was of the essence for the Japanese, never allowing the British forces time to re-group. This was the first time British forces had come up against a full-scale attack by the Japanese. Any thoughts of the Japanese fighting a conventional form of war were soon shattered. The British had confidently predicted that the Japanese would attack from the sea. This explained why all the defences on Singapore pointed out to sea. It was inconceivable to British military planners that the island could be attacked any other way – least of all, through the jungle and mangrove swamps of the Malay Peninsula. But this was exactly the route the Japanese took.

Website:
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/the-pacific-war-1941-to-1945/the-fall-of-singapore/

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However, the British were not, at this stage, overly concerned, overestimating the defensive nature of the jungle and underestimating the character of the Japanese soldier. Until early January 1942, Percival (pictured) prohibited the building of defences on Singapore’s north coast, believing that to do so would be bad for morale.

Website:
http://www.historyinanhour.com/2010/02/15/fall-of-singapore/

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Britain was unable to send adequate reinforcement to defend Singapore. It had to concentrate most of its military force in Europe and North Africa. This was because it was the only European allied country left to fight against the axis powerd, which were rapidly expanding into Europe and North Africa.

It was an extract from the Singapore; The making of a Nation-state, 1300-1975.

Book- Singapore: The making of a Nation-state, 1300-1975
2015

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By 15 February 1942, the situation in Singapore had become difficult for the Allied forces. There was only enough water supply for 24 hours due to breaks in the water mains and pipes. Furthermore, the main reservoirs were all in Japanese hands.¹⁷ Casualties from enemy bombing were increasing faster than the rate in which bodies could be collected and there was only three days’ worth of rations

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It had to concentrate most of its military forces in Europe and in North Africa.it was because it was the only European allied country left to fight against the axis power which were rapidly expanding into europe and north America .
It is an extract from the Singapore.the making of a nation state 1300-1915
Book.-singapore the making of a nation state 1300-1975 2015

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Low Morale:
The morale of the British soldiers stationed in Malaya was in as sorry a state as their training, and General Percival did nothing to improve it. Most of the British had no idea why they had been sent to Malaya in the first place. As far as they were concerned, the real war was in Europe against the Germans. In the minds of most of the troops, Singapore might have been on the dark side of the moon. “Men might have been resigned or even prepared to die for their homes in Glasgow or Manchester or London,” commented a British writer. “No one wanted to die for Singapore.”

http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-singapore

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Miscommunication: "On 8 February, the Japanese bombed parts of Changi and Pulau Ubin in the north-eastern part of Singapore. It was a ploy to divert the British'S attention from their actual plans to invade Singapore from the north-west."
Taken from: History Textbook

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Britain was unable to send adequate reinforcements to defend Singapore.It had to concentrate most of its military forces in Europe and in North Africa.This was because it was only the European Allied country left to fight against the Axis powers,which were rapidly expanding into Europe and North Africa

Citation of Source:Singapore:The making of a Nation-state,1300-1975

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Sugesh

It had to concentrate most of its military forces in Europe and in North America. it was because it was the only European allied country left to fight against the axis powers which were more rapidly expanding into Europe and North Africa.

Textbook Singapore the making of a nation state,
1300-1975

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"The British were overly concerned, overestimating the defensive nature of the jungle and underestimating the character of the Japanese soldier."

http://www.historyinanhour.com/2010/02/15/fall-of-singapore/

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The british surrendered to the japanese due to the british having less superior war technology to the japanese this can be seen from a picture of the British ship REPULSE and a photo of the japanese ship kamazaki.this shows that the japanese had superior and move advanced weaponry compared to the British which would give the japanese the upper hand.this is the reason the British lost to the japanese

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Description
This source in textbook page 25 .It is an extract from the Singapore. The making of Nation-State, 1300-1975
Citation of Source:
Textbook:-Singapore:The making of a Nation-State, 1300-1975,2015
Source:
This source shows that British troops were made up from many different groups of people from different country and they is less motivated to fight for Singapore especially when the British need to worried for their family in Britain which is also having a war.

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Although the British had destroyed the causeway on 31 January, the Japanese managed to repair the causeway so that both men and equipment could move easily into Singapore. At the same time, Lt Gen Percival made plans for his soldiers to withdraw to protect the town centre, if necessary. His order were misunderstood and many soldiers withdrew immediately leaving the north-western part of Singapore undefended. The Japanese gained control of the area.

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"British had miscommunications with their  allies which the japanese took advantage and took them all down and led to the fall of singapore ."
http://wdlhysec2d23.blogspot.sg/2013/02/battle-of-kranji-9-feb-1942.html?m=1

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Description:

At the start of the Battle of Singapore, the Allied forces numbered around 85,000 men of which about 70,000 were armed . The Allied forces had a total of 38 infantry battalions as well as artillery regiments, anti-tank regiments and anti-aircraft guns. Despite their superior numbers, many of the soldiers were either weary veterans of the Malaya Campaign or inexperienced new recruits. They were also fast running out of weapons and ammunition

Citation of source:

Author: Stephanie Ho

National library

Http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-19_113523.html

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Singapore's days as a British colony were numbered when Japanese troops started to move swiftly down the Malay Peninsula in early 1942.The British greatly underestimated the fighting powers of the Japanese;their enemy.The Japanese force controlled the air and the surrounding seas.British Lieutenant -General Percival was eventually forced to surrender 136,000 men in Singapore to the Japanese army.Pictured above,Percival and colleagues on their way to surrender.

This picture shows us the British surrendering to the Japanese

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Military defence:
Britain began to build up its defences in Singapore in light of the growing military threat from Japan. A naval base was constructed in Sembawang and huge guns were emplaced in strategic locations along Singapore’s coastline to fight off possible naval attacks

Weapons not up to standard:
At the start of the Battle of Singapore, the Allied forces numbered around 85,000 men, of which about 70,000 were armed. The Allied forces had a total of 38 infantry battalions as well as artillery regiments, anti-tank regiments and anti-aircraft guns.Although they have a large number of soldiers, many of the soldiers were either weary veterans of the Malayan Campaign or inexperienced new recruits. They were also fast running out of weapons and ammunition

- Sources came from 'http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-19_113523.html'

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The Allied forces had a total of 38 infantry battalions as well as artillery regiments, anti-tank regiments and anti-aircraft guns. Despite their superior numbers, many of the soldiers were either weary veterans of the Malayan Campaign or inexperienced new recruits. They were also fast running out of weapons and ammunition.
website:http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-19_113523.html

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"The real war was in europe against the germans. In minds of most of the troops, Singapore might have been on the dark side of the moon . British civilians not only did not want to die for Singapore, they did not want to defend it ."

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the britian was unable to send adequate reinforcement to defend singapore because it had to concentrate most of its military forces in europe and north america. it was the only european allied country left to fight against the axis powers which were rapidly expanding into europe and north ameriaca.

Source: Textbook
Page: 23

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British was unable to send adequate reinforcements to defend Singapore. It has to concentrate most of its military forces in Europe and in North Africa.This was because it was the only European Allied country left to fight against the Axis powers, which were rapidly expanding into Europe and North Africa.

Source from Textbook page 23

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Percival, furthermore, has never been in a real war before, thus lacks experience. Yamashita on the other hand was very experience and war hardened. He had a strong character and was able to put on a hard determined look when his army was actually going very low on ammunitions and was vastly outnumbered. There were also able to create false impressions that Singapore was outnumbered. This had directly influenced the morale of the troops which was yet another crucial factor which led to the ultimate loss of the British.

Source from website:https://theknowledgecafeteria.wordpress.com/2012/09/15/reasons-for-japanese-victory/

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the Allied forces numbered around 85,000 men, of which about 70,000 were armed. The Allied forces had a total of 38 infantry battalions as well as artillery regiments, anti-tank regiments and anti-aircraft guns. Despite their superior numbers, many of the soldiers were either weary veterans of the Malayan Campaign or inexperienced new recruits. They were also fast running out of weapons and ammunition.

Souce from website:http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-19_113523.html

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They were running out of food and water and the soldiers were tired. To prevent further bloodshed, the British decided to surrender to the Japanese

Source from textbook:24/25

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On 8 February,the Japanese bombed parts of Changi and Pulau Ubin in the north-eastern part of Singapore. It was a ploy to divert
the British's attention from their actual plans to invade Singapore from the North-west. It worked,as the British commander,Lt Gen Percival,ordered troops and supplies to be transferred from the north-west to the north-east of Singapore

Source from:Textbook page 24/25

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In 1933, Germany came under the rule of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Hitler wanted to expand Germany's control in Europe. He aimed to take over areas that had a large German-speaking population, such as Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland. In September 1939, Germany launched an attack on Poland, and war broke out in Europe.

Source from textbook page 18

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He was particularly worried that the British might discover the truth about the actual situation of his troops in particular their numerical inferiority compared to the British and the shortage ofsupplies and amunition

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The morale of the British soldiers stationed in Malaya was in as sorry a state as their training, and General Percival did nothing to improve it. Most of the British had no idea why they had been sent to Malaya in the first place.

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The lack of fighting spirit on the part of the men was matched by their commanding officerPercival simply didn't seem determined to win.  He never counterattacked in force, never tried to trap the over-extended Japanese, and never really pressed his men to stiff resistance.

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The Japanese forces faced stiff resistance from the Allied soldiers but managed to breach the Kranji-Jurong defence line when Allied forces retreated from the area due to a misunderstanding of orders.

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The British had begun building a naval base at Singapore in 1923, partly in response to Japan's increasing naval power.The base also contained dry docks, giant cranes, machine shops; and underground storage for water, fuel, and ammunition.The only thing the giant naval fortress lacked was ships.

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The Allied forces had a total of 38 infantry battalions as well as artillery regiments, anti-tank regiments and anti-aircraft guns. Despite their superior numbers, many of the soldiers were either weary veterans of the Malayan Campaign or inexperienced new recruits. They were also fast running out of weapons and ammunition.

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.... growing military threat from Japan. A naval base was constructed in Sembawang and huge guns were emplaced in strategic locations along Singapore’s coastline to fend off possible naval attacks.1 In 1938, Governor Sir Shenton Thomas opened what was then the largest dry dock in the world at the naval base. However, the base did not host any permanent naval fleet. The British strategy was to dispatch a fleet to the base only when a threat was imminent. Despite its limited defences, the political leaders and media at the time contributed to the impression that Singapore was secure against any attack. Newspapers referred to Singapore as being a “Gibraltar of the East”, a “fortress” that was “impregnable”, suggesting that the island was virtually impossible to conquer.

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Japanese tanks in Bukit Timah

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