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Theme: Human Ingenuity

Inquiry: ¿Qué efecto tuvo el arte de Picasso en la cultura española?

What effect did Picassos art have on Spanish culture?

Written Sources:
“Pablo Picasso: How One Spanish Artist Changed Art Forever.” Park West Gallery, 13 July 2020, www.parkwestgallery.com/pablo-picasso-artist-video/#:~:text=He%20helped%20invent%20Cubism%20and.

“What Was Picasso’s Inspiration?” News.masterworksfineart.com, news.masterworksfineart.com/2019/11/28/what-was-picassos-inspiration#:~:text=From%201906%2D1909%20Picasso%20was.

Video:
National Geographic. “Where Did Pablo Picasso’s Genius Come From? | National Geographic.” YouTube, 4 May 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=57lrZZt4Cc0.

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Theme: Identity

inquiry Question: How do Mexican immigrants affect American food culture.

Works Cited

American History, americanhistory.si.edu/food/resetting-table/mexican-food-revolution.
Accessed 29 May 2023.

Wikipedia, American_cuisine#:~:text=Culinary%20staples%20like%20tortillas%2C%20salsa,regular%20constituents%20in%20American%20homes.
Accessed 29 May 2023.

Youtube,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCKWRVNQCJE.
Accessed 29 May 2023.

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Sub-Themes:
Culture / Cultura

Inquiry:
How is Tapati Rapa Nui celebrated?

¿Cómo se celebra la Tapati Rapa Nui?

Reference's:
Works Cited

“TAPATI FESTIVAL.” EASTER ISLAND SPIRIT, www.easterislandspirit.com/tapati-festival/.

“TAPATI FESTIVAL | Culture, Sport and Tradition on Easter Island.” Imagina Rapa Nui Easter Island, imaginarapanui.com/en/rapa-nui-culture/tapati-festival/.

“Tapati Rapa Nui Festival.” Www.easterisland.travel, www.easterisland.travel/easter-island-facts-and-info/tapati-rapa-nui-festival/.

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Tema: Experiencias

Inquiry: What is the significance and importance of the Day of the Dead on Mexicans? ¿Cuál es el significado y la importancia del Día de Muertos para los mexicanos?

Subtemas: Cultura

Referencias:

“Day of the Dead (Día de Los Muertos) - Origins, Celebrations, Parade.” HISTORY, 30 Oct. 2018, www.history.com/topics/halloween/day-of-the-dead. Accessed 29 May 2023.

Press, Associated. “Mexico’s Day of the Dead Is a Celebration of Life.” VOA, Voice of America (VOA News), 31 Oct. 2022, www.voanews.com/a/mexico-s-day-of-the-dead-is-a-celebration-of-life/6812347.html#:~:text=Typically%2C%20it%20is%20an%20intimate,to%20perform%20their%20favorite%20songs. Accessed 29 May 2023.

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Dia De Los Muertos. “Day of the Dead (Dia de Los Muertos).” Day of the Dead, 2023, dayofthedead.holiday/. Accessed 29 May 2023.

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Tema: Identities

Inquiry Question:
How do people celebrate the tango dance in Argentina?. ¿Cómo se celebra el baile del tango en Argentina?

Subtemas: Cultura

Referencias:
https://www.euronews.com/2022/09/07/buenos-aires-swoons-at-tango-festival-and-championship

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Tema: Cultura/Experiencias

Inquirí : What is costa ricas Juan Santamaria day, and why is it celebrated?

Suptopic: Holidays and Culture

"What is Juan Santamaría Day?" Tico Times, ticotimes.net/2014/04/11/
what-is-juan-santamaria-day-photos-and-an-explanation-of-costa-ricas-celebration-
of-its-only-war-hero. Accessed 29 May 2023.

"April 11, Costa Rica Celebrates Juan Santamaria Day." qcostarica,
qcostarica.com/april-11-costa-rica-celebrates-juan-santamaria-day/.
Accessed 29 May 2023.

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Theme: Identity

Inquiry Question: How does Mexican influence shape American food culture

Sub-themes: Mexican food

References:
(written)

Wikipedia,
American_cuisine#:~:text=Culinary%20staples%20like%20tortillas%2C%20salsa,regular%20constituents%20in%20American%20homes.
Accessed 29 May 2023.

American History, americanhistory.si.edu/food/resetting-table/mexican-food-revolution. Accessed 29 May 2023.

(Video)

Youtube,
www.youtube.com/watchv
=nCKWRVNQCJE.
Accessed 29 May 2023.

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Mexican-American cuisine is the cuisine of Mexican Americans and their descendants, who have modified Mexican cuisine under the influence of American culture and immigration patterns of Mexicans to the United States.

What many recognize as Mexican cuisine is the product of a storied fusion of cultures and flavors. Its culinary adaptability has impacted its spread and popularity on a global scale and its presence in the United States is no exception. Culinary staples like tortillas, salsa, chips, chili, burritos, and tacos help to formulate many Americans' notions of Mexican food.

Due in part to big business, immigration, and widespread likability, Mexican food and dishes have largely become regular constituents in American homes. While some of these popular iterations of Mexican food are far removed from their Mexican origins, they make up a large portion of the diets of many Americans. Additionally, more traditional Mexican cuisine has become more common in the United States as it further diffuses to regions far from the U.S.-Mexico border.

Maize (corn) was the foundation of the diet of indigenous Aztec people due to its drought-resistance and plentiful yields. Indigenous people found several uses for maize, such as:

Atole - thick, paste-like gruel made from boiled maize

Tortillas - flatbread made from ground maize and cooked over heat on clay surfaces

Native-grown vegetables included squash, , tomato, cactus, and . These vegetables formed the bases of many sauces and were often cooked with maize in a wide variety of dishes. Fish, birds, larger game, insects, berries, fruits, sugarcane, and rice, among other plants were also common staples of the indigenous diet. Similarly, chocolate was a common delicacy of the indigenous populations.

Spanish conquistadors hoped to find foods in the New World similar to those they were familiar with from Spain. Aztec cuisine proved to be quite different, and the staple crops had not been developed sufficiently to support the livestock and populations the Spaniards hoped to establish. They considered maize to be a better food for pigs than humans. The Spanish introduced wheat to the natives, who used it to make flour tortillas. Spanish settlers also introduced cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and donkeys as sources of food and labor. It took time for natives to acclimate to these European tastes, but over time, cultural blending did occur.

By the eighteenth century, Spanish cuisine had evolved a blander taste that departed from its spicier culinary roots. This served as a contrast between Mexican cuisine at the time of the Mexican Revolution. Instead of further changing their cuisine to match that of Spain, patriotism in the new country led Mexicans to embrace their history of spicy foods, using as an integral part of many dishes. This marks one of the first major differences between the new Mexican nation and Spain.

American soldiers first came in contact with Mexican flavors during military endeavors in Texas throughout the 19th century, and some reports indicate that a handful of Mexican staple foods were further popularized during the 1893 World's Colombian Exposition in Chicago. Especially in Texas, dishes such as chile con carne and tamales gained favor with the locals. The latter would be marketed by the shortened title of "chili" when canned and dispensed to the larger American public.

Some of Mexican cuisine's entrance into the United States can in part be attributed to the United States' expansion into what was then Northern Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War and its termination with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. As the U.S. border crossed many Mexican citizens located in what is now the American Southwest, they maintained their culinary traditions.

Additionally, much of the influx of Mexican cuisine in the United States can be attributed to Mexican migration. Dating back to the 19th century railroad and agricultural industries, Mexican migration has been a key factor in the American Southwest and subsequent labor demands caused those migrant workers to move even farther north to states in the Midwest. Later government programs such as the Bracero Program (1942-1964) led to the temporary employment of millions of Mexican migrant workers, particularly in labor-intensive industries in Southwestern states. With such an influx of migrant workers came an increase in Mexican food in regions that previously experienced little ethnic influence from Mexico.

Due to increasing globalization, cultural differences are not as clearly defined by national borders as in centuries before. An example of this can be seen along the Mexican-U.S. border, in states such as California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. These states, especially along their southern borders, share many things in common with Mexican culture. This is known as "cultural hybridity". This hybridity is a direct result of immigration patterns of the 19th century, when many Mexicans began entering the Southwestern States. Since that time, ethnic Mexican food has risen to be the most popular non-native food type in America. Mexican culinary practices that were brought to the Southwest were quickly combined with the local culture to create a new form of Mexican-style food; this culinary style is now recognized as Tex-Mex. This resulted in a new culinary combination that was originally unique to the American Southwest, but with time has spread to other parts of the U.S. and the world.

With the advent of industrialism and large corporations, many businesses began mass-producing certain foods, particularly those of the Tex-Mex variety. Not only has this made Americanized Mexican food more widely available to Americans, but also to people around the world. Some examples of mass-produced Tex-Mex cuisine include canned chili, a hybridized version of Mexican "chile con carne", as well as packaged tortillas, boxes of pre-cooked taco shells, frozen burritos, packages of pre-made guacamole, bottled salsa, and bottled nacho cheese. Many Americans confuse these foods with authentic Mexican foods. Commercial Mexican food in the United States represents a $41 billion industry. These businesses have loosely incorporated some aspects of genuine Mexican food, but altered them using traditional American ingredients and styles in order to appeal to a wide American consumer base. Many of these companies began in the 20th century, marking a relatively recent spread of Mexican-style foods into mainstream America.

Many companies have capitalized on the American people's fascination with their version of Mexican cuisine. While businesses that produce authentic Mexican ingredients exist in locations near the border, the Americanized versions are much more common in typical grocery stores all across the nation. Many of these companies take on Spanish words or names for their brands, to increase credibility, while many of them are actually owned by large corporations such as Frito-Lay.

"Mexican" restaurants make up a fairly large portion of the restaurant industry in the United States. Many of the most popular restaurants are large chains that have locations across the country. The five largest Mexican restaurant chains in America as of 2017, in order, are Taco Bell with 6,446 locations, Chipotle Mexican Grill with 2,364 locations, Qdoba Mexican Grill with 726 locations, Moe's Southwest Grill with 705 locations, and Del Taco with 564. These restaurant chains all represent an Americanized version of Mexican food, with relatively few similarities to original Mexican cuisine. The prominence of these chains continues to grow, but an ever increasing recognition of more traditional Mexican cuisine has also been evident in recent years.

While these hybrid-style restaurants are popular in the United States, the same is not necessarily true in Mexico. Across the border from San Diego is the Mexican city of Tijuana where a healthy desire to preserve traditional Mexican cuisine styles and recipes reigns. Many chefs in Tijuana stick to classic Mexican foods, and intentionally avoid the North-American stereotypes of Mexican food in order to preserve their culinary traditions.

Though Americanized Mexican food is still widely popular, more traditional Mexican dishes have also grown in popularity in the United States. With the emergence of more and more Mexican restaurants, taco stands ( taquerias), and taco trucks, many Americans are coming to appreciate Mexican cuisine in its original, less-Americanized form. Additionally, Mexican cuisine is starting to appear in fine dining spheres as a growing appreciation of the flavor potential of traditional Mexican dishes continues to emerge. This represents the trends of the younger generations to favor authentic foods over their more Americanized counterparts. Not only are many Americans seeking out family-run Mexican restaurants that serve traditional dishes, but they are also becoming more interested in learning how to make such dishes in their own homes. Many more recent Mexican restaurants in the United States combine elements of both traditional Mexican cuisine and Americanized Tex-Mex cuisine in their menus.

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Mexican-American cuisine is the cuisine of Mexican Americans and their descendants, who have modified Mexican cuisine under the influence of American culture and immigration patterns of Mexicans to the United States. What many recognize as Mexican cuisine is the product of a storied fusion of cultures and flavors.

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Theme:
Human ingenuity

Inquiry Qusetion:
How did the invention of the space suit change the world.

Sources:
Jessop, Tara. “25 Awesome Things You Didn’t Realise Spain Gave the World.” Culture Trip, 7 June 2017, theculturetrip.com/europe/spain/articles/25-awesome-things-you-didnt-realise-spain-gave-the-world/. Accessed 22 May 2023.

“Spain’s Most Famous Inventions | Paradores.” Paradores.es, paradores.es/en/blog/spains-most-famous-inventions. Accessed 22 May 2023.

“The Life-Changing Creativity of Spanish Inventors.” Google Arts & Culture, artsandculture.google.com/story/the-life-changing-creativity-of-spanish-inventors-agencia-efe/AQURPxcUlhykIQ?hl=en. Accessed 22 May 2023.

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Theme - Experiences

Inquiry question -

What is Barranquilla’s Carnival in Columbia?

¿Qué es el Carnaval de Barranquilla en Columbia?

"Your Guide To The Barranquilla Carnival | Colombia Country Brand". Colombia Country Brand, 2023, https://www.colombia.co/en/colombia-country/guide-barranquilla-carnival/. Accessed 24 May 2023.

"UNESCO - Carnival Of Barranquilla". Ich.Unesco.Org, 2023, https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/carnival-of-barranquilla-00051. Accessed 24 May 2023.

"Carnaval De Barranquilla". Spanish Language Blog | Language And Culture Of The Spanish-Speaking World, 2020, https://blogs.transparent.com/spanish/carnaval-de-barranquilla/. Accessed 24 May 2023.

"BRING EL CARNAVAL DE BARRANQUILLA TO YOUR SPANISH CLASSES - Funforspanishteachers". Funforspanishteachers, 2015, https://funforspanishteachers.com/2015/02/el-carnaval-de-barranquilla-cultural-corner/. Accessed 24 May 2023.

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I.Q.:¿Cómo afecta la minería ilegal de oro en Perú al ecosistema local?

Sub Themes: Metales preciosos, minería, contaminación.

Sources:
1.
““They Attacked with Machetes”: Murder, Mafias and Illegal Mining in Peru’s Gold Fields.” The Guardian, 26 Aug. 2022, www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/aug/26/peru-land-invaders-gold-fields-miners.
2.

Heubl, Ben. “Analysis: Illegal Gold Mining in Peru Set to Continue.” Eandt.theiet.org, 16 July 2021, eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2021/07/analysis-illegal-gold-mining-in-peru/.

“Illegal Gold Mining | Peru | U.S. Agency for International Development.”
3.
Www.usaid.gov, 23 Feb. 2021, www.usaid.gov/peru/our-work/illegal-gold-mining.
4.

Moher, Paleah, and Robin Blades. “Pictures from Outer Space Reveal the Extent of Illegal Gold Mining in Peru.” The Conversation, theconversation.com/pictures-from-outer-space-reveal-the-extent-of-illegal-gold-mining-in-peru-159416.

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Inquiry Question:
How is Día de Muertos celebrated en Mexico?

Sources:
1.Municipal, Instituto. "Día De Muertos, Tradición Mexicana Que Trasciende En El Tiempo". Gob.Mx, 2023, https://www.gob.mx/inafed/articulos/dia-de-muertos-tradicion-mexicana-que-trasciende-en-el-tiempo. Accessed 22 May 2023.
2."Day Of The Dead (Dia De Los Muertos)". Day Of The Dead, 2023, https://dayofthedead.holiday/. Accessed 22 May 2023.
3."Día De Muertos". Festivaldevidaymuerte.Com, 2023, https://www.festivaldevidaymuerte.com/es/dia-de-muertos/. Accessed 22 May 2023.

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The appearance of the original acoustic guitar

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Tema: Ingenio humano

Pregunta de investigación: Investigue inventos famosos que se hayan originado en el país.

Invento elegido: Guitarra clásica de Antonio Torres Jurado

Subtemas: tecnología, innovación científica

Enlaces a sitios web

“How Classical Guitar Arrived in Spain and Then the Rest of the World.” Berklee Online Take Note, 29 May 2021, online.berklee.edu/takenote/how-classical-guitar-arrived-in-spain-and-then-the-rest-of-the-world/#:~:text=And%20finally%2C%20in%20the%20nineteenth. Accessed 24 May 2023.

“The Origins of the Classical Guitar：The Birth of the Classical Guitar - Musical Instrument Guide - Yamaha Corporation.” Yamaha.com, 2019, www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/classical_guitar/structure/.

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Theme: Identities

Inquiry Question: ¿Como se compara la jerga en peru con la jerga en Espana?

Sub-Theme: Slang and Accents

Sources:
Peru, Enigma. “A Crash Course to Peruvian Slang - Enigma Blog.” Enigma Blog, 4 Apr. 2017, www.enigmaperu.com/blog/a-crash-course-to-peruvian-slang/. Accessed 22 May 2023.

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Isabelle, Gerry. “Useful Phrases for Travelers in Peru.” Worldnomads.com, World Nomads, 25 Jan. 2018, www.worldnomads.com/explore/south-america/peru/key-phrases-for-travelers-to-peru. Accessed 24 May 2023.

“Common Spanish Slang You’ll Hear on the Streets of Spain - Part I.” Speakeasy, 2020, www.speakeasybcn.com/en/blog/common-spanish-slang-youll-hear-on-the-streets-of-spain-part-i. Accessed 24 May 2023.

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Wikipedia Contributors. “Peru.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 21 May 2023, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru. Accessed 22 May 2023.

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Tema: Experiencias

Inquiry: How do people celebrate Cinco de Mayo in Mexico? ¿Cómo se celebra el Cinco de Mayo en México?

Subtemas: Cultura

Referencias:

“Cinco de Mayo | History, Celebrations, & Facts | Britannica.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2023, www.britannica.com/topic/Cinco-de-Mayo. Accessed 22 May 2023.

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“The History of Cinco de Mayo and How It’s Celebrated.” The New York Times, 2023, www.nytimes.com/article/cinco-de-mayo-celebration.html. Accessed 22 May 2023.

Moné, Brianna. “Different Ways Cinco de Mayo Is Celebrated in Mexico vs US.” Insider, Insider, 5 May 2023, www.insider.com/cinco-de-mayo-differences-in-the-us-and-mexico-2018-5. Accessed 22 May 2023.

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Theme: Experience

Inquiry Question:

How does the celebration of Christmas in Latin American countries differ from the rest of the Western world?

¿Qué diferencia hay en la celebración de la Navidad en los países latinoamericanos del resto del mundo occidental?

Sources:

1. Ehow.com, 2023, www.ehow.com/how-does_4672292_mexican-christmas-differ-american-christmas.html. Accessed 22 May 2023.

2. Latin, in. “Christmas in Latin America: Traditions, Food & Decorations - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com.” Study.com, 2022, study.com/academy/lesson/christmas-in-latin-america-traditions-food-decorations.html#:~:text=maybe%20even%20later.-,Food%20and%20Decorations,not%20the%20central%20decorative%20piece. Accessed 22 May 2023.

3. ‌6j86Producciones. “Christmas in Latin America vs. Christmas in the United States - | Immigration Attorneys.” Beltran Brito Casamayor O1 Visa, 24 Dec. 2016, www.beltranbrito.com/christmas-latin-america-vs-christmas-united-states/. Accessed 22 May 2023.

4. ‌The Editor. “Fun Facts about Christmas in Latin America | Vista Higher Learning Blog.” Vista Higher Learning Blog, 21 Nov. 2022, vhlblog.vistahigherlearning.com/fun-facts-about-christmas-in-latin-america.html#:~:text=Many%20Hispanics%20celebrate%20the%20nine,also%20join%20in%20the%20procession. Accessed 22 May 2023.

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I.Q.: ¿Cuales son los efectos hoy de la colonización de Nicaragua por los conquistadores españoles?

Sub-themes:
Human rights, peace and conflict, globalization

Sources:

"Breve Historia de Nicaragua." Academia de Geografia e HIstoria de Nicaragua,
www.aghn.edu.ni/breve-historia-de-nicaragua/
#:~:text=Los%20espa%C3%B1oles%20fundaron%20Le%C3%B3n%20y%20Granada%20en%201524.&t
ext=Nicaragua%20estuvo%20gobernada%20de%201527,la%20Capitan%C3%ADa%20General%20de
%20Guatemala.

"Nicaragua — History and Culture." iExplore, www.iexplore.com/articles/
travel-guides/central-and-south-america/nicaragua/
history-and-culture#:~:text=Nicaragua%20was%20left%20alone%20by,is%20the%20founde
r%20of%20Nicaragua. Accessed 22 May 2023.