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- Showed that the nucleus also contained another subatomic neutral particle called the neutron.

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-Studied how positively charged alpha particles interacted with solid matter.
- Conducted the experiment to see if alpha particles would be deflected as they passed through a thin gold foil.
- Results were that alpha particles were deflected at various angles and straight back to the source.

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- Determined the charge of an electron using the oil-drop apparatus.
- Determined that the magnitude of the charge on each drop increased in discrete amounts.

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- Determined the charge to mass ratio of the charged particle.
- Concluded that mass of the charged particle was much less than that of a hydrogen atom, the lightest known atom.

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- Discovered that a ray, originating from the cathode and traveling to the anode was called a cathode ray
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- Different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds
- Atoms of a specific element are different form those of another element
- In a chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined, or rearranged.

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- Empty space cannot exist
- Matter is made of earth, fire, and water

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- Atoms are solid, homogeneous, indestructible, and indivisible.
- Matter is composed of atoms, which move through empty space.
- Different kinds of atoms have different sizes and shapes
- Size, shape, and movement of atoms determine the properties of matter.