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The Victorian era covers most of the 19th century. It begins with the accession to the British throne of the queen from whom it takes its name: Queen Victoria. She officially became the monarch of the United Kingdom on June 20,1837, at the age of eighteen, and until her death in January 1901. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is the second longest in history of the United Kingdom after that of Elizabeth II, and made history. The Victorian era was a time of serious social, economic and technological changes in the United Kingdom and the rapid expansion of the British Empire.

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Born: 24/05/1819-Kensington Palace, England.

Died: 22/01/1901-Osborne, Isle of Wight

Queen from 1837 to 1901 and Empress of India from 1877 to 1901; she was the first one who obtained this title.

Husband: Prince Albert married in 1840; they had 9 children.

She became the queen at the age of 18. She has had the second largest reign of England after Isabel II.

Queen Victoria is relationed with Britain's great age of industrial expansion, economic advancement and empire.

She was guided by two men: Lord Melbourne and Prince Albert, who influenced her in foreign affairs, because of his knowledge in Continental political and diplomatic experience, and who was her husband, the person she appreciated the most. She stayed isolated after his death until the 1960s; she had been criticised for it.

In relation to foreign policy throughout the middle years, her influence was essential because she carried peace and reconciliation. For example, she helped to prevent a 2nd Franco-German war.

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Full name: Prince Franz August Karl Albert Emanuel.

Born:26/08/1819

Died:14/12/1861

Parents:Ernest I and Duchess Louise of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg.

Wife: Queen Victoria married in 1840.

He had a great influence on humanistic issues because of his words in relation to slavery and children work. Also, he was essential in the abolition of duelling between Army officers.

In addition, he took part in what he thought as essential in a country such as art education, he loved music and he studied it, and modern science.

Moreover, he participated in The Royal Collection and he was the president of the Fine Arts Commission; he planned the successful Great Exhibition (1851).

He is also the fundator of the Imperial College which deals with science relationated things.

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The penny post was a postal service, which was private, created by William Dockwra, a merchant in 1680. They made postal service more affordable for normal people; in that epoch sending letters and packets was too expensive and only rich people could afford it. Dockwra agreed that all packets/letters which weigh one £ or less cost one penny to be delivered.

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June 20,1837 : The coronation of the Queen

February 10, 1840 : The wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert

1840: Invention of the Penny Post

1842: The Mines and Collieries Act

1845 - 1852 : Great potato famine

1851 : The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations

1856 & 1858 : Big Ben cast and installed in the Clock Tower.

1858 : First Translatantic cable

January 22, 1901 :  Death of the Queen Victoria. End of the Victorian Era.

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The Mines and Collieries Act, most usually known as the Mines is a text of law passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1842 during the Victorian Era. Anthony Ashley Cooper, a politician, quit women and male children who were younger than ten years from doing coal mine relationed work in 1842. This was because he found young children working in these places. This man worked in favour of free education for children in ragged or industrial schools.

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The Great potato famine (in Irish An Gorta Mór ou An Drochshaol) also called ‘The Blight’ or ‘The Irish Potato Famine’ was a major disaster in Ireland between 1845 and 1852. It was the result of fifty years of bad interactions between British imperial economic policy, inappropriate farming methods and the arrival of late blight on the island. At the time, late blight almost completely wiped out the local potato crops, which were the staple food of the vast majority of the population of Ireland.

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The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations of 1851 was the first of the Universal Exhibitions and was hosted in the magnificent Crystal Palace. It took place from May 1 to October 15, 1851 in London. It marked the peak of British power in the Victorian era. It is to Henry Cole, a British inventor and writer,  that we owe the idea of an international exhibition which would bring together in a unique place the artisanal and industrial productions of the whole world. This major exhibition was not made only to educate the British about the cult of the machine but also, according to Queen Victoria's inaugural speech, it’s a means to promote peace, brotherhood and solidarity among peoples around the world. Also it tacitly show off the power of the British industry and the British Empire at that time.

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One of the representative characteristics of Victorian society is its very unequal social organization. Disparities and social cleavages were born from major economic upheavals that the industrial revolution engendered particularly for the working class. At that time mentalities were very influenced by Anglican Puritanism. There is a real will to elevate the human race to its highest level through education, knowledge, technology and other means. For example, good conduct occupies an important place because it is the guarantor of good social order and the proof that one is "civilized". That is, the level of etiquette expected of an individual is proportional to his position on the social scale. At that time, many movements challenged social organization. For example, from 1838 to 1848, the « Chartism"movement mobilized millions of people to try to obtain universal suffrage. Trade unionism was gradually built up in the 1860s, then spread considerably more in the 1880s with the organization of major strikes. The following decade, however, marked a decline in the labor movement. But it is also different movements for women's rights that have emerged and came to challenge the social organization of this era.

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-Women did not have the right to vote or to own property.

-The middle class people saw women as belonging to the domestic sphere

-When a Victorian man and woman married, all her rights were transferred to him.

-Feminist ideas started to strenghten among the littered people.

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-Art is characterized for being romantic and gothic. Victorian architecture was not popular until the last years of the Victorian reign, it had a big Asian influence.

-Famous musicians of the era :
Stephen Adams (1844-1913)
Michael W. Balfe (1808-1870)
John Barnett (1802-1890)
James Bland (1854-1911)
Charlotte Alington Barnard, (1830-1869)
Sir Frederic Hymen Cowen (1852-1935)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tjb0Dbv-GRg

Literature :
-Victoria's long reign is one of the most glorious in English history.
-The Victorian era spans virtually from Romanticism to the end of the century, and represents a literary change in style in a realistic sense
-The predominant note was the rationalization of the literary impulse.

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Thanks to the industrial revolution manufacturing clothes became easier, and it was at that time when mass production started. Apart from that, thanks to fashion magazines, style turned into a very important aspect of life. Here we have a couple of examples of Victorian fashion:

Women                 Men

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References : Movies, comics, books about the period

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References : Movies, comics, books about the period

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-The Mill (SERIE)

-Un viaje al Londres victoriano. (BOOK)

-La Inglaterra victoriana (BOOK)

-Damas oscuras. Cuentos de fantasmas de escritoras victorianas eminentes (BOOK)

-Victoria (BOOK)

-Victoria (SERIE)

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-Johnson, Ben. “The Great Exhibition 1851.”Historic UK,

https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Great-Exhibition-of-1851/

-Josephson, Paul R., Morrill, John S. & Others. “United Kingdom.”Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 Oct. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/Early-and-mid-Victorian-Britain

-Oram, Kirsty. “Victoria (r. 1837-1901).”The Royal Family, 23 Aug. 2018, https://www.royal.uk/queen-victoria

-"Prince Albert". The Royal Family, 2020, https://www.royal.uk/prince-albert.

-The Editors of Encycloæedia Britannica. “Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of Shaftesbury.”Encyclopædia Britannica, 27 Sept. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mines-Act

-The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Penny Post.”Encyclopædia Britannica, 18 Sept. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Penny-Post

-Ulric, M. Spencer., Kellner, Peter. & Others. “United Kingdom.”Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 Oct. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/Late-Victorian-Britain

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https://padlet.com/lorenefabrer/sznjurusnkkwbqg

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https://quizlet.com/_8xjne9?x=1jqt&i=37wjnd