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Written and spoken translations: crucial role in interhuman communication

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Written and spoken translations: crucial role in interhuman communication

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3 categories of translation (Roman Jakobson)

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3 categories of translation (Roman Jakobson)

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(1) Intralingual translation
(2) Interlingual translation
(3) Intersemiotic translation

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Meanings:
- The general subject field

- The product (the text that has been translated)
- The process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating).

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1.1.5. The 20th century: good times & bad times

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1.1.5. The 20th century: good times & bad times

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interpreters: the bridge between the white men and the other races

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The most glorious period in the history of translation: Schools of Translators of Toledo

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The most glorious period in the history of translation: Schools of Translators of Toledo

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1.1.3. Translators Opening the Doors to the Modern World

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1.1.3. Translators Opening the Doors to the Modern World

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- translators played a critical role in making Islam the standard

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1.1.2. Translation in the East — Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism

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1.1.2. Translation in the East — Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism

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similarly intertwined with the development of national languages and cultures throughout the rest of Europe and many other parts of the world.

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- devise a new alphabet (based on Greek characters)
=> Cyrillic alphabet (used today in Russia & Slavic countries)

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- Produced the Vulgate, the standard Bible of the Church

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the means of maintaining and transmitting traditions, and of communicating with higher powers

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- spoken different dialects => different languages
=> need oral interpreters
- a downside to the life of the interpreter

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- languages are being transformed
- translation has taken on a new significance unlike anything since the end of the Middle Ages.

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2nd: The birth of Islam in the 7th century, and culminates in the 12th and 13th century

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2nd: The birth of Islam in the 7th century, and culminates in the 12th and 13th century

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The history of the Judeo-Christian-Islamic world

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The history of the Judeo-Christian-Islamic world

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3 key periods are characterized by a high level of activity in the field of translation