# data[].attributes.headline
1527, African-Taino solidarity in Puerto Rico

# data[].attributes.subject
1527, African-Taino solidarity in Puerto Rico

# data[].attributes.body
When Ponce de León and the Spaniards arrived on the island of Borikén (Puerto Rico), they were greeted by the Cacique Agüeybaná, the supreme leader of the peaceful Taíno tribes on the island. The Spanish took advantage of the Taínos' good faith and enslaved them, forcing them to work in the gold mines and in the construction of forts.
Friar Bartolomé de las Casas, who had accompanied Ponce de León, was outraged at the Spanish treatment of the Taíno. In 1512 he protested at the council of Burgos at the Spanish Court. He fought for the freedom of the natives and was able to secure their rights. As an alternative, Las Casas suggested the importation and use of African slaves. In 1517, the Spanish Crown permitted its subjects to import twelve slaves each, thereby beginning the African slave trade in their colonies. In 1527, the first major slave rebellion occurred in Puerto Rico, as dozen of slaves fought against the colonists in a brief revolt. The few slaves who escaped retreated to the mountains, where they resided as maroons with surviving Taínos.
Source: Afro–Puerto Ricans - Wikipedia

# data[].attributes.body
King Miguel ruled in modern day Lara, Venezuela from 1552-1555 and is famous for leading a slave insurrection against the Spanish in 1552. He died in battle by Spanish forces in 1555. Before his death, in the same year, he and his men launched an attack on a town where the burned down a church and killed a priest, Toribio Ruiz, and six other settlers. After his death, his kingdom fell and most of his followers were re-enslaved, but his legacy lived on. Freeing many enslaved women and men and bringing them to safety in his own colony, he was a liberator and continues to inspire people today.

- Ria Mishra

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Image of Gaspar Yanga. Obtained from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gaspar-Yanga through a Padlet web search.

# data[].attributes.body
The Yanga were a group of people who were lead by a man named Gaspar Yanga. He proclaimed himself as the prince of the African lands. Before becoming Yanga, the enslaved were a part of the first rebellion in 1522. They murdered thousands of Spaniards on Christmas Night. After seeing defeat, they fled towards the mountains and became a maroon society.

The Yanga did successfully resist an attack in 1609. The maroon was burned by the Spaniards, but the people fled into the surrounding terrain, which they knew all too well. Finally, the terms that the Yanga had tried to negotiate with beforehand were accepted with little conditions. Today, there is a town in Veracruz, Mexico known as Yanga. The current population in this city is 17,902 citizens.

The "Viceroyalty of New Spain", which lasted from 1535 - 1821, is the time period related to this maroon community.

I was not able to find the initial population of this maroon. :(

Sources:
https://www.lifepersona.com/cimarronaje-origin-causes-venezuela-panama

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Yanga

https://datamexico.org/en/profile/geo/yanga

https://www.google.com/search?q=what+was+the+viceroyalty+of+new+spain&rlz=1CAGZLV_enUS924&oq=what+was+the+viceroyal&aqs=chrome.1.0i512l2j69i57j0i22i30.39018j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

# data[].attributes.headline
Dawson Nguyen - Andres Lopez de Rosario, "Andresote" 1732

# data[].attributes.subject
Dawson Nguyen - Andres Lopez de Rosario, "Andresote" 1732

# data[].attributes.body
The Andresote is a leader of a rebellion against the Compaina Guipuzcoana of Caracas in 1730–1733. They also dealt with contraband in Yaracuy mocking controls witch the Compañía Guipuzcoana south to place. Andresote eventually came out on top, 1732. They then fled to which they soon perished shortly after.

# data[].attributes.body
The Coro Rebellion, which lasted for three days, involved over four hundred people. The Rebels demanded freedom and equality, but ultimatly the Rebelion failed, and the leader was executed and his children sold into slavery

# data[].attributes.body
Palamares was a well populated maroon society with an estimated 20,000 people. Their settlements were located on the Serra de Barriga. They settled from 1605-1694, lasting for about 89 years.

# data[].attributes.body
In the 1540s, Juan Vaquero was an important maroon leader who battled the European settlers along with fellow maroon leaders Diego Guzman, Diego Ocampo, and Sebastian Lemba, on the island of Hispaniola. They and their maroon societies did this by raiding estates for food and other goods, destroying Spanish property, utilizing guerrilla tactics to fight the Spanish, and freeing enslaved Africans they encountered.

# data[].attributes.body
Alonso de Illescas was one of the most powerful leaders of a maroon society. He was a leader in the Esmeralda region of colonial northwester Ecuador and Peru. He was born in 1528 and died around the 1600s (undetermined). When he died, his reign of rule ended too. As said before, he was a powerful leader. People saw him as one of the most powerful people in that region and of African descent in Ecuador. He had wanted to make peace with the Spanish authorities as part of a deal where he had official recognition for him and community.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nueva Segovia de Buria (?) 1553, Miguel de Barrio

# data[].attributes.subject
Nueva Segovia de Buria (?) 1553, Miguel de Barrio

# data[].attributes.body
An enslaved man named Miguel del Barrio led the rebellion on Nueva Segovia de Buria. He freed everyone on the plantations and surrounding mines, visiting every village in the area and freeing those as well. Then, del Barrio led all the freed peoples to the lands of the Jirahara people, who were the native people of this region. In this location, the freed people created their own kingdom, set up in the style of an African monarchy

# data[].attributes.body
A group of slave ship captives escaped off the coast of Ecuador, arriving and creating a maroon society in Esmeraldas (near the Andean foothills) in 1533. By the 16th century, the maroon society had a flourishing population that also included runaways from Columbia's gold mines and sugar plantations. The Africans collaborated with the area's Natives, sharing their knowledge of the region's resources. They established communities that defended them from Spanish attacks. The maroon society continued on to be successful, operating as an independent state governed by a series of Afro-Amerindian rulers. Still to this day, some of the cultures and traditions remain.

# data[].attributes.body
I couldn't find much information on the maroon society, however, Jose Leonard Chilino was an important symbol of resistance to slavery in Venezuela. He met other slaves in a factory named Macanillas in which he formed an uprising with. In the end however, we was caught by and executed by the Spanish on December 10 1796.

# data[].attributes.headline
Miguel Luengo 1747 (Barquisimeto, Venezuela)

# data[].attributes.subject
Miguel Luengo 1747 (Barquisimeto, Venezuela)

# data[].attributes.body
Miguel Luengo, an enslaved man, was one of the first to rise up and revolt against his enslaver/s in Barquisimeto. Once he was able to escape, he convinced others to follow his example- he persuaded other slaves to escape from their enslavers and join him. He formed/organized an army and ordered an attack on Barquisimeto, where there were 40 Spanish settlers. However, these settlers sent for help (from El Tocuyo & Captain Diego De Losada) and fought back with their own army, ultimately ending this kingdom of the escaped (& previously) enslaved.

# data[].attributes.body
Sebastian Lemba was an African American slave rebel leader. His group travelled to the mountainous parts of the Island of Hispaniola. He escaped slavery in the 1540s. There's a statue made of him, which is very famous. There were about 150 to 400 men in his "army" who protected each other. On September 25th, 1547, Lemba was captured. He was killed in Santa Domingo, a while after he was capture.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Cartagena de Indias, Cartagena Province, Bolivar, Colombia

# data[].attributes.headline
Cartagena de Indias, Cartagena Province, Bolivar, Colombia

# data[].attributes.subject
Cartagena de Indias, Cartagena Province, Bolivar, Colombia

# data[].attributes.body
Spain brought over 1 millions of enslaved Africans to be enslaved in Colombia. Cartagena de Indias was the main location where the enslaved were disembarked at the port. There were at least 20 Maroon Communities.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Montes de María, El Carmen de Bolivar, Bolivar, Colombia

# data[].attributes.headline
San Basilio de Palenque (Montes de María Bolivar, Colombia)

# data[].attributes.subject
San Basilio de Palenque (Montes de María Bolivar, Colombia)

# data[].attributes.body
This maroon society was founded more than 200 years before Columbia achieved independence from Spain by those who led a life of slavery and escaped in colonial times.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Picture of Colombia Cartagena in the 1600's by Granger

# data[].attributes.body
Ever since Afro-Colombians arrived in Colombia in the first decade of the 16th century, they have been considered a minority group by the Colombian government, exposing them to discrimination and inequality. Many advocacy groups, including the National Association of Displaced Afro-Colombians (AFRODES) or Chao Racismo, as well as various Afro-Colombian activists, have come together to fight for this ethnic group's rights.[28] However, Afro-Colombians continue to protest for their rights and demand equality between themselves and all non-Afro Colombians in certain social aspects. Social issues concerning Afro-Colombians range from socio-economic inequalities to physical violence and other forms of inequality and discrimination in Colombia.

# data[].attributes.body
Diego Campo was a rebel slave leader who hid in the mountain after running away from being enslaved. He robbed and destroyed three plantations. He was executed after rebelling again even when he made a truce with the Spanish authorization.

# data[].attributes.location_name
2W8X+8C La Guardia, Nueva Esparta, Venezuela

# data[].attributes.headline
Pearl Divers, Margarita Islands off the coast of Venezuela, 1590

# data[].attributes.subject
Pearl Divers, Margarita Islands off the coast of Venezuela, 1590

# data[].attributes.body
Enslaved Pearl Divers tried to flee to the Maroon Society of Bahacuro during 1590.

Post by Thomas Shin

# data[].attributes.body
The attack was led by Maria Olofa and Gonzala Mandinga. 20 muslim Africans used machetes to attack their Christian masters. This event took place in 1522.

# data[].attributes.body
Group of 80 enslaved Africans revolted against enslavers, moved to Venezuela and created a maroon society later killed and destroyed by Spanish colonists.

# data[].attributes.body
An enslaved man started a resistance during an earthquake in 1647, gathering 400 others. He named himself King of Guinea during this.

# data[].attributes.body
im not sure about ANY of this information lol

Research on these societies date back to half a century
Colombia's current political problems make it harder to study nowadays
Colonies were located in inter-Ardean valeys
Escaped because of the harsh conditions of gold mining?