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Barons, knights, clergy and townspeople organised a rebellion and asked king John to sign Magna Charta Libertatum, a royal charter of rights. It was signed in 1215 at Runnymede, near Windsor.

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In 1295, Edward I ( who succeeded the father Henry III) respected the terms of Magna Carta and summoned a council made up of barons, clergy, knights and citizens. That was the first ever England's Parliament and it was known as the "Model Parliament"

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In 1534. Henry VIII Tudor declared himself "the Supreme Head of the Church of England" and it became treason to deny it.

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Under Edward VI's reign, the Book of the Common Prayer ( a book that was written by the Arcibishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cronwell) became compulsory with the Act of Uniformity. This was a consequence of the Protestant Reformation: religious services were held in English, therefore English language was developed.

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The Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity were re-introduced by the "virgin Queen" Elizabeth I ( after Mary's catholic reign)

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This document, which was drawn up by the Parliament, established that the King (Charles I Stuart) could not imprison without trial or impose taxes without the consent of the Commons.

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1640: Short Parliament - Long Parliament

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1640: Short Parliament - Long Parliament

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Charles summoned the Short Parliament in 1640 because he needed money to fight a rebellion in Scotland, but the Commons refused. Therefore, the same year, a new Parliament was elected, the Long Parliament, one of the greatest instititutions becasue the new middle class emerged , which led to a decrease of the King's power.

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The Rump Parliament was deprivated by 370 Presbyterians and Royalists sympathisers. The remaining 121 most radical members were called the Rump Parliament. It abolished the monarchy and the republic, called "Commonwealth" (under Oliver Cromwell, an MP).

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In 1651, Parliament had passed the Navigation act, which enforced the monopoly of trade to British ships.

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Home policy, landowners, nobles, gentry resumed their leadership of the society and a new Parlaiment, the Cavalier Parliament, was elected in 1661. It ordered the bodies of the regicides to be exhumed and hunged.

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1661: Corporation Act - 1662: Act of Uniformity - 1673: Test Act

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1661: Corporation Act - 1662: Act of Uniformity - 1673: Test Act

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It excluded the dissenters from public offices

It imposed the use of the Book of the Common Prayer

It required all public employess to conform to the Church of England

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It introduced more religious tolerance by granting freedom of worship to dissenting Protestants but excluded Catholics and Unitarians.

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It re-enacted freedoms that had been stated by Magna Carta and the Petition of Right: the king could levy taxes, raise an army and suspend laws only with the consent of the Parliament.

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Since the couple William III and Mary II had no children , the Parliament passed the Act of Settlement, which excluded any Catholics from the throne and declared that Anne and her heirs would succeed William (it's still in force nowadays).

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Under Anne's reign, the Act of Union was passed and it determined that the kingdom of England and Scotland was replaced by the United Kingdom of Great Britain with a single Parliament in Westminster whereas Ireland remained a separate kingdom but it was subordinate to Westminster.