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Supreme Court Case that ended the segregation of schools.

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Created by President LBJ to improve the social welfare safety net in the USA.

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Vastly more powerful than atomic bombs. Capable of destroying entire cities and permanently irradiating countries.

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Significantly more powerful than past weapons. First used in Hiroshima.

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Theory that if one country uses nuclear weapons, other countries will use them as well, effectively ending the world as we know it.

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Belief that if one country becomes Communist, its neighbors would also become communist.

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Theory that communism must be prevented from spreading to other countries and that the USA must use military force to stop it if necessary.

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Military alliance between countries in Eastern Europe and the USSR.

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Named by Winston Churchill. This is the metaphorical demarcation between communism and democracy in Europe.

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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):

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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):

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Military alliance primarily between the USA and Western Europe.

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Created the World Bank and IMF to solve the world’s economic problems.

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Successor to the League of Nations. Exists to solve the world’s political problems.

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Globally centered groups that try to solve world problems.

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The death and destruction of six million Jews and five million other people by the Nazis during WWII.

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Definition: The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, economies, and cultures through international trade, communication, and cultural exchange.

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Definition: An economic philosophy advocating minimal government interference in the marketplace, allowing natural market forces to determine prices, production, and distribution.

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Definition: A political movement in the 1980s, led by religious conservatives, advocating for socially conservative policies and seeking to influence American politics based on moral and religious principles.

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Definition: The use of violence or threats to intimidate and create fear for political, religious, or ideological purposes.

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Definition: Government actions related to taxation and spending to influence the economy, aiming to achieve economic goals such as full employment and stable prices.

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Definition: Individuals or policies favoring limited government intervention, traditional values, and a free-market approach to economic issues.

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Definition: Reducing or eliminating government restrictions and regulations on industries, with the goal of fostering competition and economic efficiency.

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Definition: Actions by a central bank to control the money supply and interest rates, influencing economic activity by managing inflation, employment, and overall economic stability.

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Definition: Individuals or policies advocating for social and economic equality, government intervention in the economy, and progressive social values.

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Definition: The total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, serving as a key indicator of economic performance.

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Definition: The general increase in the prices of goods and services over time, reducing the purchasing power of currency.

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Definition: An economic theory asserting that benefits provided to the wealthy and businesses will eventually "trickle down" to the rest of the population through job creation and economic growth.

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Definition: Refers to the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, emphasizing tax cuts, reduced government regulation, and a belief that stimulating economic growth among the wealthy would benefit the entire economy.

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American military strategy in WWII to slowly claim territory across the Pacific, leading to the eventual defeat of Japan

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A message from Germany to Mexico—decoded and shared by the British—that urged Mexico to invade the US to keep the US occupied in exchange for German support for Mexico taking back parts of the Mexican Cession

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Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation

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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically

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A popular way to describe the New Deal, referring to relief, recovery, and reform

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The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest.

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The political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

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The traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders

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The resolution to WWI that squarely blamed Germany by demanding billions in reparations and destroying German military infrastructure

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The principle that all countries should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China

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The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol between 1920 and 1933

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International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. Sometimes considered a precursor to the modern UN.

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The campaign to allow female voters

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Definition: The age between the Civil War and WWI when the American economy grew rapidly and individuals were able to use monopolies to amass great wealth.

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Definition: A banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie, and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

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Definition: Patterns of movement across the country, including waves of new immigrants and formerly enslaved people moving toward urban centers.

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Definition: A man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States.

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Definition: When writers sought to expose corruption in big business and government.

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Definition: An organized group of workers that use collective bargaining to improve working conditions.

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Definition: Known as the steel king; he integrated every phase of his steel-making operation. He pioneered "Vertical Integration" to improve efficiency by controlling the quality of the product at all stages of production and eliminating the middleman.

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Definition: The idea that extremely wealthy Americans had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good.

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Definition: Negative term for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age who made fortunes by monopolizing huge industries through unethical business practices.   

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Definition: The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

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Definition: The idea that the wealthy and powerful were naturally superior and deserved their success.

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Definition: Positive name for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age, implying that they helped the United States become strong through their business pursuits.

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A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money.

Muckraking

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19th century belief that Americans had the God-given right to spread across the whole continent.

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An amendment to the United States Constitution that granted African American men the right to vote, regardless of race, color, or previous servitude.

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In the context of the American Civil War, the Union refers to the United States, especially the Northern states that remained loyal to the federal government and opposed the secession of the Southern states.

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A federal law passed in 1850 that required that slaves who had escaped to free states be returned to their owners, even if they were in free territory. It was highly controversial and further intensified tensions between the North and South.

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An amendment to the United States Constitution that granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law

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Refers to the Confederate States of America, a group of Southern states that separated from the Union (United States) during the American Civil War, primarily over the issue of slavery.

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: Loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole. It often refers to the divisions and tensions between the North and South in the pre-Civil War era due to differing economic, social, and political interests, particularly related to slavery.

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When a state attempts to secede from, or leave, the nation it was once a part of. This term is often associated with the Southern states' secession from the Union to form the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.

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Passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854, this act allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. It also repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´.

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An amendment to the United States Constitution that freed all slaves and abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States.

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A series of resolutions introduced by Henry Clay in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between the North and the South. The compromise included several provisions, such as the amendment of the Fugitive Slave Act, the abolition of the slave trade in Washington, D.C., the admission of California as a free state, the establishment of a territorial government in Utah, and the resolution of a boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico, which also established a territorial government in New Mexico.

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The belief that people of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery, typically through a vote or other democratic means.

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A colonist who supported British rule.

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The decision to have a bicameral legislature, one house based on population, and one house with an equal number of representatives for every state.

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Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong federal government. They fear a weak government. Generally very wealthy.

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- Supporters of the Articles of Confederation, not the Constitution. They fear a tyrannical national government with too much power and strongly advocate for the Bill of Rights.

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Near the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Army had not received pay for many years and threatened to abandon the fight if they were not compensated.

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- A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

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A period from the early 1600s to the mid-1700s where British Parliamentary Laws were not enforced on the colonists.

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- Before the American constitution, this established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes.

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One of the biggest accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation. This established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union.

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- A colonist who rebelled against British rule.

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation.

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An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in Western Europe with roots in the Scientific Revolution.

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Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the (British) Crown.

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Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location, they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System.

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In an effort to entice English subjects to the colonies, parties would offer legal bonded contracts that would exchange the cost of passage across the Atlantic for up to seven years of labor in America.

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Economic exchange among three markets and geographies.

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Colonies focused on cash crops

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The government in Spain gave away large tracts of conquered land in Spanish America, including whole villages of indigenous peoples, to court favorites, including many conquistadores. The system was supposed to involve educating the natives and teaching them the Roman Catholic faith but often resulted in exploitation of indigenous labor.

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Colonies founded by the Puritans for religious purposes, with the goal of creating a society as they believed God intended.

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Religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the Church of England.

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An economic system built on the assumption that the world's supply of wealth is fixed and that nations must export more goods than they import to assure a steady supply of gold and silver into national coffers. Mercantile thinkers saw the inflow of such wealth as the key to maintaining and enhancing national power and self-sufficiency. Within this context, the accumulation and development of colonies was of great importance, since colonies could supply scarce raw materials to parent nations and serve as markets for finished goods.

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The process of transferring plants, animals, foods, diseases, wealth, and culture between Europe and the Americas, beginning at the time of Christopher Columbus and continuing throughout the era of exploration and expansion.

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Total ownership of one person over another.

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state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, and government has been reached.