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A clipping mask is a group of layers to which a mask is applied. The bottommost layer, or base layer, defines the visible boundaries of the entire group. For example, suppose you have a shape in the base layer, a photograph in the layer above it, and text in the topmost layer.

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The Transform feature allows users to alter their object or selection in a variety of ways, such as scale, rotate, distort, or flip (mirror). To use the Transform feature, select a layer or create a new selections. Got to Edit in the menu, select Transform, and select the type of transformation you wish to make.

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Kerning is the process of adding or subtracting space between specific pairs of characters.

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The vertical space between lines of type is called leading. Leading is measured from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the line above it. Baseline is the invisible line on which most letters—that is, those without descenders—sit.

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Tracking is the process of loosening or tightening a block of text.

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The Select and Mask Properties panel has multiple controls for refining all the edges of a selection. The Radius slider can often be useful to improve soft edges, such as foliage or hair. The Shift Edge slider expands or contracts the selection edges and can be useful to remove edge fringes.

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The Sharpen tool focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus. Oversharpening a photo gives it a grainy look. You can avoid oversharpening by setting a lower Strength value in the options bar.

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The Blur tool allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image. Select the Blur tool . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Size, Hardness, and Strength, to get the effect you need. Click and drag over the part of the image you want to blur.

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The Burn tool darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes.

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The Dodge tool allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation. Select the Dodge tool (O) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like brush size, range, and exposure, to get the effect you want.

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The sponge tool in Photoshop works on color saturation. It can either saturate a color or desaturate a color. This means by using the sponge tool, we can either increase the color intensity of some pixels or decrease the color intensity of some pixels.

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The Smudge tool simulates a brush smearing wet paint. The brush picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you swipe or nudge it. Use the Smudge tool to gently reshape important edges into more appealing and softer lines. In the Photoshop toolbox, the Smudge tool is a pointing-finger icon.

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The Crop tool allows you to select an area of a photo and remove or crop everything outside the selected area. Select the Crop tool (C) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like setting the aspect ratio or width and height values, to get the effect you want.

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The Straighten tool is designed for ease of use: You draw it across a line that's supposed to be straight, and then Photoshop will do the actual straightening for you. So find the reference line that I encouraged you to determine in Step 1, then drag the Straighten tool across!

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The Paint Bucket tool Mode setting allows you to create more advanced color fills for interesting effects and a higher degree of control. Choose from toolbar options like Darken, Multiple, Color Dodge, and more to create different effects.

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The Gradient tool allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision.

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The Horizontal Type tool allows you to add horizontal text to your images. Select the Horizontal Type tool (T) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Font Style, Font Size, and, Text Color, to get the effect you want. Add point text (to add a few words like a heading or title) or paragraph text.

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The Hand tool allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view. Select the Hand tool (H) from the tool bar or press and hold the spacebar key to temporarily switch to the Hand tool.

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Description. The Zoom Tool is used to zoom in and out of an image. In this tutorial, learn keyboard shrtcuts, tips, and tricks on how to zoom and navigate a photo.

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The Brush tool allows you to paint on any layer, much like a real paintbrush. You'll also have different settings to choose from, which can help you customize it for different situations.

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The rectangular marquee tool in Photoshop, of course, enables you to create selections of rectangular shapes, but there is a related tool called the elliptical marquee tool, that enables you to create selections that, of course, have elliptical or even circular shapes.

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The Quick Selection tool allows you to quickly and easily select one area or section of an image.

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The Polygonal Lasso tool is useful for making straight-edged selections. Choose the Polygonal Lasso tool (L). In the tool options bar, specify a selection option: New Selection, Add to Selection, Subtract from Selection, or Intersect with Selection.

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What does the Magic Wand tool do? The Magic Wand tool automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select. If you click on the sky, it selects the sky; click on a person's face, and you have the entire face selected in just seconds.

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The Lasso tool is the original freehand selection tool in Photoshop. Whereas the Marquee tool is ideal for selecting circles and rectangles, and the Magic Wand tool is perfect for selecting color ranges, the Lasso tool is your go-to function when you need to outline irregular shapes.

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The Healing Brush and Patch tools allow you fix imperfections, like scratches, wrinkles, dust spots, etc., causing them to disappear into the surrounding image. They work very much like the cloning tools. You sample pixels in one are of an image, then paint over another area replacing it with the sampled pixels.

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The Spot Healing Brush tool magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image. Photoshop selects and replaces pixels from another part of your image to blend in seamlessly.

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The Clone Stamp tool copies pixels from one area and applies them to another. Think about it as “copying and pasting,” but you're “pasting” the content by painting. The Clone Stamp tool is most effective when you need to copy exact detail from one part of an image to another area.

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The Patch Tool is like a giant healing brush, use it to remove large blemishes from photos. In this tutorial, learn how to remove and duplicate elements of a photo using the Patch Tool.

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Move Tool - The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image.

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A contrast cut is a strategic type of cut that juxtaposes two starkly different scenes. Video editors use contrast cuts to create a sense of dissimilarity that heightens the emotion of a scene or emphasizes the intention of particular moments.

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What is vibrance? Vibrance is often referred to as “smart saturation,” because it intensifies colors – but it does so more selectively. Specifically, vibrance boosts colors that are more muted. And it mostly ignores warmer colors (yellows, oranges, and reds), while prioritizing cooler colors (blues and greens).

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Hue refers to the dominant wavelength of light that the human eye interprets as color, but you can think of it as the basic color on the color wheel. Saturation describes the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is.

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In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue primary colors). An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors like white or grey – correctly.

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Saturation describes the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is. A grayscale or black-and-white photo has no color saturation, while a full-color photo of a field of sunlit wildflowers might be extremely saturated.

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A scrim is a material placed between your light source and your subject that either reduces light or diffuses (and reduces) light.

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A reflector is a photography tool used to redirect light to a subject or scene. It doesn't create light; rather, it redirects light that is already there. A reflector is good for creating fill light or lessening shadows.

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Because APS-C sensors are smaller, cameras can be made more compact and lighter, which is ideal for street and travel photography.

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A full-frame camera is a camera with a full-frame sensor. This is an image sensor that's the same size as the sensor of an analog camera. The biggest advantage of a full-frame camera is that it has no crop factor. Crop factor means that the image is cut off because the sensor is too small to capture the entire image.

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Crop factor is the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs. Crop factor is a term that describes the difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame.

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them. They're great for making image composites, modifying background colors, removing or cutting out objects, and targeting your edits so they affect only certain areas, rather than the entire layer.

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Post-processing encompasses every change you make to a video or photo after you download the RAW file to your computer. It's the process that takes unrefined images and polishes them into perfect captures. The fundamentals of post-processing include everything from cropping to sharpening.

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A video thumbnail is a still image that acts as the preview image for your video. It's kind of like a book cover. And, like a book cover, its job is to entice potential viewers to want to see more. The actual term “thumbnail” originated with still images (rather than videos).

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Photo metadata is a set of data describing and providing information about rights and administration of an image. It allows information to be transported with an image file, in a way that can be understood by other software and human users.

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A DSLR camera is a camera that operates with a fixed, digital sensor. 

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Vibration Reduction (VR) is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake. Using a VR NIKKOR lens can result in sharp images in low light, under windy conditions or when using a physically large NIKKOR lens, at up to four stops slower with a VR lens than a non-VR lens.

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A fisheye lens is an ultra-wide-angle lens that is designed for shooting wide angles generally 180 degrees. These lenses are also known as ultra-wide or super-wide lenses. They are famous for extreme sport, landscape, and artistic photography.

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A telephoto lens is a long-focus lens that allows photographers to utilize a focal length that is in fact shorter than the lens' physical length. A telephoto lens will attach to the camera body of your SLR or DSLR camera, such as those manufactured by Canon, Nikon, and other leading brands.

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In film and photography, a prime lens is a fixed focal length photographic lens (as opposed to a zoom lens), typically with a maximum aperture from f2. 8 to f1. 2. The term can also mean the primary lens in a combination lens system.

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A macro lens is a special type of camera lens that has the ability to work with very short focusing distances, taking sharp images of very small subjects. A true macro lens has a magnification ratio of 1:1 (or greater), and a minimum focus distance around 30cm.

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What is golden hour? The last hour before sunset and the first hour after sunrise are coveted by professional photographers. Referred to as “the golden hour” or “magic hour,” these times provide the perfect light to capture stunning photos.

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So, what exactly is the blue hour? It is that moment just before sunrise or after sunset when the sun dips below the horizon. This whimsical window of time is when a soft blue light fills the sky; creating a cool, peaceful setting that is every bit as beautiful as golden hour.

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The Definition of Triadic Color Scheme. A triadic color scheme consists of three colors. Unlike colors that sit next to or directly across each other, triadic colors are equidistant on the color wheel. When you join these colors, they form a triangle. Visual representation of a triadic color scheme on a color wheel.

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Double exposure photography is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one. Double exposure creates a surreal feeling for your photos and the two photographs can work together to convey deep meaning or symbolism

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In photography, HDR stands for high dynamic range. Dynamic range is simply the range of the lightest tones to the darkest tones within a photo. Put another way — it's a measure of the light intensities from the highlights to the shadows.

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PSD stands for Photoshop Document, which is an image format that supports layers of graphics in a single file.

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JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. The JPEG file type is one of the world's most widely used image file formats. Able to compress impressive detail into a shareable file size, JPEGs are most helpful in storing and sharing digital images.

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What is a PNG file? PNG is short for Portable Network Graphic, a type of raster image file. It's particularly popular file type with web designers because it can handle graphics with transparent or semi-transparent backgrounds.

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A RAW file is lossless, meaning it captures uncompressed data from your camera sensor. Sometimes referred to as a digital negative, you can think of a RAW file as the raw “ingredients” of a photo that will need to be processed in order to bring out the picture's full potential.

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A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or free.

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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DPI refers to the number of printed dots contained within one inch of an image printed by a printer. PPI refers to the number of pixels contained within one inch of an image displayed on a computer monitor.

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What is the image aspect ratio? The aspect ratio is the proportional relationship between an image's width and height. Different cameras shoot in different aspect ratios, so whether you're using a digital camera, a 35mm film camera, or an iPhone, they can all vary.

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To “crop” an image is to remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the subject, or change the size or aspect ratio. In other words, photo cropping is the act of improving an image by removing unnecessary parts.

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Essentially, an Options bar is a horizontal menu at the top of the main Photoshop window that lets you customize a tool. Let's see an Options bar in action. Select the Rectangular (or any other) Marquee tool. At the top of the Photoshop window, you'll see a new row of icons and settings display.

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Menu Bar. This is where you'll access different commands to use in Photoshop. For example, from the File menu, you can open and save files. The Image menu allows you to make various adjustments like image size, while the Filter menu gives you access to more advanced tools and effects.

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Introduction to Palettes. Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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A toolbar is part of a window, often a bar across the top, that contains buttons that execute commands when you click them. Many applications contain toolbars that you can customize so the commands you use frequently are readily available and easily identifiable.

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Workspace Switcher displays a visual representation of your workspaces, as shown in Figure 4–3. Figure 4–3 shows the Workspace Switcher when the Java Desktop System session contains four workspaces. Your workspaces appear as buttons on the panel application.

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Exposure compensation basically helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure. It lets you take control of your image's brightness by manually increasing or decreasing exposure.

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White balance is a camera setting that establishes the true color of white. This produces a baseline from which all other colors are measured. White may not appear “white” under all lighting conditions, so this helps correct it.

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In Manual mode, the exposure level indicator shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal, which always reside at the standard exposure index. (See Manual Exposure). Auto-exposure bracketing range.

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Basically, when you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures. This technique gives you a range of options to choose from when you're editing. As a result, it's much less likely that you'll end up with a badly underexposed or overexposed photo.

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What Are Autofocus Points? Autofocus points are what the camera uses to focus on a subject. You'll probably first notice them when you press the shutter halfway. Many cameras will emit a beep, and some of the AF points will light up—often in red or green—in the viewfinder or on the display screen.

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Sepia toning is a chemical process used in photography which changes the appearance of black-and-white prints to brown. The color is now often associated with antique photographs. Most photo graphics software programs and many digital cameras include a sepia tone filter to mimic the appearance of sepia-toned prints.

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What is a vignette in photography? A vignette is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos. It can be an intentional effect to highlight certain aspects of the image or as a result of using the wrong settings, equipment or lens when taking a photo.

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas. Dynamic range is the ratio between those vivid highlights and dark shadows, from bright white to pure black. That range is key to an image's depth and drama.

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Within The Realm Of Photography, Midtones Refer To The Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows, Lending A Sense Of Depth, Dimension, And Naturalness To A Photograph. In photography, understanding light and its different aspects is fundamental.

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Shadows are the dark areas where a light source is blocked by an object. Shadows change shape, intensity, and even color along with the angle, direction, and temperature of light.

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silhouette • \sil-uh-WET\ • noun. 1 a : a picture (as a drawing or cutout) of the outline of an object filled in with a solid usually black color b : a profile portrait done in silhouette 2 : the shape or outline of something; especially : the outline of an object seen or as if seen against the light.

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chiaroscuro, (from Italian chiaro, “light,” and scuro, “dark”), technique employed in the visual arts to represent light and shadow as they define three-dimensional objects.

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Also called general lighting, ambient lighting provides overall illumination for a room, and is intended to create a uniform light level throughout a space, independent of any special lighting that may be needed in targeted areas of a room.

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Diffused light is a soft light with neither the intensity nor the glare of direct light. It is scattered and comes from all directions. Thus, it seems to wrap around objects. It is softer and does not cast harsh shadows.

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lit from behind. a backlit photograph/scene. a backlit display.

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Author has 19K answers and 10.2M answer views Updated 1y. 18% grey is what photographer's call “middle grey”, a reference point for photographic exposure, B&W or color. 18% of the light falling on the surface of an 18% grey card is reflected and seen by our eyes.

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Evaluative metering is the mostly used automatic metering mode in everyday photography and can be applied in most shooting scenarios. As its name suggests, it takes a series of readings in zones that cover the entire frame, and then calculates the overall average exposure value.

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Centre-weighted Average metering is like using Evaluative metering with a centre AF point. It places greater emphasis on the centre area while also taking meter reading across the entire frame.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful. It is useful for back-lit shots or tiny subjects.

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Spot metering allows the camera to measure the light reflected from the person's face and expose properly for that, instead of adjusting exposure for the much brighter light around the hairline.

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Center weighted: While emphasizing the central area of the screen, this mode measures the average brightness of the entire screen. If you shoot directly into the sunlight or the subject is not in the center of the image, you may need to use exposure compensation.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful. It is useful for back-lit shots or tiny subjects.

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What is spot metering? Whereas multi-segment or multi-zone metering takes exposure readings from across the whole image frame, in spot metering mode the camera takes a measurement from a single point or spot. This area is often at the centre of the frame, but it may be linked to the active AF point.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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Panning is a photographic technique that combines a slow shutter speed with camera motion to create a sense of speed around a moving object. It is a way to keep your subject in focus while blurring your background. Panning is typically done on a subject moving horizontally, such as a moving car, or a running dog.

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Light painting is the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.” A light painting photographer opens a camera's shutter and keeps it open as they draw in the air with a light source.

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denoting the photographic technique of taking a sequence of frames at set intervals to record changes that take place slowly over time. When the frames are shown at normal speed, or in quick succession, the action seems much faster.

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Long exposure photography is the name given to the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time. The resulting image captures the trail of moving objects in front of the camera, while showing still elements razor sharp.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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Monopods and tripods provide stable camera support when shooting in a fixed position. The main difference (and the only one) is the design of the legs. The “mono” in monopod means one leg, while the “tri” for the tripod alludes to it having three legs. Monopods have only one leg that can extend to varying lengths.

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Motion blur can be one of the most important effects to add to games, especially racing games, because it increases realism and a sense of speed. Motion blur also helps smooth out a game's appearance, especially for games that render at 30 frames per second or less.