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NAME: ALLY ELIZABETH USELY

OCCUPATION: STUDENT

UNIVERSITY: SULTAN IDRIS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

SEMESTER: 3

COURSE: TEACHING ENGLISH AS SECOND LANGUAGE (BACHERLOR DEGREE)

FROM: KOTA MARUDU, SABAH

DATE OF BIRTH: 27TH NOVEMBER 2004

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There are a few skills that were focused in the Malaysian Secondary English Language Curriculum:

1. Listening

2. Speaking

3. Reading

4. Writing

5. Literature in Action

CEFR Aligned:

an international standard to describe language ability.

organises language proficiency in 6 levels:

- A1-A2 (Basic User)

- B1-B2 (Independent User)

- C1-C2 (Proficient User)

CEFR test that were recognized in Malaysia is MUET

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Type of motivation:-

Intrinsic: Arises from inside, do it because of individual passions and interest

Extrinsic: Arises from outside force, do it for practical use

Types of learning motivation:-

1. Instrumental: Task or goal-oriented

extrinsic motivation

2. Integrative: characterized by positive attitudes toward the learning situation

intrinsic motivation.

Motivation to learners:-

1. Sustain enthusiasm: to receive the subject

2. Love the language: to love the subject

How to motivate ESL students:-

1. Trigger their interests

2. Integrate fun activities and technology

3. Encourage language experience outside of the classroom

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Learning styles:-

the way a person takes in, understands, expresses, and remembers information

Example of learning styles:-

1. Visual learning: learn through visuals, e.g.: diagrams, charts, pictures

2. Auditory learning: learning through listening, e.g.: reading text out loud, and discussing concepts with others.

3. Kinesthetic Learning: learn through doing something

use all of the human senses— sight, touch, taste, smell, hearing

Types of learning strategies:-

1. General

memory strategy: to store and retrieve information

cognitive strategy: to understand and produce new language

compensation strategy: to communicate despite in deficiencies their language knowledge

metacognitive strategy: to control learning through organizing, planning and evaluating

affective strategy: to gain control over emotions, attitudes, etc.

social strategy: to interact with other people

2. Communication

Avoidance strategy : includes syntactic or lexical avoidance, phonological avoidance & topic avoidance

Compensatory Strategy: involves compensation for missing knowledge

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Kagan Cooperative Learning offers a range of strategies to promote student engagement and learning. For example:

1. Round Robin

students take turns sharing ideas or answers within a group

ensures equal participation, promotes listening skills.

2. Think-Pair-Share

Students think individually, discuss with a partner and share their idea to the larger group

encourages individual reflection, collaborative discussion, and sharing of ideas.

3. Team-Pair-Solo

students work on a task as a team, then in pairs, and finally individually

provides a gradual release of responsibility, builds confidence, and allows for independent practice.

4. Numbered Hands Together

students work in groups to solve a problem or answer a question, then a randomly selected group member shares the group's answer

encourages group accountability and promotes active participation, ensuring that all students are prepared to share.

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1. Behaviorist Theory

language develops through conditioning and reinforcement of associations between environmental stimuli and responses.

ESL teaching technique based on behaviorist theory:-

focus on imitation: encourage students to repeat and imitate teachers' language examples as closely as possible.

Reward and praise: reinforcing students' correct language use with rewards.

2. Innatist Theory

popularized by Noam Chomsky

he believed that humans were born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) that allows them to acquire language naturally.

ESL teaching technique based on innatist theory:

Comprehension-based approach: prioritize understanding over accurate production by providing language input that is slightly above the learner's current.

3. Cognitivist Theory

believe that the human mind functions like an information processor or computer

looks beyond noticeable behavior and it considers learning as an internal mental process

ESL teaching technique based on cognitivist theory:

contextualization: present language in meaningful context, such as real-life situations or stories.

problem-solving activities: encourage students to think critically and apply language to solve problems.

4. Socialist Theory

the idea that students learn from observing others.

ESL teaching technique based on the socialist theory:

the flipped classroom model

gamification and simulations

5. Constructivist Theory

an approach to probe for children's level of understanding and how that understanding can be taken to higher level thinking

ESL teaching technique based on constructivist theory:

project-based learning: develops critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills.

collaborative learning: enhances communication skills, and promotes peer learning.