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In the year of 2020, the infamous pandemic of COVID-19 began, originating in China. Out of the hate of the limitations that they had to face due to this disease, many Americans started discriminating against Asian Americans. They were used as the scapegoat for the pandemic that is still going on to this day.

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After the 9/11 attacks, people all around the USA have let their fear of being attacked transform into racism towards Islamic people. Death threats, harassment, and abuse towards Muslims increased just because the race of the attackers matched their own.

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20 years after 9/11, Islamophobia continues to haunt Muslims

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Even as the country moved further from the 9/1 attacks, Islamophobia in the U.S. persisted.

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Opinions of races on treatment of blacks

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Opinions of races on treatment of blacks

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The following bar chart reflects the opinion of Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics on whether Blacks are treated unfairly to Whites. The graph shows that a majority of Whites do not agree that they are treated more fairly than Blacks, while Blacks believe more than the other present races that they are being unfairly treated.
- It shows that those who benefit from the system tend to show doubt in unfairness or disregard the rights and needs of those who the system exploits, displaying they only seek to continuously reap the benefits.

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Full-Time Wage Inequalities, by Gender and Race 

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The table shown above displays the percentage of wages in relation to White men. Minority races, such as African-Americans and Hispanics, gain less than 75% of the wages that White men get doing the same job. This is due to the fact that white people are viewed as more valuable to the workplace than the minority races, despite the excellent work that they have done in the past.

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Takao Ozawa was a Japanese immigrant that applied for citizenship after living in Hawaii for 20 years, but was denied due to the fact that he was Japanese.
- The luxury of being "white" was restricted to people of the Caucasian race, prohibiting Asian-Americans from earning naturalization.

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Summary

The hardening of U.S. isolationism and nativism set the stage for the Supreme Court to affirm the 1790 Nationality Act's prohibition against naturalization for Asians because they were considered racially not "white" regardless of their demonstrated acculturation and integration. Takao Ozawa was a graduate of a U.S. college living and working in Hawaii with his family. While he was otherwise qualified for naturalization and citizenship, his application for citizenship was rejected on the basis of his race. The next year in the case of Thind v. United States, the Supreme Court would contradict itself in applying a different standard of race in another case regarding Asian American citizenship.

Source

"Mr. Justice Sutherland delivered the opinion of the court:

The appellant is a person of the Japanese race, born in Japan. He applied, on October 16, 1914, to the United States district court for the territory of Hawaii to be admitted as a citizen of the United States. His petition was opposed by the United States district attorney for the district of Hawaii. Including the period of his residence in Hawaii appellant had continuously resided in the United States for twenty years. He was a graduate of the Berkeley, California, high School, had been nearly three years a student in the University of California, had educated his children in American schools, his family attended American churches, and he had maintained the use of the English language in his home. That he was well qualified by character and education for citizenship is conceded . . . .

The language of the Naturalization Laws from 1790 to 1870 had been uniformly such as to deny the privilege of naturalization to an alien unless he came within the description 'free white person'... Beginning with the decision of Circuit Judge Sawyer... the Federal and state courts, in an almost unbroken line, have held that the words 'white person' were meant to indicate a person of what is popularly known as the Caucasian race . . . .

The appellant in the case now under consideration, however, is clearly of a race which is not Caucasian, and therefore belong entirely outside the zone on the negative side . . . These decisions are sustained by numerous scientific authorities . . . We think these decisions are right, and so hold."

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Ozawa v. United States (1922) - Immigration History

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The hardening of U.S. isolationism and nativism set the stage for the Supreme Court to affirm the 1790 Nationality Act's prohibition against naturalization for Asians because they were considered racially not "white" regardless of their demonstrated acculturation and integration. Takao Ozawa was a graduate of a U.S.

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The following graph demonstrates the denial rates of mortgages by race from the 2020 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act. The bar chart shows the majority of denial rates are to Blacks and Hispanics, showing that race is a factor in the decision-making into mortgage denial. Although it is stated that the decision is not affected by ethnicity or race, it is clearly shown that it still has managed to seep into our society economically.

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Dred Scott, a slave that was residing in the free state of Missouri, lost an 11-year legal struggle that ended in one of the most biased court decisions up to that point.
- The Chief Justice stated that enslaved people were not citizens of the United States.

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In the 1900s, the term "separate but equal" was used to justify the segregation of public education in the United States.
- African-American schools often had less funding, inadequate supplies, and insufficiently paid teachers, which led to poor and unequal education for Blacks.

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The National Association for the Advanced of Colored People is the biggest organization created to fight against the racial inequality against blacks in our country. Founded in 1909, they fight against the racism that has seeped into our everyday lives. Any person from any background could contribute to the cause through donation and volunteer.

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Even in the improved, diverse education system, races such as Latinos are separated from their peers due to their lack of English. Due to this separation, they have a harder time learning English and don't learn as quickly as other students.

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Racial segregation of Latino students continues with English-only laws

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For decades, states have used English-language skills as an excuse to segregate Latino students. In the past few years, California and Massachusetts have

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The ACLU helps address common issues in our country, such as free speech and human rights. They lobby for systemic change across the country for every race. Joining ACLU protests can help create change for every unfair law out there.