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According to Psychology Today (n.d.), there a several types of memory, and they are:

1. Episodic Memory: Is when someone remembers something that has happened to them in the past, like a phone call they had earlier that day.

2. Procedural Memory: Comes from your long-term memory, and it is when you haven't done something in a while, like ride a bike, and then you are able to do it.

4. Short-term Memory and Working Memory: Holds info for about 20-30 seconds, like remembering a person's name you just met.
5. Sensory Memory: Is involved in the short-term memory and has to do with sound and sight.

6. Prospective Memory: Is where you grasp something from a past memory to do what you need to do now.

7. Long-term Memory: Where we store everything we want to remember forever

Each type plays a crucial role in how we learn and process information in educational settings.

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I'm amazed at how our brains store memories! When we learn something new, neurons in our brain form new connections, known as synapses (Sousa, 2022). The more we review or use information, the stronger these connections become. Long-term potentiation, or LTP, occurs when information is repeatedly presented, leading to synaptic plasticity and increased sensitivity (Sousa, 2022). This is why repetition helps us learn better in class. As LPT continues to happen, it then forms a new memory trace known as an engram (Sousa, 2022).

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Retention occurs when your long-term memory safeguards learning, allowing you to find, identify, and retrieve it accurately in the future (Sousa, 2022). Several factors influence retention in learning, and they are:

- Rehearsal: The continuing reprocessing of information
- Time for Initial and Secondary Rehearsal: Time is important in the initial rehearsal because it is when information first gets processed in the working memory, and secondary rehearsal is when a person can attach some sort of meaning to a memory, then it can go further into the process of becoming a long-term memory.
- Rote and Elaborate Rehearsal: Rote rehearsal is remembering it just as it was learned, and elaborate rehearsal is when you do not have to store memory just as it was taught.

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Transfer is about applying what you have already learned in a different context (Rusconi, 2025). For example, learning how to read compound words in ELA time and taking what you have learned to be able to read your history text during group reading. Here are some ways to help with the transfer of learning:
- Teachers provide repeated and various examples
- We practice what is taught in different subject areas
- We understand why what we are being taught is important and why we need to learn that specific thing
- We can see real-world applications

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After reading several articles and watching multiple videos, I've learned that trauma can significantly impact memory. During traumatic events, the stress hormone cortisol floods the brain, which can:
- Can make some memories seem different from what actually happened
- Cause you to forget bits and pieces of memories
- Trauma can affect the building of new memories
- Can cause triggers that bring back the trauma

This understanding is crucial for creating safe learning environments. Creating a safe environment for students is crucial in supporting those who have been affected by trauma (Purnomo, 2020).

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Wired for Danger: The Effects of Childhood Trauma on the Brain

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Multi-sensory learning, also known as learning by doing, is incredibly effective, according to Sousa (2022). This involves:

- Auditory learning (discussions about what we have learned)
- Kinesthetic activities (hands-on projects like building letters we have been learning about with Legos or play-

dough)
- Writing or drawing pictures about what we have learned.

This approach is especially helpful for trauma-affected learners as it provides multiple pathways for processing information and can help create a sense of safety through choice in learning methods.

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Strategy 2: Practice and Teaching Others

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Strategy 2: Practice and Teaching Others

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When you teach what you have learned, you are able to grasp and hold onto what you have learned (Sousa, 2022). Creating cooperative learning groups that work together to teach a lesson to another group can help students retain lessons taught in the classroom. Additionally, having students engage in turn-and-talks can help them discuss what they have just learned and provide an opportunity for them to teach their partner something maybe they didn't understand about what they just learned, and give them more learning opportunities.

For trauma-affected learners, this approach enables them to connect with their peers in a safe environment, where they can, in turn, help create a lesson for their peers. As a result, both learners will gain and retain a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

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Strategy 3: Verbal and Visual Information and Material

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Strategy 3: Verbal and Visual Information and Material

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According to Sousa (2022), students can become more engaged in their own learning process when they can process both verbal and visual information. When visuals are added in the classroom, it helps increase the chances that a student will be able to retain the information they are being taught. For example, when teaching addition to a group of kindergarteners, I could create a poster that shows how to create an addition equation and what each of the signs in the addition equations means. This will help them better grasp addition and provide a visual reminder when needed.

This method provides predictability and control, which is particularly beneficial for trauma-affected learners, as it helps create a sense of safety and mastery.

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Astrocyte, A. (2017, September 4). Where Are Memories Stored? [video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0wbTR95VEs

Purnomo, J. (2022, September 2). Wired for danger: the effects of childhood trauma on the brain [video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OA4CqlL_PzE

Psychology Today. (n.d.) Types of memory. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory/types-of-memory

Rusconi, G. (2025). Transfer of learning/ types & benefits. https://cloudassess.com/blog/transfer-of-learning/

Sousa, D.A. (2022). How the brain learns (6th ed.). Corwin