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• Office of Hawaiian Affairs. (n.d.). Hawaii’s Annexation.  https://www.oha.org/about/abouthistory/
• Hawaii Nation (Pitzer, 1994). The Overthrow of the Monarchy. http://hawaii-nation.org/soa.html
• History. (Nakamura, 2023). How Native Hawaiians Have Fought for Sovereignty https://www.history.com/news/native-hawaiian-sovereignty-protest
• US Department of State. (n.d.). Hawaii’s Annexation. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/gp/17661.htm#:~:text=Dole%20declared%20Hawaii%20an%20independent,Dole%20became%20its%20first%20governor.

• Bill of Rights Institute. (n.d.). The Annexation of Hawaii. https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/the-annexation-of-hawaii

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The US intervention in Hawaii started with  economic ties. American sugar plantation owners had established a strong presence in Hawaii by the 1890s. The McKinley Tariff of 1890, which removed tariffs on sugar, further integrated Hawaii's economy with that of the US, making it even more attractive to American businessmen. On January 1893 when Queen Liliʻuokalani, who sought to restore the monarchy's authority and preserve Hawaiian sovereignty, was overthrown. This coup was orchestrated by a small group of American and European settlers, with crucial support from the US Minister to Hawaii, John L. Stevens, and a contingent of US Marines. Sanford B. Dole, a prominent figure among the settlers, led the new  government. Although President Grover Cleveland initially opposed annexation, the strategic significance of Hawaii, highlighted by the Spanish-American War, led to its annexation in 1898 under President William McKinley. Hawaii became a US territory on June 14, 1900. Hawaii’s location made it an ideal naval base for the US military, particularly Pearl Harbor. Consequently, President William McKinley moved to formally annex Hawaii, which became a US territory on July 7, 1898. The 1900 Organic Act solidified this status by extending US laws to the islands, integrating them into the American political and economic systems. By 1917, Hawaii’s role as a key military outpost in the Pacific was well established, foreshadowing its critical position in future conflicts.

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From the US perspective, intervening in Hawaii was driven by several goals. It allowed the US to establish a vital military and naval presence in the Pacific, crucial for projecting power and protecting American interests in Asia. Annexation also ensured control over Hawaii’s profitable sugar industry, benefiting American businesses by eliminating tariffs and securing markets. The US government and media portrayed the annexation as a benevolent act, bringing stability, democracy, and economic prosperity to Hawaii. However, the underlying motives were clear: secure economic advantages, establish strategic military bases, and expand American influence. Publicly, the US justified its actions by promoting the idea of spreading civilization and Christianity to the Hawaiian people, framing the intervention as a benevolent mission (LaFeber, 1993). However, beneath these public statements were deeper motives of economic gain and strategic dominance. The US played a direct role in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy and supported the government, demonstrating a clear intention to expand its influence and control in the Pacific (Haley, 2014).

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Native (Hawaii) Perspective on the Intervention 

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Native (Hawaii) Perspective on the Intervention 

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The native Hawaiian response to US intervention was one of full of resistance and resilience. Queen Lili'uokalani, a key leader, sought to restore the monarchy's authority and protect her people's independence. Her efforts to implement a new constitution in 1893, aimed at reclaiming royal powers, were stopped by the coup led by American businessmen. In response, native Hawaiians formed the Hawaiian Patriotic League, made for opposing annexation and advocating for Hawaiian sovereignty.  The Hawaiian Patriotic League, comprised of native Hawaiians, organized petitions and appeals to the US government, gathering over 21,000 signatures against annexation. Native Hawaiians viewed the US actions as illegal and unjust, seeing the overthrow and annexation as violations of their sovereignty and rights. Although their resistance, native Hawaiians faced overwhelming challenges. This was due to their limited political power and because they were up against the significant influence and resources of American settlers.

Their tough efforts in Washington, D.C. led to the Blount Report, which criticized the US's involvement in the overthrow. Despite their efforts, Hawaii was still annexed, but the spirit of resistance remained. Native Hawaiians continued to fight for their rights through cultural preservation, legal battles, and political activism. Today, the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty remains strong, reflecting the enduring impact of US intervention and the ongoing desire of native Hawaiians to reclaim their nation's independence.

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The US intervention in Hawaii during the age of “New” Imperialism was driven by a mix of strategic, economic, and ideological motives. While the US aimed to expand its influence and secure its interests, native Hawaiians resisted through various means, striving to protect their sovereignty and cultural heritage. This period remains a pivotal chapter in the history of US expansionism and its profound impact on native populations.

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FULL DOCUMENTARY | The US has a deep dark little secret

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HAWAII: THE STOLEN PARADISE - FULL DOCUMENTARY | The US has a deep dark little secret

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Hawaii's state flag resembles the Great Britain flag because many of King Kamehameha's advisors were British and the islands were once placed under England's protection. The flag consists of eight horizontal stripes, representing the eight major islands.

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Analysis: Uncle Sam standing in water with a large fork labeled "U.S.," about to eat an island labeled "Hawaii," while other characters (other political leaders) and the front one with a hat that says Japan look  with expressions of surprise or concern. Also the phrase "you fellows will please stand back while I try these oyster sandwiches myself" is written at the bottom
Infer: Us taking Hawaii for itself even though others were going for it.
Interpret: Uncle Sam's confident stance and the phrase "you fellows will please stand back while I try these oyster sandwiches myself" shows America's authoritative and one-sided action in annexing Hawaii.
Interpret: This cartoon reflects the period around the late 19th century when the United States was expanding its territory. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898, driven by strategic and economic interests. The cartoon critiques the U.S. approach to imperialism, showing the annexation as a somewhat greedy and forceful act.

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August 1898, when the Hawaiian flag was lowered from Iolani Palace and replaced by the flag of the United States of America.

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Analysis: Wedding consisting of Hawaii as the the bride(the looks happy and content) and uncle sam as the groom (he looks unsure). The best man is President Mckinley and he is pushing uncle sam forward. Cleveland is holding Hawaii but looks unhappy. The minister may be someone in congress. The banner above reads “The Union of the Two Empires,”
Infer: The merger of the two territories.
Interpret: The cartoon shows the controversial nature of Hawaii's annexation. uncle Sam's reluctance shows the mixed feelings in America about imperialism and expansion. On the other hand McKinley's role shows his push for it, despite opposition from figures like Cleveland.
Integrate: The annexation of Hawaii happened in 1898, during the height of American imperialism. The U.S. had strategic and economic interests in Hawaii, including its naval base at Pearl Harbor. So this  cartoon debates over American expansionism and the ethical implications of annexing other territories.

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American Imperialism & the Annexation of Hawaii

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American Imperialism & the Annexation of Hawaii

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Cannons firing celebrating the Annexation of Hawaii to the United States.