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Article 1: THE REQUISITE ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS IN THE ERA OF INDUSTRIALREVOLUTION 4.0: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS (UTeM)

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Article 1: THE REQUISITE ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS IN THE ERA OF INDUSTRIALREVOLUTION 4.0: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS (UTeM)

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Abstract Summary

- The abstract highlights the importance of entrepreneurial skills in the context of IR4.0, emphasizing the need for understanding the ecosystem, decision-making abilities, and effective connections for business success .

- It outlines the research methodology involving Constructivist Grounded Theory, interviews, and Focus Group Discussions to uncover essential entrepreneurial skills and challenges in IR4.0 .

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Understanding Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT)

- Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT) is a qualitative research methodology developed by Kathy Charmaz that aims to construct a theory based on participants' experiences and perspectives .

- CGT considers the subjective interpretation of data, emphasizing co-construction of knowledge between researchers and participants, and involves steps like data collection, initial coding, memoing, theoretical sampling, constant comparison, theoretical saturation, and theory writing .

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Main Focus and Key Steps of Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT) and its Application

- Main Focus of CGT:

- CGT focuses on constructing a theory based on participants' experiences and perspectives, emphasizing the co-construction of knowledge between researchers and participants .

- Key Steps in CGT:

- Data collection: Involves in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis to collect data.

- Initial coding: Identifying initial concepts and categories through open coding.

- Memoing: Writing memos to capture thoughts and reflections on data and emerging codes.

- Theoretical sampling: Selecting data to develop emerging concepts.

- Constant comparison: Comparing data to refine categories and concepts.

- Theoretical saturation: Reaching a point where no new information is obtained.

- Writing the theory: Constructing a theory based on the analyzed data .

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Application of Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT) in the Study

- The study utilized CGT for data collection through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) to understand entrepreneurial skills crucial for IR4.0 .

- Data analysis involved coding techniques such as open, axial, and selective analysis to identify four domains of entrepreneurial skills: entrepreneurial mindset and attitude, cognitive abilities, business strategic skills, and resource management skills .

- Theoretical sampling was conducted to select data that would contribute to the development of emerging concepts and refine categories within the study .

- CGT allowed for the co-construction of knowledge between researchers and participants, enabling a nuanced understanding of entrepreneurial skills needed in the disruptive environment of IR4.0 .

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Coding Techniques Used in the Study

- Open Coding:

- Open coding was employed to identify initial concepts and categories from the data collected during interviews and FGDs. This process involved breaking down, examining, comparing, conceptualizing, and categorizing the data without pre-existing categories or theories .

- Axial Coding:

- Axial coding was utilized to reassemble and add depth and structure to the categories identified through open coding. This step aimed to explore relationships between categories and subcategories, enhancing the understanding of underlying properties and dimensions within the data .

- Selective Coding:

- Selective coding was crucial for organizing data from axial coding into a coherent presentation. It combined different categories from axial coding into a single theoretical framework, helping to understand the connections between concepts and themes more deeply.