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Meyer vs. Nebraska Ruling by the US Supreme Court:

A state law forbidding the teaching of any language other then English in any private or public school.

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2002 - Question 2 Passed in Massachusetts: Dismantled bilingual programs and made English immersion required in the state but some dual language programs were exempt

2002 - Amendment 31 defeated in Colorado: Colorado rejects the 'English for the Children' initiative, and therefore bilingual programs were still allowed to exist

2002 - No Child Left Behind Act: Bilingual education is still restricted, sanctions made to the states that don't make progress towards creating English-only programs

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The Nationality Act of 1906 established a set of new requirements that immigrants seeking to naturalize are required to learn English.

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Amendments to the Nationality Act

Original: Immigrants required to speak English to become naturalized

Amendment: Added a literacy requirement to the naturalization process

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1976: Keyes v. School District No. 1 (Denver, Colorado)

Bilingual education is promoted as synonymous with diversity, equity, and inclusion.

1980: Lau regulations

Lau remedies were supposed to be formalized, which would mean that LEP students would get bilingual instruction. The proposal was withdrawn because schools were still debating on including bilingual instruction (the schools were left to choose whether or not to include bilingual education).

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2006: Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act

advocating for the preservation of Tewa, a Pueblo Indian Language

2009: Race to the Top

President Obama provided grants to support education reform. Supported college and career readiness

2010: Common Core State Standards (CCSS) Initiative

Development of shared college and career readiness standards in English Language, Arts and Math.

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US English Movement (1983)

Organizations advocated that English be declared the official language of the United States, and opposed the use of languages other than English in government and education. This lead to national debate about the dominance of English use.

Title 7: Bilingual Education Act (1984)

Funds were allocated to "special alternative" instructional program.

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Prop 58: The ‘English Proficiency. Multilingual Education’ ballot initiative; repealed Proposition 227 in California

Congressional Caucus on America’s Languages established: A bipartisan group of members of Congress focused on setting a national strategy to address the nation’s economic and national security through increasing the number of bilingual and biliterate citizens through programs for world languages, ELLs and Native Americans

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2011: Seal of Biliteracy

Certifies students to be bilingual if they receive sufficient grades from AP/IB or school district exams

2015: Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) – reauthorization of the ESEA (1965)

To achieve the national goal of "full educational opportunity" for all children, ESEA (1965) was a civil rights law that was reauthorized to ESSA to

Promote equity by upholding critical protections for America's disadvantaged and high-need students.

Require (for the first time) that all students in America be taught to high academic standards to prepare them to succeed in college and careers.

Provide transparency in information to different stakeholders (educators, families, students, and communities) through annual statewide assessments that measure students' progress toward those high standards.

More can be found here: https://www.ed.gov/essa?src=rn

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1998: Prop 227 in California: Severe restrictions on bilingual education, mandated structured English immersion.

1994: Improving America's schools act (IASA)- reauthorization of ESA and the title VII bilingual education act: funded dual language programs to support Native American languages.

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1965: Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA): Granted Federal funds for children who were in need of education based on family income

1968: Title VII, Bilingual Education Act (Amendment to ESEA): Amended to add grants for bilingual education for non-English speaking students

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1954: Brown v. Board of Education

Segregated education based on race made unconstitutional

1958: the National Defense Education Act

the first federal legislation to promote foreign language learning

promoting foreign language learning in elementary schools, high schools and universities. It helped to create a slightly more soul-searching attitude to languages other than English spoken among ethnic groups in the United States.

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1974: Lau v. Nichols ruling by the US
Supreme Court- Chinese non speaking students who attended school in San Fransisco sued the district to give them more meaningful resources to help them learn English. The public schools had to provide language programs for language minorities that are not proficient in English had to provide equal educational opportunities.

1975: Lau remedies- Was the follow up approach to the federal ruling in 1974 Lau v. Nichols. It provided a guideline for school districts to follow in order to provide a meaningful education to students with limited English proficiency.