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CITIZENSHIP - THE 2030 AGENDA Good Friday Agreement (1998)

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CITIZENSHIP - THE 2030 AGENDA Good Friday Agreement (1998)

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On 10 April 1998, British and Irish prime ministers Tony Blair and Bertie Ahern signed the ‘Good Friday Agreement’. The agreement dealt with many issues, such as the recognition of the borders between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland, the demilitarisation of the country, and the end of urban guerrilla. This agreement put an end to the conflict in Ireland.

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From the late 1960s, armed groups from both sides, such as the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), carried out bombings and shootings - and British troops were sent to Northern Ireland.

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From the late 1960s, armed groups from both sides, such as the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), carried out bombings and shootings - and British troops were sent to Northern Ireland.

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CITIZENSHIP - THE 2030 AGENDA: Goal 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions

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CITIZENSHIP - THE 2030 AGENDA: Goal 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions

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Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

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Ten years after U2, the Cranberries drew their inspiration from another bloody event: the IRA bombing in Warrington, in which two boys died. This time, however, the song did not simply narrate the event, but denounced the violent condition in which Northern Ireland still lived at the end of the 20th century.

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The Cranberries - Zombie (Official Music Video)

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Music has often told the story of Ireland’s history. The world-famous rock band U2 did it too. In 1983, with the Irish conflict still ongoing, they wrote and sang the song 'Sunday Bloody Sunday'. This song recounts the tragic events of 1972, when the British army fired on Irish protesters, killing 14 people. That event is called, in fact, ‘Bloody Sunday’.

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Sunday Bloody Sunday (Live From Red Rocks Amphitheatre, Colorado, USA / 1983 / Remastered 2021)

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Traditional Irish music is still one of the distinctive characteristics of the Irish culture. It has very ancient origins. It was used to tell the stories of knights, but also everyday life and problems. For this reason, protest and revolt are themes that appear frequently in traditional Irish music. Thanks to the Irish Diaspora, folk music has influenced music all over the world.

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The traditional music of Ireland is known and appreciated worldwide. It is also the foundation of several modern genres. Moreover, its versatility often allowed Irish musicians to fuse it with more contemporary styles.
It is no wonder it has drawn the attention of many music lovers and musicians alike!

Historically, it first bloomed and developed throughout the Middle Age, presenting instruments and composition patterns that we would find in modern Irish music too. For instance, primitive pipes, flutes, and harps were already in use back then.

Some Irish musicians, such as Aaron Scotus (X century) and Donell Dubh Ó Cathail (XV century) became popular and traveled courts and kingdoms, bringing their art beyond their green island.
If you want to experience what is explained in this article, here is a list of playlists and videos to enjoy some Irish Trad Music (and music inspired by it!):
Throughout the XVI and XVII centuries, harpists were in high demand and therefore supported by rich patrons. At the same time, the expanding city of Dublin became an early hub for classical music, featuring choirs that would gather and perform at every festive occasion. The music scene was so vivid that the popular German composer Handel chose the Irish capital for the premiere of his oratorio Messiah, in 1742.

Choral music, especially performed in churches, played an important role in the development of Irish musical identity at this point, although the ultimate expression of traditional singing is embodied by solo singers, in the s ean-nós tradition.

In the XIX century, the establishing of printers made the diffusion of folk collections, previously transmitted orally, slightly easier. This led to a revival of the folk tradition that still interests many Irish musicians of our time.

The typical instruments

Irish music is very distinctive, mostly because it features a specific set of instruments.

The fiddle is possibly the king of traditional Irish music. It is a classical violin with some modifications, such as the material of the strings, very often made of steel, and the presence of a flatter arch in the bridge.

If the fiddle is king, flutes and tin whistles are strong competitors for the crown! Their presence in traditional Irish music roots back to its very origin, although the metal Boehm system some flutists use on modern instruments dates back to the XIX century.

The Irish flute is usually a conical-bore, transverse wooden instrument in the key of D, often featuring the simple system in use before the introduction of the Boehm system.

The tin whistle, on the other hand, is a fipple flute, very similar to a recorder.

Pipes are also very popular. Uilleann pipes are complex bagpipes and they are often used for solo performances, being able to provide harmonic support to the melody played.

The Celtic harp is another protagonist in traditional Irish music. It presents metal strings and a complicated system of pins. It is difficult to play because of the sustained sound that characterizes it. The harp is such a symbolic feature in Irish culture that is often represented on coins.

Last but not least, the folk tradition of Ireland is also known for its typical percussive instrument: the bodhran. This frame drum is considered an evolution of the tambourine and it is similar to many Middle Eastern percussion instruments.

Some other instruments used in Irish folk music added throughout its developments are the banjo, the acoustic guitar, the accordion, the harmonica, and even the bouzouki.

The human voice is also considered an important instrument, so important that it is often used without any accompaniment.

Sean-nós singing ("old-style singing") is a simple, yet complex tradition, where a single voice masters the melody and the lyrics.

In later years, other instruments join these ranks such as the button accordion, concertina, etc.

Characteristics

Irish music is modal and it is often in D, therefore many instruments used to perform it are tuned in that specific key.

It is homorhythmic and built around "call and response" patterns usually featuring two sections (A and B).

Reels, typical accompaniment to folk dancings, are usually in 2/4 or 4/4, while jigs are often in 6/8. Slides, typical of the Munster region, are usually in 12/8.

The themes explored in the lyrics are often sorrowful and connected to the pain of leaving Ireland and emigrating or to the loss of a loved one. The tradition of Caoineadh ("lament") is an example of this tendency. The widely known Irish ballad Danny Boy is another great example.

The importance of music

Music has always been very important in Irish culture. As highlighted before, the city of Dublin featured choirs employed to sing at festive events and Caoineadh ballads helped soothe the pain of emigrating.

Since the XIX century, Irish folk music has flourished during spontaneous gatherings at local pubs and bars. These pub sessions continue on, although, in England and Wales, they are less improvised since the emanation of the Licensing Act, in 2005.

Gathering at pubs to have a few drinks and play a few songs has always been a strong Irish tradition that contributed to the growth of folk music.

Being music such as an omnipresent element in Irish culture, it is no surprise that many important musicians and rockstars emerged through the streets of Dublin, sometimes reinterpreting the tradition to offer a new sound.

While Irish music strongly influenced genres such as country and rock, it also gave inspiration to Electronic and New Age artists like Enya, one of the pioneers of Celtic fusion.

Celtic rock, another branch of it, officially made its appearance in 1969, when the Irish band Thin Lizzy published their version of the traditional tune Whiskey In The Jar . It later evolved into subgenres such as Celtic metal and Celtic punk, proving the versatility of the Irish musical heritage.

Other widely known bands and rockstars such as U2, The Cranberries, and Sinead O'Connor brought on the Irish musical tradition enriching it with contemporary sounds and a rock'n'roll feel.

Traditional Irish music is characterized by its simplicity, lack of complexity, and use of the human voice. Instruments that are traditionally used include instruments that are known for being loud or percussive, such as the bodhran or bagpipes. The tradition of Sean-nós singing is also seen, where one person sings a melody while another person accompanies them, with no instruments.

Other instruments that are commonly used in Irish folk music include the fiddle, accordion, bouzouki, and acoustic guitar. The human voice is also considered an important instrument to use alongside traditional tools of Irish folk music.

The long tradition of Irish music has given birth to many great musicians, including the rock band U2 that used traditional melodies in their songs. Today, Irish music is influenced by modern sounds and features instruments such as the acoustic guitar or banjo. Celtic fusion, a branch of it, has evolved into subgenres like Celtic metal and Celtic punk.
Featured Image for this Article By Gtapp - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, Link

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A Brief Introduction to Traditional Irish Music - Musician Wave

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The traditional music of Ireland is known and appreciated worldwide. It is also the foundation of several modern genres. Moreover, its versatility often allowed Irish musicians to fuse it with more contemporary styles. It is no wonder it has drawn the attention of many music lovers and musicians alike!

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SCIENCE: Lord Kelvin and the Measure of Absolute Temperature

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SCIENCE: Lord Kelvin and the Measure of Absolute Temperature

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William Thomson Kelvin was born in Belfast in 1824. A physicist, inventor, and scholar, Kelvin is best known for his studies on heat. Kelvin created an absolute temperature scale, now called the Kelvin Scale. The unit of measurement of the Kelvin Scale is the Kelvin, indicated by the symbol K.

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Lord Kelvin (William Thomson): British Mathematician

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SCIENCE: Robert Boyle and the foundation of modern chemistry

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SCIENCE: Robert Boyle and the foundation of modern chemistry

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The Irishman Robert Boyle played an important role in modern science, particularly in chemistry. His 'The Sceptical Chymist' is perhaps the first book on chemistry, in fact the law on gas pressure is named after him. Boyle studied matter and formulated a theory very similar to the one we have today. For this reason, Boyle is considered one of the founders of modern chemistry.

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Every general-chemistry student learns of Robert Boyle (1627-1691) as the person who discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa-the famous Boyle's law. A leading scientist and intellectual of his day, he was a great proponent of the experimental method.

Born at Lismore Castle, Munster, Ireland, Boyle was the 14th child of the Earl of Cork. As a young man of means, he was tutored at home and on the Continent. He spent the later years of the English Civil Wars at Oxford, reading and experimenting with his assistants and colleagues. This group was committed to the New Philosophy, which valued observation and experiment at least as much as logical thinking in formulating accurate scientific understanding. At the time of the restoration of the British monarchy in 1660, Boyle played a key role in founding the Royal Society to nurture this new view of science.

Boyle's Law

Although Boyle's chief scientific interest was chemistry, his first published scientific work, New Experiments Physico-Mechanicall, Touching the Spring of the Air, and Its Effects (1660), concerned the physical nature of air, as displayed in a brilliant series of experiments in which he used an air pump to create a vacuum. The second edition of this work, published in 1662, delineated the quantitative relationship that Boyle derived from experimental values, later known as Boyle's law: that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure.

Corpuscularism and Elements

Boyle was an advocate of corpuscularism, a form of atomism that was slowly displacing Aristotelian and Paracelsian views of the world. Instead of defining physical reality and analyzing change in terms of Aristotelian substance and form and the classical four elements of earth, air, fire, and water-or the three Paracelsian elements of salt, sulfur, and mercury-corpuscularism discussed reality and change in terms of particles and their motion. Boyle believed that chemical experiments could demonstrate the truth of the corpuscularian philosophy. In this context he defined elements in Sceptical Chymist (1661) as "certain primitive and simple, or perfectly unmingled bodies; which not being made of any other bodies, or of one another, are the ingredients of which all those called perfectly mixt bodies are immediately compounded, and into which they are ultimately resolved."

He was probably referring to the uniform corpuscles-which were as yet unobserved-out of which corpuscular aggregates were formed, not using elements as Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and others used the term in the 18th century to refer to different substances that could not be broken down further by chemical methods. In his experiments Boyle made many important observations, including that of the weight gain by metals when they are heated to become calxes. He interpreted this phenomenon as caused by fiery particles that were able to pass through the walls of glass vessels.

Alchemical Interests

Boyle's theories of material change did nothing to eliminate the possibility of the transmutation of base metals to gold that was at the heart of alchemy. Indeed he practiced alchemy until the end of his life, believed that he had witnessed transmutation, and successfully lobbied Parliament to repeal England's ban on transmutation.

Boyle also wrote extensively on natural theology, advocating the notion that God created the universe according to definite laws.
The information contained in this biography was last updated on December 1, 2017.

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Every general-chemistry student learns of Robert Boyle (1627-1691) as the person who discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa-the famous Boyle's law. A leading scientist and intellectual of his day, he was a great proponent of the experimental method.

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Modernism is a literary movement that developed between the 19th and 20th centuries, mainly in Europe. Besides Joyce, some exponents of Modernism are Ezra Pound, Luigi Pirandello, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, and Franz Kafka. The aim of Modernism was to renew literature by breaking the rules that had been followed until then.

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New ideas in psychology, philosophy, and political theory in the early part of the 20th century kindled a search for a new mode of expression in literature. Urging…

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James Joyce is one of the most important writers of the 20th century, an exponent of the literary current of Modernism. Joyce described and criticised Irish society and the Catholic Church. These two aspects are very evident in Ulysses and Dubliners. Together with its unconventional character, Joyce’s work is appreciated for the novelty it represented in literature.

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The Modernist Novel: James Joyce - Ulysses

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Oscar Wilde is known for his irony but had a troubled life.

Born in Dublin, Oscar Wilde was one of the most important writers of the Victorian era. A leading figure on the cultural scene, Wilde targeted the morals of his time in his works. He paid for his homosexuality with imprisonment. Oscar Wilde wrote great works, such as 'The Portrait of Dorian Gray' and 'The Ballad of Reading Gaol', in which he told of his experience in prison.

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BBC - History - Historic Figures: Oscar Wilde (1854 - 1900)

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Victorian playwright, jailed for his homosexuality

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The term ‘The Troubles’ refers to the conflict in Northern Ireland from 1960 to 1990 between the Catholic community and the Ulster Protestants. The Catholic part of the population was nationalist and republican, while the Protestant part was pro-United Kingdom and loyal to the monarchy. This conflict represented one of the darkest periods in Irish history. The Good Friday Agreement put an end to the armed conflict.

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What were The Troubles? | Northern Ireland spotlight

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Ireland has been a land of emigration since England took control over its territory. Since then, the Irish have emigrated, mainly to colonies in North America. Emigration has continued over the centuries. There are over 32 million citizens of Irish origins in the USA, 70 million worldwide, and some speak of an Irish Diaspora.

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Explore the history of the Irish people and the impact of the mass emigration in America during the 19th-century famine Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Article media libraries that feature this video:

So, you're Irish! Or at least you have Irish ancestry. But what exactly does that mean?

You probably know that Ireland is an island in Europe presently divided between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. That division is one reason that Irish identity is a complicated thing. Ireland has long suffered colonization from Britain, and many people in Ireland are ethnically English or Scottish, especially in Northern Ireland.

Ethnicities are often defined by a particular language, and Irish is no exception. While today the dominant language in Ireland is English, there are still speakers of Gaeilge, the form of Gaelic native to Ireland. Sometimes just called "Irish," the language is still taught in Irish schools, but only about 74,000 people say they use it in their daily lives.

To complicate matters even more, there are far more people of Irish descent living in other countries than there are living in Ireland. During the mid-nineteenth century, the Great Famine killed or displaced millions of people, leading to a large Irish diaspora. Today, the total population of the island is less than seven million. The Irish American population, meanwhile, is more than five times that - nearly 33 million.

In America, the Irish are one of the largest ethnic groups in the country. In fact, during the 19th century famine, nearly two million Irish refugees fled to America. These immigrants faced significant backlash in their new home - to their poverty, to their Catholicism, and simply to their ethnicity. As a result, they faced discrimination in both social situations and the workplace.

Fortunately, the Irish in America are fundamentally a success story. And Irish Americans have in many ways defined America as we know it today. Though a majority-Protestant country, America today has a strong Catholic tradition thanks in part to the influx of Irish in the 19th century. One of our most influential political dynasties, the Kennedy clan, are Irish American. And in the mid-twentieth century, two brothers, the sons of Irish immigrants, decided to start a business that might become the most famous American icon of all - McDonalds.

So learn a little more about your Irish ancestry. Discover the origin of words like "whiskey" and "smithereens." Learn how to make an Irish soda bread - there's no actual cola in it, don't worry. Keep reading and watching, there's plenty more to discover!

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Irish people and the impact of the mass emigration to the US

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Article media libraries that feature this video: So, you're Irish! Or at least you have Irish ancestry. But what exactly does that mean? You probably know that Ireland is an island in Europe presently divided between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom.

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The Great Famine hit the island between 1845 and 1849. It was also caused by a potato disease, which destroyed all the crops. The famine killed about one million people and a similar number of Irish migrated, mainly to the United States.

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The IRA played a leading role in Ireland’s fight for liberation. After 1921 the IRA organised many terrorist attacks against the British army. In 1998, a peace agreement between the United Kingdom and Sinn Féin, the Irish national movement, was signed.

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The Irish Republican Army, or IRA, was an unofficial military organization made up of people who wanted an end to British rule in Northern Ireland. Members of the IRA wanted...

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The origins of Irish nationalism go back to the Anglican Schism of the 16th century. The division between Catholics and Protestants created a gap between Irish and English, and also between nationalists and unionists. Despite independence from the United Kingdom and the division of Ireland, achieved in 1921, tensions continued for Northern Ireland’s liberation.

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Ireland 1912-1916: An Animated History from Home Rule to Easter Rising

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ART: Movie: 'In the Name of the Father' by Jim Sheridan (1993)

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ART: Movie: 'In the Name of the Father' by Jim Sheridan (1993)

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Set in 1974 Ireland, this film is inspired by a true story. It tells the story of the Conlons, father and son, and four friends accused of causing an IRA bombing and condemned despite clear evidence to the contrary. Their situation improves thanks to a tenacious lawyer who fights to overturn the sentence.

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In the Name of the Father Official Trailer #1 - Daniel Day-Lewis Movie (1993) HD

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The British Isles are a large archipelago located in the northwest of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. The largest islands are Great Britain and Ireland.

The smallest islands are  the Hebrides, Orkney, and Shetland.

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British Isles

Europe has been traditionally divided into regions based on location according to the four points of the compass: Eastern Europe, southern Europe, Western Europe, and northern Europe. The British Isles are often considered a separate region but can be included as a part of Western Europe.

The British Isles and the regions of Europe

The British Isles are an archipelago (group of islands) separated from the European mainland by the English Channel.

There are about 136 permanently inhabited islands in the group, the largest two being Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is to the east. Ireland is to the west. The largest of the other islands are to be found in the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland to the north, Anglesey and the Isle of Man between Great Britain and Ireland, and the Channel Islands near the coast of France.

The Shetland pony is a Scottish breed of pony originating in the Shetland Isles. People who lived on the islands probably later crossed the native stock with ponies imported by Norse settlers. The harsh climate and scarce food developed the ponies into extremely hardy animals.

The British Isles are often included in the region of Western Europe when discussing political geography; however, the fact that they are separated from the mainland of Europe by water provides them with a separate identity.

The British Isles consists of two separate, independent countries: the Republic of Ireland and Great Britain.

The United Kingdom (UK) of Great Britain consists of the regions of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. All four regions are now under the UK government.

The Republic of Ireland is independent of the United Kingdom and does not include Northern Ireland. The UK capital is London, which is a financial center for Europe. The capital city of the Republic of Ireland is Dublin.

Influenced by the Gulf Stream, the climate of the British Isles is moderate, in spite of its northern latitude location. The UK and Ireland are located above the fiftieth degree of latitude, which is farther north than the US-Canadian border. The northern latitude would normally place this region into the type D climates, with harsher winters and more extreme seasonal temperatures. However, the surrounding water moderates temperature, creating the moderate type C climate that covers most of the British Isles. The Gulf Stream pulls warm water from the tropics and circulates it north, off the coast of Europe, to moderate the temperature of Western Europe.

Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for United Kingdom

These two quick videos will give you an explanation of British weather:

The Western Highlands and the Northern Lowlands dominate the islands. Scotland, Wales, and parts of England have highland regions with short mountains and rugged terrain. The lowlands of southern England, Ireland, and central Scotland offer agricultural opportunities. The Pennines mountain chain runs through northern England and was the source of the coal, ores, and waterpower that fueled the Industrial Revolution.

To the east of Britain is the North Sea, which provided an abundance of petroleum resources (oil) for energy and wealth.

Historically, indigenous British people were thought to be descended from the various ethnic groups that settled there before the 12th century: the Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Norse and the Normans. Welsh people could be the oldest ethnic group in the UK.

Evidence of Roman settlement in England can still be seen today!

Bath is the largest city in the county of Somerset, England, known for and named after its Roman-built baths.

Hadrian's Wall was built by the Romans and was a defensive fortification. It's the largest Roman archaeological feature in Britain, and it runs a total of 73 miles (117.5 km) in northern England.

There are also lots of castles and other structures in the U.K. that illustrate its past.

Bodiam Castle was built in the 14th century in East Sussex, England by a knight to defend the area against the French invasion during the Hundred Year's War.

The British Isles has an amazing history that is fun to study. It's a story about Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, kings, queens, castles, wars, and more. During the time of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) it was said that "The sun never sets on the British Empire." It's beyond the scope of this geography course to cover the history of this area, but if you are interested in learning about British history, I recommend this terrific book: DK's History of Britain and Ireland: The Definitive Visual Guide.

The UK's official language is English. Three indigenous Celtic languages are spoken in the UK: Welsh, Irish and Scottish Gaelic. Cornish, which became extinct as a first language in the late 18th century, is subject to revival efforts and has a small group of second-language speakers.

The islands enjoy a mild climate and varied soils, giving rise to a diverse pattern of vegetation. Animal and plant life is similar to that of the northwestern European mainland. There are however, fewer numbers of species, with Ireland having even less.

Many larger animals, such as wolf, bear and the European elk are today extinct. However, some species such as red deer are protected. Other small mammals, such as rabbits, foxes, badgers, hares, hedgehogs, and stoats, are very common and the European beaver has been reintroduced in parts of Scotland. Wild boar have also been reintroduced to parts of southern England, following escapes from boar farms and illegal releases. Many rivers contain otters and seals are common on coasts.

Let's take a look at the individual parts of the British Isles! We'll head over to England next!

Key Takeaways:

✎ The British Isles consists of two separate, independent countries: the Republic of Ireland and Great Britain. The United Kingdom (UK) of Great Britain consists of the regions of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
✎ The climate of the British Isles is moderate and is influenced by the Gulf Stream.
✎ The Pennines mountain chain runs through northern England.
✎ Historically, indigenous British people were thought to be descended from the various ethnic groups that settled there before the 12th century.
✎ Animal and plant life is similar to that of the northwestern European mainland.

Next: England

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Image and additional information credits:

British Isles map
By Stefan Ertmann, amendments by Peterfitzgerald - Own work based on the map of UK, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22744335
Europe areas
https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-3-regions-of-western-europe/
Map of the British Isles terminology
By Matt Lewis at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4929963
Venn diagram
By Wdcf - Wdcf - Derived from Nuvola icons ( etc.), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16954089
Great Britain climate
By Beck, H.E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., & Wood, E. F. - "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Nature Scientific Data. DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.214., CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74673618
Pennines
By Hellerick - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26693883
Pennines passes map
By Equestenebrarum - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Topographic_Map_of_the_UK_-_Blank.png, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15090875
Peak District in the Pennines
By Vincent - Self-photographed, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2248672
British Isles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles
Hebride Islands
By Scotland location map.svg NordNordWestderivative work ויקיג'אנקי - This file was derived from: Scotland location map.svg:, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46337498
Orkney Islands
By Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17529705
Shetland Islands
By TUBS - Own workThis W3C-unspecified vector image was created with Adobe Illustrator.This file was uploaded with Commonist.This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this file: Scotland location map.svg (by NordNordWest)., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16386981
Isle of Man
By Isle_of_Man_outline.svg: Αντιγόνη.The original uploader was Αντιγόνη at Greek Wikipedia.derivative work: The New Mikemoral ♪♫ - Isle_of_Man_outline.svg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9084092
United Kingdom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom
Anglo-Saxons map
By mbartelsm - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=86531831
Roman baths
By Steve Cadman - originally posted to Flickr as The Great Bath, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4865727
Hadrian's Wall
By Velella - Personal photograph taken by Velella., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=379364
Hadrian's Wall information
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall
Bodiam Castle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall
badger
By BadgerHero - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7428454
Hedgehog
By Gibe, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29948
British stoat
By Keven Law from Los Angeles, USA - Hello World..., CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5691783
wild European boar
By Valentin Panzirsch - File:Wildschein, Nähe Pulverstampftor.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0 at, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46902117
Shetland ponies
By Peter Facey, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13859234
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland_pony

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Europe has been traditionally divided into regions based on location according to the four points of the compass: Eastern Europe, southern Europe, Western Europe, and northern Europe. The British Isles are often considered a separate region but can be included as a part of Western Europe.

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Flora and fauna
Language(s)
Population
Climate
Highest mountain
Area
Location
Capital cities (Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland)