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Taking "suicide" as the topic, Durkheim narrowed the scope to the difference in suicide rates between Protestants and Catholics, conducted empirical research. He uses quantitative methods to analyse and compare data by age, sex and religion. In the end he concluded that Catholics had greater social control and cohesion than Protestants. So social cohesion and control are good for society.

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A research process is the series of planned out steps that are followed by the researcher in order to produce valuable knowledge from the project on the specified topic. In the case of Durkheim, he clearly outlines how he is able to minimise the impact of other variables such as age and sex, by compiling and comparing data trends. Methodology is the strategy used by the researcher to gather data, as well as the justification of those methods. Durkheim is able to justify his use by stating that these choices allowed him to isolate trends without the influence of other demographic information. Durkheim’s work suicide is able to represent modern social theory which is the frameworks utilised to explain and analyse the society’s development, social behaviour and various structures and ideals that have come into existence. From his study, Durkheim deduced that the increased rates of suicide coincided with communities of lesser morally regulated social norms. This led Durkheim to his theory that society benefits from social cohesion, the idea of strength in interaction and like-mindedness throughout a community. This is the first establishment of his theory of Functionalism.

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Firstly,Durkheim determined the question Suicide.Secondly,Durkheim collect data on

different types of suicide to find what they have in common by quantitative methnology .He have a definition followed common usage,but received objections.So his research divided into three sections:Egoistic Suicide,Altruistic Suicide,and Anomic Suicide.

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Before Durkheim in the 19th century, the Western academic research on suicide, especially the works of moral statisticians who discussed the phenomenon of suicide with statistical data, were mostly based on the accumulation of suicide statistics in Western European countries in the late 18th century and the middle of the 19th century. The reason they were able to show that suicide rates differ from society to society, and that the reasons for these differences lie outside society (e.g., temperature, changes in the universe, ethnic character, society, etc.), is to rely on country-by-country data on suicide rates. It is in this heated discussion that Durkheim rose to prominence and explained the historical changes of suicide rate and its differences in different societies with his own sociological methodology and theories, a new discipline completely different from the characteristics of traditional disciplines. What is suicide? Durkheim said that where a death is caused directly or indirectly by one's own positive or negative actions, the victim himself is aware of the inevitable consequences of such a death, which is called suicide. Personal positive actions, such as swallowing a gun or hanging himself; Negative personal behavior, such as fasting or refusing medical treatment. The former causes death directly and the latter indirectly. According to this definition, suicide should also include the suicide of a soldier who refuses to surrender, the sinking of a navy ship, the death of a wife, and the death of a lover. In Durkheim's case, however, sociology does not study suicide in an individual, but should, and can only, study suicide rates in a society.Before Durkheim in the 19th century, the Western academic research on suicide, especially the works of moral statisticians who discussed the phenomenon of suicide with statistical data, were mostly based on the accumulation of suicide statistics in Western European countries in the late 18th century and the middle of the 19th century. The reason they were able to show that suicide rates differ from society to society, and that the reasons for these differences lie outside society (e.g., temperature, changes in the universe, ethnic character, society, etc.), is to rely on country-by-country data on suicide rates. It is in this heated discussion that Durkheim rose to prominence and explained the historical changes of suicide rate and its differences in different societies with his own sociological methodology and theories, a new discipline completely different from the characteristics of traditional disciplines. What is suicide? Durkheim said that where a death is caused directly or indirectly by one's own positive or negative actions, the victim himself is aware of the inevitable consequences of such a death, which is called suicide. Personal positive actions, such as swallowing a gun or hanging himself; Negative personal behavior, such as fasting or refusing medical treatment. The former causes death directly and the latter indirectly. According to this definition, suicide should also include the suicide of a soldier who refuses to surrender, the sinking of a navy ship, the death of a wife, and the death of a lover. In Durkheim's case, however, sociology does not study suicide in an individual, but should, and can only, study suicide rates in a society.French sociologist Émile Durkheim conducted the first empirical study of its kind. He examined how suicide rates differed between Protestants and Catholics, and found a lower rate of suicide among Catholics. To do this, he looked at data gathered from cases of suicide, as well as demographic information (age, religion, sex, etc.). Durkheim compiled this data and compared the trends that he found. He discovered that various categories of people will have a higher or lower chance of committing suicide based upon social and economic factors. He explained this by arguing that suicide rates correlated with how integrated and morally regulated their social norms are.He then theorized that this was due to stronger forms of social control and cohesion among Catholics than among Protestants, and therefore suggested that, in general terms, social cohesion and control are good for society.

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Durkheim decided to research the topic when he witnessed a suicide case. He started by developing a research question hoping to decrease the suicide rate. He then design his study by collecting quantitative datas. But suicide rates has nothing to do with the mental illness which cause the suicidal thoughts. Thus, he changed the methods of collecting datas into collecting age, religion, sex and etc. Then, he  analyzed them. He interpreted the data and predicting which type of people and and how they will suicide to avoid it happening.

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This kind of Voltaire's experience summary, which had a great influence on Durkheim, had accumulated a lot by the 19th century. This made later researchers gradually realize that even if an individual commits suicide in a very private space, it is inseparable from the influence of certain "events" or "facts" external to the individual. In other words, only when suicide is regarded as a “social action” or as an action influenced by certain factors external to the individual, can the question such as “urban suicide rate is higher than that of rural areas” in European society be answered more accurately. . Therefore, the view of suicide as a social action, or as influenced by other factors external to the individual, had its beginnings in the first half of the nineteenth century or earlier. The great significance of expelling the suicide behavior of social individuals from the implication of "immorality" lies in thinking about the causes of suicide and the change of suicide rate in a wider range of natural phenomena and social fields. The dissemination of the idea that individuals have the right to commit suicide and that suicide is not an immoral act has enabled European countries to abolish the criminal law setting of suicide as an illegal act.

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Durkheim in his work examined how suicide rates differ between people with different religions (Protestant and Catholics). He tried to predict who is more likely to commit such social phenomena as suicide.  In his research he found that people who are Catholics, less tend to do suicide than Protestants. His study can be an example of social theory because it applies to all people. He conducted his research using quantitative methodology and used data from suicide instances as well as demographic data. As well as he applied the result of the study to all people.

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Durkheim's research had a complete process. Firstly, he selected the general topic-suicide, and he focused on the different suicide rates between Protestants and Catholics. Secondly, he collected the data and analyzed it, then he looked up more data and information to compare his initial finding. Finally he came up with the theory and published it.-

Durkheim used the quantitative methodology to do the research. He collected amount of suicide data to find the relationship and got the conclusion.
He thought that suicide is a social phenomenon .And he clarified the different suicide conditions.His research matches the features of modern theory.

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First of all, Durkheim chose a topic how suicide rates differed between Protestants and Catholics. Secondly, he focused on the question and designed study. Next, he used quantitative methodology to collect data by gathering data from cases of suicide. It’s exactly a secondary research. Then, Durkheim analyzed the data by compiling the data and comparing the trends that he found, and he found a lower rate of suicide among Catholics, which means based on the social and economic factors, various types of people will have different possible chance to commit suicide. Finally, Durkheim theorized that in general terms, social cohesion and control are good for society.

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The Research Process:
Firstly, Durkheim gets data from demographics and suicides, these data are true and credible. Then, He collated the data and analyzed them statistically. Also, he compared the trends he found across different categories of people. All in all, Durkheim's research process proves that data and the scientific method matter in social research.
Methodology:
Durkheim used methods such as quantitative data and statistical analysis. First, he collected official government statistics on suicide rates. Then, he compared suicide rates among different groups of people, such as Catholics and Protestants.
Theory:
Durkheim's theory proposes that social integration and moral norms play a crucial role in determining suicide rates. He argues that people who are more socially integrated and have a stronger moral code are less likely to commit suicide.

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Firstly,Durkheim set a question about how suicide rates between Protestants and Catholics and collected the data from case of suicide and population information.Secondly,he analyzed the trend of case and found the suicide rate is about level of community’s moral.Finally he shared a conclusion is Catholics had more stronger forms of social control and cohesion.All of above steps is modern research process.
He use mixed method to collect the data e.g. Using censuses is quantitative research and collecting the case is qualitative research.

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In a three-part presentation of social theory and research methodology, in the first part the authors found no significant positive correlations when using statistical data to analyze non-social factors such as mental state, race, and climate that affect suicide. The second part discusses the nature of the social causes that influence suicide and the ways in which they do so, and then focuses on suicide in religious, family, political-social, and occupational groups. Suicide is divided into three types: self-interested suicide, altruistic suicide, dysfunctional suicide and fatalistic suicide. The third section explicitly explains the social factors that influence suicide and how the related influence of social pressure is related to suicide. The great significance of expelling the suicide behavior of social individuals from the implication of "immorality" lies in thinking about the causes of suicide and the change of suicide rate in a wider range of natural phenomena and social fields.

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Durkheim’s seminal work suicide attempts to represent modern social theory from a positivist approach as it offers a consideration of how wider social factors impact the life outcomes of an individual. Durkheim uses statistical evidence to explain that suicide rates are a result of social norms; the level of integration one feels belonging to a social group affects their life outcomes, as individual  that feel more socially accepted tend to bond together by shared norms.While those that do not share these norms feel distant from society. As well as the regulation in society affects the life outcomes of an individual for example the Protestants were regulated in society unable to practice their religion as Catholicism was the socially accepted religion, leaving them to feel depressed and isolated in society.  In conclusion one may observe Durkheim use of both qualitative and quantitative research methods as he uses numerical evidence for suicide rates but also dives into the reasons behind these suicidal acts.

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Social theory can be defined as concepts, justifications, hypotheses, thought experiments, and explanations of how and why human societies or the components or structures of such societies are created, evolve over time, or even disappear. (Harrington, 2022)

Durkheim’s seminal work “Suicide” represents social theory as he had a hypothesis that he set out to prove in his research. The  hypothesis was “ Individuals who lived in an egoistic state are considered to be seriously lacking social integration.” Therefore, the social standards, values, and support systems that the majority of people enjoy were a cause of the persistent suicide rates in those who lacked such integrating components. (Thomas, 2019) Durkheim cited the empirical example of single men to illustrate his argument. Because they lacked the social integrating standards that tended to tie married people to the social fabric surrounding them, he discovered that single persons, especially males, were more prone to commit suicide (Taylor, 1982; p. 19). Durkheim’s seminal also represents the research process as it is mentioned above that he identified a problem in suicide, especially in males, and created a hypothesis and designed the research and focused on single men, and recorded his findings in order to make a decision.

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Durkheim is most known for many theories and findings including functionalism. He theorized that each individual has a function in society and that social cohesion is necessary for societies to survive and not collapse. Durkheim tested his theory by following a clear research process. He first decided on his research topic and then narrowed it down to something more specific, he then followed that by researching existing data (secondary research) and made sure to take note of the demographic during this stage. He complied and analyzed his data and then presented his finalized theory which was: social cohesion and control are good for society because they lead to lower cases of suicide. People who commit suicide are often depressed, feel excluded, deal with many other negative emotions and have poor social connections with their society due their emotional turmoil; so lower suicide rates mean that less people feel those negative feelings and that is indeed good for society

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Activity 1

1) People’s rational is unstable because different point of views can reverse the order even though they come from the same thing.

2) Not all people are rational beings and know what they are interested in. In addition, not everyone make their decisions logically have some ambiguous thoughts. They tend to believe on their instincts. Thus, theory have to consider different perspectives.

3) People have different points of views on a product of what a company has launched. If they reveal about how they see on an object based on their points of views, the companies can consider to launch two objects instead of one for the products to be compatible with everyone’s needs. Thus, the companies can increase their incomes and every consumers have more comfortable lives. It’s would be a better articulation since they have more chance to talk about their thoughts on the products.

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Allyssa, Suraya, Alsharndrah and Varvara

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Allyssa, Suraya, Alsharndrah and Varvara

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1. These findings highlight that humans are not necessarily rational. The type of words used in the delivering of a message can affect the way humans come to a decision. When positive words such as 'save' are used, humans are more likely to be in favour of the choice. However, when negative ideas such as the possibility of death are highlighted, humans do not positively react. Making human decision more subject to bias.

2. a) Yes because most people follow social norms even when they're not benefitting from following them. This does account for choices that are made due to situational factors like emotion or environmental factors.
b) We'd factor in environmental backgrounds and emotional backgrounds.

3) a) This would be no social order because the rational theory builds up social order in society. It would also affect the economy, as rational theory is considered when making laws therefore if it didn't exist crime rates would go up.

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1. It is because rationale is more than wild, so human beings invented society, culture, language.But at the same time, we humans are creatures, and we do what we want to do to feel good about ourselves.
2. The theory needs adjusting.
-Adopt the rational opinion of the group
Because individuals do not always make rational decisions.
-Resist the influence of external interference.In reality, people are often moved by external factors that are not rational, such as emotions.
3. It is not only interests that govern human behavior, but also thoughts, concepts and ideologies. That is to say, what people choose to do is not only influenced by interests, but also by what they believe and what they don't believe. Or to be more precise, people understand their own interests through concepts. IIf this whole theory is dropped, People can make quick and bad (often wrong) quick decisions.So people need to set goals, plan ahead, think before acting, and remember what works and what doesn’t

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Xinganan Pei，Xiaotian Peng，Xiaohan  Wang

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Xinganan Pei，Xiaotian Peng，Xiaohan  Wang

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1.Rational choice theory means that states that individuals rely on rational calculations to make rational choices that result in outcomes aligned with their own best interests.They will calculate the likely costs and benefits of any action before deciding what to do.
2. Because the principle of rationality has more uncertainty, I believe that it can be adjusted appropriately, e.g., the behavior that "can be objectively adjusted to best fit the environment" has certain characteristics.
3. Human behavior is governed by interests. Rational people know where their interests lie, everyone pursues their own interests, and everyone’s choices are wise. All the behaviors we observe can be given rationally by "maximizing interests". explanation of. However, people understand their own interests through ideas, and if they abandon the whole theory, ideas may be wrong, and they will make decisions that are not good for them. This is also related to social order. When a person maintains a truly independent spirit and a truly free heart, the views he puts forward are worthy of attention, and he can contribute to the progress of mankind.

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1- In light of the theory presented, we can tell for ourselves that the rational theory is not true or sound. The findings that were presented to us disprove it. We saw how a simple change of words impacted our bias/ view and impacted our rationality. We can only imagine in what other areas of our life are affected in similar ways

2-The individual is not always rational. Most people cannot clearly understand their own interests and needs. And in fact, many other things, such as emotions, positions, and survival considerations, are often hidden behind what humans think of as rational choices.

3- The economic theories will also be dropped. It tends to disrupt the social order and people may be more inclined to act on their emotions, which has both advantages and disadvantages. The good is that people can think and act more freely, the bad is that this freedom can undermine the social order. In my opinion, this requires a combination of rationality and emotion.

Excessive rationality may lead us to utilitarianism, while excessive emotion may make our final decision easily fall into failure.