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In the later 20th century, the National Defense Education Act was passed in 1958. The environment at that time led both politicians as well the general public to debate about the quality of our education in the US and our ability to complete in a fast-evolving international worlds (Baker and Wright, 2017).

This act was historically important as it provided federal grants to school districts to establish programs for non-native English speakers and promoted the learning of languages other than English in elementary and high schools as well as universities. The act did serve to change the attitudes towards the use of language other than English.

Baker, C. & Wright, Wayne E., Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 6th Edition, Multilingual Matters, 2017

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The lawsuit Lau v. Nichols was pivotal in the progression of bilingual education in the US. The suit was brought about to represent Chinese students against the city of San Francisco public schools in 1970. The defendant’s attorneys based their case on the concern that Chinese students who were not native English speakers were not receiving the same opportunities for learning when they were taught in English, which they were not proficient in speaking and understanding. The case also cited that as the language needs of the students were not given proper consideration, it was alleged that this would be in violation of the 14th amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Baker & Wright). Although the case was rejected federal district of appeals and the court of appeals, the case was accepted by the supreme court in 1974. The Supreme Court ruled for the plaintiffs. After the ruling, the office of Civil Rights mandated guidelines for school districts, which are referred to as the Lau Remedies (Baker & Wright, 2017).

The lawsuit Lau v. Nichols was an important historic event for

bilingual education as the ruling led to classes in English as a Second Language, English tutoring and some form of bilingual education in addition to some expansion of the use of minority language in schools (Baker & Wright, 2017).

Baker, C. & Wright, Wayne E., Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 6th Edition, Multilingual Matters, 2017

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The Bilingual Education Act was introduced by Texas senator Ralph Yarborough and was passed in 1967.  The act was an amendment to the 1965 ESEA (Elementary and Second School Education Act). The act originally was intended for native Spanish speaking children who were struggling to succeed in school. The act was then expanded to include all non-native English speakers.

The Bilingual Education Act is historically important as it was the 1st US federal legislation that acknowledged the needs of students where English was not their first language. It

allowed the use of federal funds for the education of LESA students (limited English speaking ability) Additionally, it undercut any currently lawful legislation in the United States that primarily focused on “English only” programs (Baker and Wright, 2017). Although the Lau decision from the Supreme Court did assert that language minorities are entitled to equal opportunities for learning, the means on how to achieve that right were not articulated (Baker & Wright, 2017).

Baker, C. & Wright, Wayne E., Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 6th Edition, Multilingual Matters, 2017

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Title VII Bilingual Education Act - 1968

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Title VII Bilingual Education Act - 1968

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Title VII Bilingual Education Act this legislation was passed in 1968. It allowed a compensatory “Poverty Program” for language minorities that are deemed disadvantaged educationally. It gave the opportunity for teachers to bring “Home languages” into their class. Additionally, it gave schools to ability to provide bilingual education programs while not disobeying segregation laws that were still being enforced.

It is historically important to bilingual education today as it is felt to one of the first comprehensive federal interventions regarding the education of language minority students. It allowed equal education opportunities for students whose first language is not English.

Baker, C. & Wright, Wayne E., Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 6th Edition, Multilingual Matters, 2017

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Every Student Succeeds Act was passed on December 10th, 2005 during the Obama administration. It essentially brought NCLB (No Child Left Behind) to an end as NCLB had issues including overly relying on standardized tests to assess student’s achievement (Baker and Wright, 2017).

It is historically important as more flexibility was given to states regarding the setting of goals and guidelines for intervening with schools that are deemed low performers. It allowed equity as it enforced protection for students deemed to be high need and disadvantaged students. Additionally, it provided parents of students with disabilities to have concise information that would assist them to make the best choices for their child. For the first time in US history, states would be mandated to report the average money spent on each student.

Baker, C. & Wright, Wayne E., Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 6th Edition, Multilingual Matters, 2017