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QUESTION B

To harness globalization as a catalyst for equity and justice in education, it is essential to implement policies and strategies that prioritize inclusivity, empower local communities, and ensure fair resource distribution. Philip Altbach and David Knight (2007) highlight the importance of cultural sensitivity in global education frameworks, suggesting that while globalization may lead to standardization, it should retain the flexibility to accommodate local needs, avoiding a rigid, Western-centric approach.

An illustrative case from Nigeria underscores this need for sensitivity. A female Muslim student faced a significant conflict when she was asked to remove her hijab during a school assembly, an act that contradicted her religious beliefs. This situation sparked widespread controversy, ultimately leading to a court ruling in favor of the student. Such incidents reflect the delicate balance required between embracing globalization and respecting local cultures.

Joel Spring (2015) critiques the role of multinational corporations in the privatization of education, calling for robust regulatory frameworks to prevent exploitation and ensure that private entities contribute positively without commodifying education at the expense of marginalized communities. Amartya Sen (1999) further emphasizes that globalization should expand freedoms rather than restrict them, advocating for policies that empower educators, students, and policymakers in developing countries to shape their educational contexts rather than passively accept externally imposed curricula. This resonates strongly in Nigeria, where political leaders often dominate educational agendas, overshadowing the voices of educators.

Additionally, Manuel Castells (2000) notes that digital globalization has the potential to either bridge or widen educational disparities. To promote equity, there must be investments in digital infrastructure for underserved regions, ensuring that technology enhances accessibility rather than perpetuating inequalities.

References

Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The Internationalization of Higher Education: Motivations and Realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3-4), 290-305.

Castells, M. (2000). The Rise of the Network Society. Wiley-Blackwell.

Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press.

Spring, J. (2015). Globalization of Education: An Introduction. Routledge.

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Question B:

I believe that globalization has contributed greatly to the advancement of education, bringing positive and negative changes. The positive side is that it has not only influenced knowledge sharing, and information transfer but also encourages collaborations among nations. Likewise, it has enabled schools and educators to learn from one another, which has helped students better prepare for life after school (Carnoy, 1999). However, this also has its downsides. For example, stereotyping education across countries can sometimes remove the flavor and uniqueness each community and culture brings. Additionally, poorer countries often struggle to keep up because they lack the resources and infrastructure needed to compete globally (Spring, 2014).

In my opinion, Globalization should not just be one-sided; it must work for everyone, encouraging equity and justice, and recognizing that no two nations are the same. This approach will not only promote inclusion and collaboration but also preserve diversity. Furthermore, the push for standardized curricula, all in the name of competitiveness water down the uniqueness of each culture. Many countries adopted the Western Educational culture because of the "desire to feel among", thus sideling their local traditions and killing their identity (Spring, 2014).

Therefore, local identity must be properly respected and harnessed. One of the ways to address this gap is that wealthier nations and organizations could do more to support poorer countries by providing access to funding, training, and technology (Tikly, 2001). This would also help level the playing field and ensure that students everywhere in the world, no matter their social status, culture, race, color, and belief have the same level and access to quality education and progress in their ability.

Finally, we need to include voices from underrepresented groups in global education discussions. When decisions are made without considering the perspectives of those most affected, such as communities in developing countries the result is often policies that deepen the existing inequalities.

In conclusion, globalization has the potential to bring about positive change, but this can only happen if we approach it with fairness and care. By respecting local contexts, sharing resources, and ensuring that everyone receives a fair share, we can leverage globalization to create a better and more equitable education system for all.

References:

Tikly, L. (2001). Globalization and Education in the Postcolonial World: Towards a Conceptual Framework. Comparative Education, 37(2), 151-171.

Carnoy, M. (1999). Globalization and Educational Reform: What Planners Need to Know. UNESCO.

Spring, J. (2014). Globalization of Education: An Introduction. Routledge.

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Embracing Globalization for Equitable Education

Q 1

As I reflect on my teaching journey, I realize that globalization has brought both opportunities and challenges to education. One major concern is the tendency for globalization to promote standardization, undermining local contexts and values (Carnoy, M. 2016). This selective convergence prioritizes elite economic interests over equitable educational access.

My experience has shown me that globalization can exacerbate existing inequalities, particularly in higher education. The shift from public to private good has led to increased costs for students and families, entrenching social inequalities (Marginson, S. and I. Ordorika. 2011; Altbach, P. and D. Levy (eds). 2005). To counteract this, we must advocate for policies prioritizing public investment in education and ensuring accessibility for all.

National states also play a key role in shaping education. Despite the pressures of globalization, states retain the power to foster social capital and trust, as highlighted by Castells (1997). Effective public policies that prioritize equity can deal with the negative effects of global economic forces.

Empowering local agency in educational decision-making is important. By fostering community-led initiatives, we can create systems responsive to local contexts while benefiting from global knowledge. As Carnoy (2016) notes, "the political effect of successfully shifting public consciousness to schooling as the solution to social ills is more believable."

To achieve this, we need to rethink our approach to education. We must prioritize community engagement, cultural sensitivity, and social justice. By doing so, we can create an education system that truly serves the needs of all students, regardless of their background or socio-economic status.

In conclusion, promoting equitable education requires balancing global influences with local needs. We must ensure globalization enhances rather than hinders educational equity and justice. As Nestor Kirchner once said, "We must create a kind of globalization that works for everyone... and not just for a few."

References

Altbach, P. and D. Levy (eds). 2005. Private Higher Education: A Global Revolution. Chestnut Hill: Center for International Higher Education, and Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.

Carnoy, M. (2016). Educational policies in the face of globalization: Whither the nation state? The handbook of global education policy, 27-42.

Marginson, S. and I. Ordorika. 2011. “‘El Central Volumen de la Fuerza’: The Hegemonic        Global Pattern in the Reorganization of Elite Higher Education and Research,” in Knowledge Matters: The Public Mission of the Research University, edited by Diana Rhoten and                  Craig Calhoun. New York: Columbia University Press.

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QUESTION B

The reading provides an in-depth analysis of the dual impact of globalization on education, emphasizing both its challenges and opportunities. It articulates significant concerns regarding the risks associated with standardization, which may lead to the erosion of local educational practices and cultural identities. Additionally, it highlights the potential exploitation of vulnerable populations under the guise of economic efficiency. To promote quality education globally, it is essential to investigate how globalization can be harnessed to foster equity and justice. We must avoid allowing globalization to exacerbate existing inequalities and power dynamics (Carnoy, M., 2016).

To harness the potential of globalization in promoting equitable education, it is imperative to confront the challenges posed by standardized approaches and exploitative practices. A viable strategy involves embracing contextualized education, which acknowledges and respects the diversity of local cultures and needs. To effectively navigate these challenges, we must prioritize the development of frameworks that are sensitive to the unique needs of marginalized communities. One potential strategy is to advocate for educational policies that celebrate and preserve local cultures and languages while simultaneously integrating successful practices from various educational systems worldwide. As noted in the text, "the risk of homogenization can dilute educational diversity" (Suarez-Orozco & Qin-Hilliard, 2004). This entails recognizing the varied educational systems worldwide and fostering inclusive policies that cater to diverse cultural contexts.

The pitfalls of standardization lie in its tendency to adopt a uniform approach, disregarding regional and socioeconomic disparities (Stromquist, 2002). To mitigate this, education policies should prioritize equity, allocating resources and support to marginalized communities. This may involve targeted funding, teacher training initiatives, and accessible educational technologies (Rizvi & Lingard, 2010).

Furthermore, addressing power imbalances and potential exploitation is crucial. This can be achieved by promoting participatory decision-making processes, engaging local stakeholders, and ensuring transparency in educational partnerships and funding (Suarez-Orozco & Qin-Hilliard, 2004). As Apple (2010) astutely observes, globalization can sometimes serve as a conduit for ideological and economic interests.

By prioritizing inclusive, culturally sensitive policies and addressing existing inequalities, we can strive toward a more just and equitable global education system.

References:

Apple, M. W. (2010). Global crises, social justice, and education. Routledge.

Carnoy, M. (2016). Educational policies in the face of globalization: Whither the nation-state. The handbook of global education policy, 27-42.

Rizvi, F., & Lingard, B. (2010). Globalizing education policy. Routledge.

Stromquist, N. P. (2002). Education in a globalized world: The connectivity of economic power, technology, and knowledge. Rowman & Littlefield.

Suarez-Orozco, M. M., & Qin-Hilliard, D. B. (2004). Globalization: Culture and education in the new millennium. University of California Press.

United Nations. (2020). Sustainable Development Goal 4: Quality Education.

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Question A:

Social equity and national educational goals are important for all nations – more so for some than others. Globalisation is also the reality of our times (White, 2023) so training for economic competitiveness and understanding of global ideologies is also important. Nation-states must therefore pursue both. This will take careful thought in designing national education policies such that the national ethos for social equity and contextual education are met through the same training process that prepares students for globalisation/economic competitiveness.

Undoubtedly, standardisation may a problem as it may not be reflective of national social equity goals or educational objectives. However, it gives the opportunity for nations to collaborate and pursue best practices without losing sight of their priorities. Furthermore, standardisation tends to focus on specific subjects and does not preclude nation states from deciding on other subjects which must constitute the core of its social equity/national education goals.

I would like to relate this to training of lawyers in Nigeria (though this is tertiary education I believe it is relevant). To study law in Nigeria, there are laid down admission requirements - both with respect to particular subjects and number of credits required (NUC, 2007). Regardless of location of prior study, all candidates are required to have this foundation in place to be able to commence their studies. During the period of study, there are also core courses which are compulsory for all students and reflective of Nigeria’s legal education goals. All courses (whether core or elective) are taught primarily from the Nigerian context - with international perspectives injected to equip the learners for practice in an increasingly globalised legal sector.  Also, all university students (regardless of their course of study) are required to pass a number of non-weighted General Studies courses designed to achieve Nigerian social equity/national education goals for tertiary education (Use of English, Nigerian Peoples and Culture and Computer Skills etc.). At the point of graduation, the Nigerian law graduate who meets all these requirements is equipped to practise in Nigeria, compete globally and pursue further studies in other countries.

References:

Carnoy, M. (2016). Educational policies in the face of globalization: Whither the nation-state? [Chapter 1]. In K. Mundy, A. Green, B. Lingard, & A. Verger (Eds.), The handbook of global education policy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

White, O. (2023). How our interconnected world is changing. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/how-our-interconnected-world-is-changing

National Universities Commission (2007). Benchmark Minimum Standards for Undergraduate Programmes in Nigerian Universities. https://qau.unn.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/sites/92/2023/12/BMAS-Law.doc

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Globalization can have significant impact on education in that it can create both opportunities and challenges that may impact diasporas both locally and internationally.

If the goal is to promote quality education globally, how can we ensure that globalization serves as a force for equity and justice, rather than exacerbating existing inequalities and power imbalances?

In order for quality education to be promoted globally policy makers across the world will have to join collaborative efforts to create standardization and sustainability of educational programs. The social payoffs to education are the positive effects of an educated population on civil society, tolerance for dissenting views, political stability, strengthened democracy, treatment of women and minority groups, and overall economic productivity (Carnoy, 2016). Uniformity have to be put in place to create equity that will facilitate equal access to education to all stakeholders regardless of their social economic status, race, or geological location. Globalization can be utilized to connect the world through the digital technology where educators can learn from each other to enhance their knowledge base.  Educational resources can also be accessed and utilized by students so they are on par with global trends.

Other growth opportunities that globalization could charter in the educational spectrum includes the adoption of diverse cultural, social and economic prospective in the classroom that will create an enriched knowledge base for students. Cultural responsiveness pedagogy is one that will cement values and incorporate cultural backgrounds and experiences, thus acknowledging inclusivity.

It will  be incumbent on these  policy  makers and  government  officials to  acknowledge the vast  amount of  barriers exist that  they  have to  navigate, which includes but not limited to  such cultural differences, religion , availability of resources, labour standards,,  human rights and  laws and treaties  to  name a few. Even with all these economic and ideological pressures, there are a great variety of national approaches to educational policy, and these approaches are highly conditioned by how national societies define social efficiency and by the historical paths of national politics (Cornoy, 2016).

By striking a balance between uniformity and flexibility in education the global world can enact significance change. Instead of exploitation of the third world countries, (example, through brain drain) the global community should help with the provision of resources and opportunities that will foster equity and justice.

Reference

Carnoy, M. (2016).

Educational policies in the face of globalization: Whither the nation state? In K Mundy, Green, B. Lingard, &A.Verger (Eds), the handbook of global education policy . John Wiley and sons .

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Globalization creates a fundamental challenge for governments by pulling them in opposing directions. Carnoy (2016) highlights how economic pressures and global ideologies push nations toward standardizing education and prioritizing economic competitiveness. Simultaneously, governments must uphold social equity and national educational goals, creating a complex and contradictory policy environment.

To navigate this tension, nation-states can adopt a multifaceted approach. First, they can focus on context-sensitive educational policies that balance global competitiveness with national priorities. For instance, while implementing global standards in STEM education, they can maintain and expand curricula that promote local histories, languages, and cultural identities (Tikly, 2017). This helps preserve the unique needs of their populations while still engaging in the global economy.

Second, governments can invest in inclusive education systems to promote social equity. Equity-focused initiatives, such as targeted funding for underserved schools or programs addressing rural education disparities, ensure that all students can access opportunities (Sahlberg, 2021). This equity-driven approach counters the homogenizing pressures of globalization by addressing the needs of marginalized groups.

Third, collaboration on a global scale is essential. Governments can work with organizations like UNESCO or OECD to share strategies for balancing globalization and national priorities. At the same time, involving local stakeholders parents, educators, and communities in decision-making ensures that reforms are relevant and widely supported.

Finally, policymakers must recognize that education systems are instruments of both global engagement and local empowerment. The challenge is not to choose between the two but to harmonize them. As Carnoy (2016) suggests, this requires sustained effort to create policies that prepare students for global markets while reinforcing the social fabric of their nations.

Carnoy, M. (2016). Educational policies in the face of globalization. In M. W. Apple, S. J. Ball, & L. A. Gandin (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of the sociology of education (pp. 49–60). Routledge.

Tikly, L. (2017). Globalization and education in the postcolonial world: Towards a conceptual framework. Comparative Education, 53(1), 1–21.

Sahlberg, P. (2021). Finnish lessons 3.0: What can the world learn from educational change in Finland? Teachers College Press.

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Q2

Two main approaches I consider crucial to ensure globalization serves as a force for equity and justice rather than exacerbating inequalities are:

First, prioritizing the social payoffs of education, which "are the positive effects of an educated population on civil society, tolerance for dissenting views, political stability, strengthened democracy, treatment of women and minority groups, and overall economic productivity" (Carnoy, 2016, p. 30). Under this view, states should heavily subsidize or provide free primary and secondary education and consider public financing of higher education. This recognizes education's broad positive effects on society, including strengthening democracy, improving treatment of marginalized groups, and enhancing overall economic productivity.

It's important to highlight the need for continuously improving education quality, as in some contexts, the concept of subsidized or free education could be misunderstood as lacking quality. In places like my home country, Peru, free education might be misunderstood as synonymous with poor quality. Highlighting the importance of cultural conceptions in the creation of policy. While free education is available at all levels, elementary and secondary public schools are often perceived as institutions for the economically disadvantaged. In higher education, despite being free, securing a spot can be highly competitive, especially in programs such as medical school or engineering.

The second crucial approach is focusing on social equality in educational policy. Governments should finance education in ways that remove barriers for lower social class families, who often face significant challenges accessing secondary and higher education (Carnoy, 2016). By doing so, countries can use education as a tool to promote more equitable economic and social outcomes in the face of globalization.

An example of how a national government can use education policy to promote social equality is Peru's Beca 18 program. This scholarship program provides full funding for low-income, high-achieving students to attend university, including private universities typically affordable only to middle and high-income populations. The program specifically targets students from rural areas, indigenous communities, and other disadvantaged groups who face significant barriers to accessing higher education. By removing financial obstacles, Beca 18 aims to increase social mobility and reduce educational inequalities. In this way, Beca 18 demonstrates Peru's response to global pressures for a more skilled workforce while simultaneously addressing domestic inequality. By investing in human capital from disadvantaged groups, Peru aims to both improve its global competitiveness and promote greater social equity.

Carnoy, M. (2016). Educational policies in the face of globalization: Whither the nation state? In K. Mundy, A. Green, B. Lingard, & A. Verger (Eds.), The handbook of global education policy (pp. 27-42). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Question B

To ensure globalization supports justice and equity in education, rather than worsening existing inequalities, it is important to address its challenges and use its opportunities wisely. From the two assigned article, I believe this can be achieved by promoting local decision-making, encouraging global collaboration, and implementing innovative policies that consider the unique needs of different cultures and communities.

One major issue with globalization is the push for standardization, such as through global testing systems like PISA. While these aim to measure and improve education worldwide, they can sometimes ignore local contexts and create unfair outcomes. To avoid this, education policies should focus on creating culturally relevant curricula that balance global skills with local knowledge. Carnoy (2016) points out that education quality is often defined by global elite interests, which may not reflect the priorities of all countries​.

Another solution is to foster partnerships between countries that emphasize shared learning rather than imposing one-size-fits-all approaches. Collaborative programs, such as the ERASMUS initiative, can promote cultural understanding and allow for the exchange of ideas. Phillips and Schweisfurth (2014) highlight that such initiatives help develop global awareness and encourage cooperation, which are essential for ensuring fairness and justice in education.

Finally, global frameworks should work to provide fair access to quality education for all. For example, while technology can improve learning, care must be taken to ensure that all students benefit equally, particularly those in underprivileged areas. Investing in training and resources can help prevent the digital divide from increasing inequality (Carnoy, 2016).

By focusing on local needs, encouraging meaningful collaboration, and ensuring fair policies, globalization can be a powerful tool for improving education worldwide. It can shift from being a cause of inequality to a way of promoting fairness and justice for all.

References:

Carnoy, M. (2016). Educational policies in the face of globalization: Whither the nation state? In K. Mundy, A. Green, B. Lingard, & A. Verger (Eds.), The handbook of global education policy (pp. 27–42). John Wiley & Sons.

Phillips, D., & Schweisfurth, M. (2014). Comparative and international education: An introduction to theory, method, and practice. Bloomsbury Academic.

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QUESTION 1

I find this discussion very interesting, and in all honesty, I know that navigating these complexities will be a difficult and slow process. However, I believe that a certain level of balance can be achieved with the right approach.

Reflecting on the question “Is the power of the national state diminished by globalization? Yes and no. Yes, because increasing global economic competition makes the national state focus on economic policies that improve global competitiveness, at the expense of policies

that stabilize the current configuration of the domestic economy or possibly social

cohesion (Castells 1997) as quoted in Mayo (2019, p. 28).

I believe that the development and execution of economic and social policies aimed at enhancing the nation's economy and addressing the needs of its population can significantly influence how we navigate this complex environment. This is largely because a nation’s economy impacts nearly every sector and shapes the implemented policies.

Educational policies should be tailored to the environment rather than based on international standards that might not serve the country’s purpose. Recognizing, celebrating and adequately compensating local professionals and practitioners will curb brain drain and encourage locals to remain in their countries.

A standard of living commensurate with what is obtainable in foreign countries and an accessible education for all will combat the movement brought about by globalization. Programs like exchange should be encouraged to enrich educational experiences.

Political agendas that encourage competition and standardization should be discouraged and priority should be given to fighting corruption, building trust within the system, acknowledging and empowering local professionals, and driving Indigenous research and innovation by encouraging and funding projects to promote the local culture.

Globalization also means relatively free trade, rather unregulated movement of finance capital, and the increased movement of innovative ideas (knowledge) and labour across national borders (Mayo, 2019, pp. 28–29). In my opinion, Inter-border trade should be monitored so that revenue generated will the economy of the nation. The movement of finance should be regulated strictly so that a particular nation is not enriched at the expense of other countries.

I also believe that investing in skill acquisition will reduce the dependence on higher education  (university) and further reduce the pressure brought about by globalization.

References to my reflection

Mayo, P. (2019). The Handbook of Global Education Policy, edited by Karen Mundy, Andy Green, Bob Lingard and Antoni Verger. London Review of Education, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.18546/lre.17.1.08

Phillips, D., & Schweisfurth, M. (2014). Comparative and international education: An Introduction to Theory, Method, and Practice. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2014. https://books.scholarsportal.info/uri/ebooks/ebooks8/bloomsbury8/2023-10-12/4/9781350284869

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Migration and brain drain are indicative of a complex and clear implication of Globalization's effect on education that Carnoy notes: "Globalization means increased competition among nations in a more closely intertwined international economy, a competition that is continuously enhanced by more rapid communication and computer technology and by a way of business thinking that is increasingly global rather than regional or national. Globalization means more competition among countries in a more globally integrated world economy … with the greater movement across national borders of innovative ideas (knowledge) and labour" (Carnoy, 2016).

As an administrator at the Indian Institute of Technology, Jammu, I have personally seen that so many bright and brilliant students are hired by global corporations like Amazon, Google and Meta. As Conroy (2016) further stated, "Globalized science‐based technology firms are increasingly using scientists and engineers trained at least partially in the emerging economies' universities to staff their innovation activities both in the developed countries and in the emerging economies themselves." Many students from India are offered high-paying jobs in the US and Europe. According to research by the US National Bureau of Economics (2023), about one-third (36%) of the top 1,000 students at India's five oldest and most prestigious Indian Institutes of Technology have vacated the country in the last decade or so – mainly for the United States. The brain drain phenomenon is incredibly stunning in that two-thirds (62%) of the top 100 students at the top IITs have emigrated (Choudhury et al., 2023).

To me, this presents a paradox for India's development. As accomplished as our IITs, the emergence of world-class talent is nullified by our tendency to let them go, and that blocks our nation's growth quotient. It is not just a question of reforming education — it is about building an ecosystem that keeps our young talent in the country. That means reimagining how we innovate, fund research, and collaborate with industry.

Carnoy, M. (2016). The Handbook of Global Education Policy. https://books.scholarsportal.info/en/read?id=/ebooks/ebooks3/wiley/2017-05-23/1/9781118468005

Choudhury, P., Ganguli, I., & Gaulé, P. (2023). Top Talent, Elite Colleges, and Migration: Evidence from the Indian Institutes of Technology (Working Paper 31308). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w31308

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Question one

Navigating the virtual realities of subtle global pressures and circumvention of national sovereignty countries are well documented. It is empirically true that globalisation has a positive impact on ensuring standardisation and equity in the world space, but it equally has debilitating effects of social and economic injustices. The liberation from these pressures is firmly rooted in the individual and national independence.

Governments worldwide can protect their countries from global pressures by becoming economically and financially independent from developed countries, international bodies and their allies as well as donor funding organisations. According to Dale (1999), “Imposition works through funding conditionalities. International organisations (as well as powerful states) impose their policy preferences on low-income and/or financially dependent countries via loans, conditionalities, debt cancellation and trade agreements among other mechanism” (p.9). The imposition of foreign policy is a reality in my country, Ghana. As part of the conditionality of an International Monetary Fund (IMF) programme, the government is expected to embark on a fiscal consolidation program of cutting down on expenditure and as such expected to review its pro-poor educational program of “Free senior high school” which hitherto, created access and equity for Ghanaian children. Economic emancipation is the way forward to tackle the pressures of globalisation.

Additionally, the establishment of bilateral and plurilateral relationships between countries is another way. The OECD is a perfect example of an international educational collaboration aimed at consensus solving of educational problems. Pal and Ireland (2009), suggested that several governments welcome public sector reform ideas developed by international bodies like OECD in the hope that they would address the or .....have solutions.

The above constitutes some of the seamless processes of dealing with global pressures and infiltration.

Boadi Obeng (M.Ed. Educational Administration and Leadership)

References

Dale, R. 1999. “Specifying Globalization Effects on National Policy: Focus on the Mechanisms.”

Journal of Education Policy, 14(1): 427–448.

Pal, L.A. and D. Ireland. 2009. “The Public Sector Reform Movement: Mapping the Global

Policy Network.” International Journal of Public Administration, 32(8): 621–657.