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Nova Pol, Kathryn Ellett, and Alejandro Lopez

January 29, 2025

BIOL_!40

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The Temperate Evergreen Forest biome is found in regions with moderate climates, dominated by coniferous trees such as pines, firs, and spruces. These forests are known for their dense tree cover and rich biodiversity. The climate is generally moderate, with mild winters and cool summers. Temperatures typically range from 5°C (41°F) to 20°C (68°F), depending on the location. Rainfall is moderate to heavy, ranging from 75 to 300 cm (30 to 120 inches) annually, and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. Winters are cool to cold, but not extreme, while summers tend to be cool to mild. Although the forests experience four distinct seasons, the evergreen trees remain green year-round, even in the winter. Coastal temperate evergreen forests are influenced by nearby bodies of water, such as oceans or seas, which bring moderate winds that carry moist air and impact rainfall. The seasonality in these forests is more moderate compared to other biomes, with stable temperature variations throughout the year.

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Fun fact, black bears are expert climbers that can scale a 100-foot tree in 30 seconds. They are typically regarded as apex predators in temperate evergreen forests, as they are the largest predators in this ecosystem with few natural enemies. They primarily feed on smaller animals and vegetation within the forest, placing them at the top of the food chain.

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Huckleberries engage in a commensal relationship, where they provide benefits to animals without receiving any direct benefit or suffering harm in return. Bears, deer, elk, and small mammals feed on various parts of the huckleberry shrubs and their fruit, yet the plants remain unaffected by this interaction.

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Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are essential components of temperate evergreen forests, promoting tree growth and survival. These fungi establish a symbiotic relationship with trees, exchanging nutrients and water for carbon.

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In an ecosystem, decomposers such as fungi and bacteria break down dead plants and animals, recycling nutrients back into the soil. These nutrients are then absorbed by evergreen trees, which serve as primary producers, providing energy for herbivores like small rodents, birds, and insects that feed off the greenery. These herbivores are preyed upon by secondary consumers, such as falcons, foxes, and small mammals. At the top of the food chain are apex predators, like bears or large owls

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Throughout history, temperate forests have been a crucial source of timber and biofuel. Large portions of these forests were cleared for farming and urban growth. However, as the need for wood as a fuel diminished and agricultural techniques improved, many countries with temperate forests successfully implemented measures to limit deforestation and focus on reforestation, allowing these forests to recover and thrive. (What is a Temperate Forest? The Location, Wildlife, and Threats. By Ava Moore | April 24, 2024)

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https://populationeducation.org/what-is-a-temperate-forest-the-location-wildlife-and-threats/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_forest

https://www.trilliummontessori.org/temperate-forest-plants/