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the growth of anti-colonial sentiments fuelled the locals’ desire for decolonisation

this resulted in the formation of anti-dutch nationalist groups and leaders

the leaders such as Sukarno, Mohammed Hatta and Sutan Sjahrir were arrested and exiled outside Java to other islands.

this made them somewhat martyrs to their cause and allowed them to gain public sympathy and support and expedited decolonisation

When these leaders were released due to the Japanese Occupation, they were able to actively campaign and preach their anti-colonial sentiments. This won the support of the locals and inspired them to fight for their independence, hence enhancing the locals’ desire for independence and therefore decolonisation became much more achievable.

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- Japanese re-organisation of Indonesia equipped Indonesians with the necessary facilities and systems to sustain themselves in their fight for independence and after independence. It set the foundations and tone for independence by encouraging military, political and social mobility among the Indonesians
- For Malaya it’s less to this extent, but the most prominent thing is a mindset shift that enabled the Malayans to consider independence as a possibility. The JO showed British vulnerability and also gave a glimpse of how Malaya could function on its own, ruled by their own people. However, an important thing to note is the tensions and division between ethnic groups based on who supported them, and this would influence the actions taken by Malaya and the Allies alike as they moved to independence. These racial tensions even persisted beyond independence.
- United Vietnam and helped nationalist leaders to gain support, allowing these leaders to create groups that were against French colonial rule. It also allowed the Vietnamese to realise the weaknesses of the French, showing that they had vulnerabilities and had the potential to be overthrown, giving them the confidence to fight against them in both the first Indochina war

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shattered the myth of western superiority and the idea of the british as a superpower 

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shattered the myth of western superiority and the idea of the british as a superpower 

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The British surrender of Malay to the Japanese raised doubt among the people in Malaya of Britain’s ability and commitment to protect them since factors such as the inability of the British forces to put up a credible defence and malaya’s excellent road infrastructure that facilitated Japanese troop movement led to the rapid Japanese conquest of Malaya. The JO also proved that an Asian country could stand up against the British colonial powers and defeat them, thus challenging the position of the European colonial powers in Southeast Asia , thus emboldening the locals in Malaya to seek an end to colonial rule to achieve independence, leading to decolonisation.

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Encouraged the formation and development of nationalist groups 

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Encouraged the formation and development of nationalist groups 

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The development of Malay nationalism during the JO provided the Malay leaders with the opportunity to interact with the Indonesian leaders, and for the Malay youths to be trained in paramilitary organisations. Japanese rule also paved the way for organisations such as KRIS (an organisation that aimed to achieve independence through a union with Indonesia) to be established. Additionally, Malay nationalist leaders were released from prison. The foreign exchanges gave the Malays the idea of an independent Malaya, and the release of nationalist leaders helped to rally these anti-colonial sentiments.

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United States’ Marshall Plan during the CW funded Britain’s extensive (and expensive) programmes of urban revival and welfare reforms prolonged European colonialism for another two decades.

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For this discussion, we will focus ONLY on Malaya and Indonesia. We will do Vietnam in the next lesson.

Colour Code the Countries
- Blue is for Malaya
- Orange is for Indonesia
- Purple is for the 1st Indochina War (1945-1954)
- Red is for the 2nd Indochina War (1954-1975)

In your groups, go through the content for Malaya and Indonesia. Categorise relevant information according to the given factors. Each group will focus on one of the following

•Growth of anti-colonial sentiments before WW2

•Impact of WW2 on the European colonial powers

•Impact of JO on the locals in SEA

•Impact of the Cold War

Each post should focus on 1 point that you want to make. Support your work with specific evidence and relevant explanation

There is no need to evaluate the impact yet (e.g. no need to say whether it is positive or negative) BUT you should focus on identifying WHAT was the impact

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- Britain’s economy was destroyed
- British government was forced to reduce its expenditure in colonies
- Britain lost one of its most important colonies, India
- the British planned to impose direct rule in Malaya under a centralised government after the war & prepare Malaya for self-government in the long run

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-In the 1930s, political activity increased in Malaya

-Nationalist groups eg Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM) were formed

-first Malay Congress was held in 1937, drawing Malay associations from across the states

-The Indians formed the Central Indian Association of Malaya, which focused on organising Indians living overseas towards the achievement of India's independence. It also sought to protect the interests of the Indians in Malaya.

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Malays and Indians were treated more favourably by the Japanese and the Chinese were brutally treated and tortured

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Indonesian resistance increased after WW2

Battle of Surabaya (1945), cuz Dutch put up the Netherlands flag in Java the moment they arrived in 1945, which Sukarno and the locals saw as a sign of contempt and disrespect

The Dutch implemented the Ethical policy that introduced many changes to Indonesian society, contributing to the rise of anti colonial sentiments and “Indonesian Nationalism”

E.g. It provided locals with education, but only a small percentage of people actually benefited from the new policies

Through interactions and discussion in study clubs, the students developed a common goal of freeing Indonesia from Dutch control and gaining independence for the country.

Hence, Dutch provision of education to Indonesian students raised the political consciousness of the Indonesians and further developed anti colonial sentiments

nationalist organisations were founded for cultural and religious reasons, and eventually adopted anti Dutch sentiments, and aims developed to focus on achieving an independent Indonesian nation rather than focus merely on regional interests.

Nationalist youth congress was organised in 1928, where the Indonesians sought to pressure the Dutch colonial authorities to grant more freedom to Indonesia through these nationalists organisations, but the Dutch suppressed these efforts.

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encouraged the formation and development of nationalist groups 

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encouraged the formation and development of nationalist groups 

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formation of Pembala Tanah Air (PETA) and Kekuatan Rakyat Indonesian Istimewa (KRIS)

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shattered the myth of western superiority and the idea of the british as a superpower 

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shattered the myth of western superiority and the idea of the british as a superpower 

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the British surrender of Malaya to the Japanese

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- The Dutch were weakened under German rule when they were put into forced labour and suffered.

- The Dutch had improved relations with Britain and USA when they had to work closely to facilitate the entry of USA into the war.

- The Dutch were weakened because they were overpowered and lost possession of Netherlands to the Germans.

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eg. Batavia gave up its empire without a fight

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Release of and the support of nationalist leaders

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Release of and the support of nationalist leaders

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eg. Sukarno, Hatta, Sjahrir

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eg. military forces, muslim nationalists and Indonesian youths (pemuda)

eg. Pemuda kidnapping Sukarno to persuade him to gain indepedance.

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Eg. Sukarno and Hatta were members of Jawa Hokokai

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PETA and Heiho

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December 1942-Invited muslims leaders from all over Java to meet in Jakarta
October 1943 - Japanese Military authorises established Masjumi

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Opportunities for Javanese and other Indonesians to participate in politics, administration, and military

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Opportunities for Javanese and other Indonesians to participate in politics, administration, and military

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1944 - Japan began to act on their promise to give Indonesia independence

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Exposed weakness of french colonial government 

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Exposed weakness of french colonial government 

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- the french colonial government signed a series of agreements which granted the Japanese favourable economic and military concessions
- French officers worked for the Japanese to administer the country and facilitated Japanese exploitation of Vietnamese resources

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2nd Indochina War 1954-1975 (USA, USSR & China)

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2nd Indochina War 1954-1975 (USA, USSR & China)

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During the Cold War, the USA supported South Vietnam by sending in troops.

On the other hand, both China and USSR provided help to North Vietnam who were against the South Vietnamese and American troops.

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Encouraged the development of vietnamese nationalism 

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Encouraged the development of vietnamese nationalism 

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The Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh’s rule launched a major military offensive against South Vietnam and the capital, Saigon, fell to them in April 1975

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france had to focus on defending their own country but were unable to successfully defend themselves

led to french surrender to italy and germany in 1940

france signed a peace treaty with germany establishing the vichy french government in 1940

weakened french administration gave into japanese demands

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Did not necessarily lead to decolonisation but it did influence it as the different ethnic groups, especially between the Malays and the Chinese had different experiences in the JO, leading to violence and tensions between these groups that would persist and even escalate as Malaya attempted to move towards independence. The Malays supported by the Japanese attained more positions in jobs and authority, which in independence gave them the necessary skills and experience to suppress the chinese.

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1st Indochina War 1945-1954 (against French)

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1st Indochina War 1945-1954 (against French)

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in support of the communist revolution in vietnam, china provided military aid to the viet minh by equipping them with machine guns, large amounts of ammunition and communication equipment. less than a year later, the usa provided support for the french, by granting them millions of dollars in military aid as well as economic and technical assistance to france. this could be seen as a result of the cold war due to differing political ideologies.

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This brought masses together with a common goal of achieving independence. When the Japanese surrendered and there was a power vacuum, these masses put pressure on the nationalist leaders, like Sukarno, to step up and gain independence for Indonesia. These leaders were unsure if the Dutch would honour their independence and wanted to be cautious, hence the youths were the final push for the leaders to finally step up and gain indepedance.

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- Dutch’s strong desire to gain back their colonial power led them to choose to crush local resistance in order to reestablish colonial control by using violence

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majority of the Vietnamese did not benefit from French colonial rule,  leading to early beginnings of Vietnamese anti-colonialism and nationalism

early expression eg Can Vuong movement ( to expel the French colonial forces )

these anti-colonial resistance inspired the Vietnamese and encouraged the emergence of nationalist sentiments and other nationalist organisations

early nationalist organisations had limited success as they faced financial constraints despite seeking funding from China and Japan

they were no match for the French forces, which used force to clamp down on such nationalist activities

nationalist organisations were short-lived, but they stirred up the desire for independence among the people, thus pushing for independence

Japanese Occupation provided the opportunity for further development of the Vietnamese nationalist movement

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The Dutch showed little resistance when the Japanese forces fanned out through the islands to occupy centre of the Dutch power. This denied the original idea of Dutch being powerful and unbeatable, which gave them more encouragement and confidence to overthrow the Dutch.

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This created a platform for Hatta and Sukarno, who used this platform to invoke nationalist sentiments amongst the locals, gain support from the locals and credibility from the Japanese. This eventually allowed Sukarno to step up and lead Indonesia without interference, thus achieving independence for Indonesia.

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Although there was not much action taken by the youths to necessarily aid in independence, their increased political consciousness and involvement with Japanese sponsored organisations reflected the push for independence in Indonesia as they discussed the future of Indonesia free from rule, showing that they considered a greater chance for independence.

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The sudden surrender of the Japanese left a power vacuum in Indonesia and this created an opportunity for the Indonesians to declare independence, as the Dutch were not ready to return to Indonesia. (As the power vacuum was temporary, the Indonesians were more willing to declare their independence as they were unsure whether they would be granted independence if they were to wait for the return of the Dutch.)

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Release of and the support for nationalist leaders

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Release of and the support for nationalist leaders

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The release of and the support for nationalist leaders gave nationalist leaders the opportunity to reach out to the locals to spread nationalist sentiments. This is important as nationalist leaders were able to gain more supporters for the drive towards Indonesian independence.

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Japanese made use of Indonesian recruits to protect Indonesia from the return of Allied Powers. This allowed locals to gain the skills and resources needed to fight against the Dutch, allowing them to stand up against their rulers and obtain independence for themselves.

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(The First Indochina War)

Because the French was defeated during the first Indochina war which led to the French withdrawing form Vietnam but it did not directly lead to Vietnam’s independence - it was due to Cold War which led the USA to make containment of communism. Because of this reason it led to American’s involvement in the first Indochina War leading to decolonisation of Vietnam

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Convening the Commission of Inquiry into Preparatory Measures for Independence or BPUPK allowed the Indonesians to draft a constitution for the soon-to-be independent Indonesia, and it gave Indonesians a say into making key considerations an decisions, helping the Indonesians gain more concrete progress towards achieving independence than ever before.

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1st Indochina War 1945-1954 (against French)

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1st Indochina War 1945-1954 (against French)

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Geneva Accords ended French rule over Vietnam and acknowledged Vietnam as an independent country. However, the Geneva Accords also divided Vietnam into North and South Vietnam.

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- Dutch's desire to gain back their power made them choose to continue colonial rule by force despite resistance from locals and having limited resources/support due to damaged caused by WWII so the process of decolonisation was prolonged

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- due to the limitations they faced, eventually had to negotiatie for decolonisation despite strong desire to gain power by force

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establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

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establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

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With the rise of nationalist sentiments and nationalist leaders, Viet Minh was capable of establishing power throughout the various cities in Vietnam. Eventually, Bao Dai was abdicated and the Viet Minh gained power over Vietnam. This was when Vietnam was finally free from both the French and Japanese.

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expose weakness of the french colonial government 

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expose weakness of the french colonial government 

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During the JO, the french colonial government signed a series of agreements which granted the Japanese favourable economic and military concessions. This allowed the Japanese to secure a strong foothold in Vietnam and resulted in the Vietnamese losing fear and respect for the French. French officers also worked for the Japanese to administer the country and facilitated Japanese exploitation of Vietnamese resources. For example, goods want for export were sold at low prices to Japan, and the Japanese were granted free access to the roads, railways and ports in Vietnam As a result, the French colonial government was perceived by the Vietnamese to be under the control and influence of an Asian country, and collaborating with the occupying forces to further exploit the Vietnamese. Thus, this caused the Vietnamese people to turn to support the slowly rising nationalist leaders, which gained power and won against the Japanese and French, leading to decolonisation.

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Encouraged the development of Vietnamese nationalism

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Encouraged the development of Vietnamese nationalism

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JO allowed nationalist leaders like Ho Chi Minh to return to Vietnam and rally the people together against French colonial rule. Oppression under the the Japanese and French made the Vietnamese more determined to resist colonial rule and secure their independence. The strong sentiments of the Vietnamese helped Ho Chi Minh gain supporters upon his return to Vietnam. In 1941, Ho Chi Minh founded the Viet Minh, which opposed the JO and sought to attain Vietnam’s independence from French Colonial rule. The sheer supporters of the Viet Minh, paired with the use of sound military strategies helped the Viet Minh defeat the French Forces. Hence, the return of leaders such as Ho Chi Minh enabled them to garner mass support from the public to fight the French, allowing them to oppose colonial rule, leading to decol

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1st Indochina War 1945-1954 (Against French)

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1st Indochina War 1945-1954 (Against French)

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The Geneva Accords made the USA dissatisfied because they were afraid that communist north Vietnam would spread communism to south Vietnam. The Geneva Accords also made north Vietnam dissatisfied because they felt that they were forced to accept the division of Vietnam by China and USSR. This eventually led to the start of the 2nd Indochina War which only prolonged the decolonisation process for Vietnam.

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To curb the spread of communism, USA supplied the Dutch with the funds and resources needed to fight against the locals, whom they thought were communist. This prolonged the decolonisation process of Indonesia.

However, when USA realised that the Dutch were not fighting against the communists in Indonesia, they stopped supporting the Dutch and supported Indonesia, which caused the Dutch to lose the fight against Indonesia,shortening the process of decolonization. This led to the decolonisation of Indonesia.

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2nd Indochina War 1954-1975 (USA, USSR & China)

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2nd Indochina War 1954-1975 (USA, USSR & China)

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During the Cold War, the USA was afraid that communism would spread to Vietnam, hence they supported South Vietnam which led to the Vietnam war. This prolonged the war and the process of decolonization.

On the other hand, both China and USSR provided help to North Vietnam who were against the South Vietnamese and American troops. Due to prolonged fighting, the war was stretched out and this slowed down the process of decolonization.

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positive impact: encouraging local participation in politics -> speed up the process of decolonisation
because of the cold war, many of the western powers had anti-communist ideology. this led to the british introducing local elections and extending citizenship opportunities to over half of the chinese population. this caused many of the communist to not be able to fight under the banner of liberating malaya from the british which eventually led to an independent, united malaya.

negative impact: war got more serious and process of decolonisation got delayed
sir gerald templer had the approach of capturing h=the hearts and minds of the people. so in addition to setting up new villages, he offered rewards to those who capture or killed the communists. he also urged communists to surrender and promised to pardon them. this gave many communists a place to stay in and led to many villagers and communists to be on the side of the british government. this caused the process of decolonisation to be prolonged.

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the british resources were stretched and lost much of their productive capacities and accumulated massive debt  which led to an economic crisis after WW2 and could not sustain their colonies and became more willing to prepare Malaya for independence

the malayan authorities were willing to collaborate with the british which made them more willing to prepare malaya for independence

the british did not have the desire to colonise nor did they have funding to do so.

they failed to establish a centralised government as they were unable to garner enough support from the locals. in fact, they received opposition demonstrating a rise in anti-colonial sentiments among the locals. This shows an increased desire for independence from the locals, which ultimately led to the decolonisation of Malaya

citzenship?? Malays and special privileges vs chinese

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Majority of the Vietnamese did not benefit from French colonial rule. Additionally, the French had an uncharismatic leader as well as a corrupted government, leading to people doubting the French government.  This led to early beginnings of Vietnamese anti-colonialism and nationalism

During the JO, prominent nationalist leaders such as Ho Chi Minh were allowed to return to Vietnam and because of that, he was able to rally the locals who already had anti-colonial sentiments together against the French colonial rule

The experience of oppression under two different foreign powers made the Vietnamese even more determined to resist colonial rule and secure independence. This allowed Ho Chi Minh to gain more supporters and gain public support

Eg. In 1941, the Viet Minh was founded to oppose JO and gain Vietnamese independence after WW2

When Japan surrendered, there was a power vacuum which gave Ho Chi Minh the opportunity to lead the Vietnamese in the August Revolution which organised demonstrations and uprisings before the French re established control

With the increased actions being taken against colonial rule by the French, more and more locals had even stronger anti-colonial sentiments and fought for independence

When the French returned, the locals were more prepared and united to fight against the French for independence

However, as the French were unwilling to grant Vietnam independence, the Vietnamese decided to start a war against French

Eventually, the Vietnamese won during the 2nd Indochina War which forced the French to surrender

Hence decolonisation took place as French powers were removed from Vietnam :>

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the french had to focus on defending their own country and hence no longer had the resources nor the desire to sustain  colonies

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Non-malays(Chinese) opposed Malaya Federation because only a small percentage of them would meet requirements to attain citizenship. Furthermore, some Malays were also displeased with the Malaya Federation because they felt that there was too much compromise with the British. They were disappointed that they were not granted immediate self-government.

This resulted in the Malay Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (Center of People's Power, or PUTERA) joining the AMCJA where they later organised a strike to oppose implementation of the Malaya Federation. This anti-colonial sentiments before WW2 will result in greater desire for independence/decolonisation.

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The constitutional changes proposed by the scheme sparked widespread protests from the Malays due to the fear of losing special privileges. Malaya’s centralised government meant the establishment of British direct rule over Malaya.

Non-malays(Chinese) also opposed the Malaya Federation because only a small percentage of them would meet requirements to attain citizenship. Furthermore, some Malays were displeased with the Malaya Federation because they felt that there was too much compromise with the British. They were disappointed that they were not granted immediate self-government.

Such anti-colonial sentiments led to movements created.

E.g formation of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNÖ) to lead the nationwide Malay protests against the Malayan Union.

(This is significant to Malaya's political development, because it marked the beginning of a united Malay political front that opposed the British)

E.g Malay Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (Center of People's Power, or PUTERA) joining the AMCJA where they later organised a strike to oppose implementation of the Malaya Federation.

The anti-colonial sentiment before WW2 created such movements which garnered support from many locals, eventually resulting in greater desire among the locals for independence/decolonisation.

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Encouraged the development of vietnamese nationalism 

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Encouraged the development of vietnamese nationalism 

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Prominent leaders like Ho Chi Minh were allowed to return to Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh founded the Viet Minh in 1941, which gained support from foreign countries like the US and China. he also founded the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 at the end of the Japanese Occupation

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due to the cold war, usa was fearful for the spread of communism in asia, thus usa supported republic of indonesia against the dutch, impacting the decolonisation process in indonesia