# data[].attributes.body
Place of Birth/Dates Lived
. She was born in the Kingdom of France
. She lived from December 17, 1706 - September 10, 1749

Social Status/Education/Occupation
. Social Status- High Class(has connections with rich and prestigious people)
. Occupation- Physicist, Author, and Mathematician
. Education- Emilie was homeschooled and she learned 6 languages; she was most interested in science and mathematics

Important Achievements

. Translation and commentary on Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica

Barriers or Obstacles/Opportunities
. Gender Discrimination
. Rejected from schools
. Had to take care of three children
. Lack of recognition

Fun Facts
. She had a romantic affair with Voltaire
. She did most of her best work while being pregnant
. Her second child died after birth

Links:
https://monroetownship.schoology.com/link?a=2801733401&path=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2090136-the-lost-women-of-enlightenment-science%2F
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjMjOnS7teBAxWDrokEHY7oDukQFnoECA8QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fscientificwomen.net%2Fwomen%2Fdu_chatelet-emilie-25&usg=AOvVaw1_Sl_I8XZ7BUpB7WonZmyt&opi=89978449

# data[].attributes.body
Name of Woman: Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier
She was born on January 20, 1758 in Montbrison, a town in France’s Loire region. She died on February 10, 1836 in Paris, France and was buried in Père-Lachaise Cemetery.
Background Info:

Social Class: The Noble Class (High Class) of France

She lost her mother, Claudine Thoynet Paulze, at only the age of 3.

Her father, Jacques Paulze, was a lawyer in the parliament and a financier.

She was married to, Antoine Lavoisier, at only age 13. He was a wealthy French lawyer and nobleman. He also was a chemist.

She studied chemistry (allowed to go to chemistry labs with financial aid from her family), quickly learned English, and painted during her teen years (she became an accomplished artist).

She was up-to-speed with all of the latest books, ideas, and theories.

Marie assisted Antoine by helping him prepare his book, Elementary Treatise on Chemistry (1789).

She helped negotiate and allow her husband to name a gas that was founded as” oxygen”.

Important Achievements:

Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier did a lot of work for her husband and found a lot of things that were not credited to her, including for example, playing a crucial role in the development of the modern chemical nomenclature and contributed to the understanding of chemical reactions and gases.

She was overall an uncredited chemist that always assisted in her husbands experiments and negotiated to get his credit. It was her meticulous illustrations that enabled chemists all over the world to replicate his trials.

Marie assisted Antoine by helping him prepare his book, Elementary Treatise on Chemistry (1789), which essentially reformed chemistry as a whole at that time.

Barriers/Obstacles and Opportunity:

Although she was rich, Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier was still a woman and all of her work and her dedication to helping her husband were overlooked, and all the credit was directly given to her husband, Antoine, himself.

She still had to do her responsibilities as a good woman in society.

Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier was born very rich, and because of that, she did not have as many problems gaining access to books and knowledge as some of the other women in the enlightenment did. She also was not stopped from doing chemistry experiments and reading (she was literate; like many of the women in the enlightenment).

Since her husband was a lawyer and chemist, she had the opportunity to work and learn from him (and eventually is now known to be even more precise and better than him).

She lost her mother at a young age (as mentioned before), so unlike some of the other women in the enlightenment, there was no one there to teach her how to be a good woman in society and how to always listen to your husband, etc. .

Her father and her husband were executed on the same day, as the people of the French Revolution accused them of fraud (they were part of the French government system ; upperclassmen). This caused her to be very depressed and stop all of her experiments, literature, etc. for a long time.

Sources:

https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture/marie-anne-paulze-lavoisier-the-invisible-assistant/4014701.article

https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/marie-paulze-lavoisier

https://www.newscientist.com/people/marie-paulze-lavoisier/

# data[].attributes.body
- Born on 26 December 1780, Passed on 29 November 1872
- Born in the church manse in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire, Scotland

EDUCATION:
- had a minimal education as a child, taught to read not write by her mother
- attended a boarding school for girls at 10 for a year in Musselburgh, Scotland
- educated herself using the family library and was supported by her uncle
- Studied math after marriage, her husband was neutral about her education

SOCIAL STATUS:
- she was part of the upper middle class
- lived comfortably
- her father was a naval officer, later Vice-Admiral
- her first husband was a Lieutenant
- her second husband was inspector of the Army Medical Board

OCCUPATION:
- was a scientist, author, astronomer, and mathematician
- worked towards promoting women’s education and women’s suffrage

ACHIEVEMENTS
- Victorian England’s most famous scientific author
- her article on magnetism and sunlight was published in Philosophical Transactions
- elected as the first female Honorary Members of the Royal Astronomical Society
- celebrated as the queen of the sciences
- played a vital role in the discovery of the planet Neptune
- received the Victoria Gold Medal of the Royal Geographic Society

OBSTACLES:
- excluded from universities, scholarly societies, and laboratories
- wasn’t able to present her articles, her husband read it on her behalf
- struggled to gain acceptance for her work because of the belief that women weren’t intelligent enough to study science

OPPORTUNITIES:
- Her second husband, William Somerville supported her interests and helped her meet important men of science and thinkers of that day, he opened doors to new opportunities for her

FUN FACTS:
- her maiden name was Mary Fairfax
- her husband Samuel Greig (also her cousin) died 3 years after their marriage
- 1812 married William Somerville (also her cousin)
- Willam Somerville was also interested in science and supported his wife
- only 3 of her siblings survived

SOURCES:
- Britannica
- Google
-MacTutor
-oxford scientist

People: Madhulika R., Nirav S., Ayanna C.

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Freya Brigilin, Simran Singh, Aryan Patel

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Freya Brigilin, Simran Singh, Aryan Patel

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ANNE CONWAY
Born: Dec. 14, 1631
Died: Feb. 23, 1679
Place of Birth: London, England
Background Info:
- Wealthy but absent husband (Edward Conway)
- Suffered from crippling headaches
- Chronic pain was her philosophical inspiration
- Grew up wealthy (Kensington palace)
- Taught by Henry More (through letter about philosophy)
- Early education - tutors including Latin, Greek, and Hebrew
- Was a philosopher
- Education was informal and self-directed
- Open minded and independent of spirit in her religious views
Achievements:
- Wrote one complete philosophical treatise (The Principles of the Most Modern and Ancient Philosophy)
- Influenced the work of Gottfried Leibniz (German philosopher who discovered calculus)
- Impressed many philosophers and gained mentors as lifelong friends due to her intelligence
Challenges/ Obstacles:
- Suffered from horrific headaches
- Hard to get education as a woman
Interesting/Fun Facts:
- Her dad (Sir Heneage Finch) was Speaker of the House of Commons
- Anne and Henry More were secretly lovers

LINKS:
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2090136-the-lost-women-of-enlightenment-science/
https://projectvox.org/conway-1631-1679/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conway/#:~:text=Anne%20Conway%20is%20known%20to,Principia%20philosophiae%20antiquissimae%20et%20recentissimae.

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Sophie Germain- Saheba Dang, Shriya Merchant, Arun Subramanian

# data[].attributes.subject
Sophie Germain- Saheba Dang, Shriya Merchant, Arun Subramanian

# data[].attributes.body
Important Dates:

Born on April 1, 1776

Died on June 27, 1831

Born in Paris, France

Background Info:

Social Status-Middle Class

Her dad was a merchant, jeweler, goldsmith

She studied at home from books

She took advice from, a leading expert, Carl Gauss

Was a mathematician, obsessed with mathematics and number theory

She was unmarried

Important Acheivements:

She became the first woman to win a a prize from France’s Royal Academy

She submitted work at Paris’s Revolutionary Ecole Polytechnique under a male’s name where she was banned

She did extensive research on elasticity and vibrating plates

Barriers/Obstacles/Opportunities:

She couldn’t go to to school so she dressed up as a man to be a young scholar and get advice from an expert

Her father was strict an obstructed her pathway to education by taking away necessary materials

Financially dependent on her family

Social Class:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiDqPL979eBAxVrmYkEHfzsAKAQFnoECA4QAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofwomenphilosophers.org%2Fproject%2Fdirectory-of-women-philosophers%2Fgermain-marie-sophie-1776-1831%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSophie%2520Germain%2520came%2520from%2520the%2Cher%2520a%2520position%2520in%2520society.&usg=AOvVaw0K-8saa_TBBdUl6ElDki8U&opi=89978449

Unmarried:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiDqPL979eBAxVrmYkEHfzsAKAQFnoECA4QAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofwomenphilosophers.org%2Fproject%2Fdirectory-of-women-philosophers%2Fgermain-marie-sophie-1776-1831%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSophie%2520Germain%2520came%2520from%2520the%2Cher%2520a%2520position%2520in%2520society.&usg=AOvVaw0K-8saa_TBBdUl6ElDki8U&opi=89978449

Father’s occupation:
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Germain/

# data[].attributes.headline
Emilie du chalet by Eshaan R Sahya P Rishaan T 

# data[].attributes.subject
Emilie du chalet by Eshaan R Sahya P Rishaan T 

# data[].attributes.body
Place of Birth/Living Time

Born on 17 December 1706, in Kingdom of France (17 December 1706 - 10 September 1749)

Social Status/Education/Occupation

Emilie has connections with prestige people and is highest in her class. She is French mathematician, physicist and author.

She was educated at home, learned 6 languages, fencing and other sports, she was most interested in science and math.

Important achievements

Translation and commentary of Issac Newtons work principia mathematica

Barriers or obstacles/opportunities

She was a women ( rejected from schools)

Received education at home

She had to raise 3 children and care for her guests

She’s rich and has connections with other rich people

Interesting Info

Had an epic, intellectual, and romantic affair with Voltaire

She married Marquis Florentina-Claude de Chatelet-Lamont in 1725 and had 2 sons and 1 daughter

She did most of her best work while pregnant in her Forties

Her second child died after birth

Links:
https://monroetownship.schoology.com/link?a=2801733401&path=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2090136-the-lost-women-of-enlightenment-science%2F
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjMjOnS7teBAxWDrokEHY7oDukQFnoECA8QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fscientificwomen.net%2Fwomen%2Fdu_chatelet-emilie-25&usg=AOvVaw1_Sl_I8XZ7BUpB7WonZmyt&opi=89978449

# data[].attributes.headline
Ruthvika K, Shikhar S, Ojas G, and Syon J

# data[].attributes.subject
Ruthvika K, Shikhar S, Ojas G, and Syon J

# data[].attributes.body
NAME - Maria Sybilla Merian AKA Maria Sibylla Merian
IMPORTANT DATES - Born April 2nd, 1647 in Frankfurt, Germany
- Died January 13th, 1717 in Amsterdam, Netherlands
BACKGROUND - Her husband was a painter and editor
- Grew up in Germany
- Did not go to school
- Apprenticed by step-father and learned to make full-color engravings
- Born into middle-class family but became wealthier overtime
-  Lost her father when she was 3 years old
ACCOMPLISHMENTS - Set up an all-female business producing luxurious flower-painted fabrics
- Naturalist and scientific illustrator
- Discovered metamorphosis, devised classification system, and contributed to advance of entomology
EXTRA FACTS - Controversial for relying too heavily on the knowledge of slaves

Sources: https://www.newscientist.com/people/maria-sibylla-merian/, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maria-Sibylla-Merian https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/merian/#:~:text=Maria%20Sibylla%20Merian%20was%20born,family%20of%20publishers%20and%20artists., https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/merian/#:~:text=Maria%20Sibylla%20Merian%20was%20born,family%20of%20publishers%20and%20artists.

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Margaret Cavenish By: Caden J., Hetvi P., and Sahara Chukkapalli

# data[].attributes.subject
Margaret Cavenish By: Caden J., Hetvi P., and Sahara Chukkapalli

# data[].attributes.body
Born in Colchester, United Kingdom in December, 1673.

Background: She was a staunch and aristocrat and was very wealthy. She was taught to read and write, and studied music, needlework, and dancing.

Her professions were a philosopher, poet, playwright, physicist, and essayist.

Her important achievements were publishing books on philosophy and gender and she worked out a complete theory of electricity.

An obstacle she had to face was that she was criticized more than a man, since she was a woman.

An interesting fact is she was the first women to write using her own name.

Sources:
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/margaret-cavendish/
https://www.newscientist.com/people/margaret-cavendish/

# data[].attributes.headline
Caroline Herschel - Rohit Challa, Yohan Desai, Mahi Patel

# data[].attributes.subject
Caroline Herschel - Rohit Challa, Yohan Desai, Mahi Patel

# data[].attributes.body
1. Caroline Herschel

2. Date of Birth: March 16, 1750
Date of Death: January 9, 1848
Place of Birth: Hanover, Germany

3. Background:  Herschel was an astronomer, and was very well recognized by King George III. She didn’t go to school, but she learned how to read and write. Her dad thought her at home sometimes.Herschel worked and studied under her brother, who was also an astronomer and discovered Uranus. Her career was discouraged by her mother who wanted her to stay at home and do chores. She was brought up in a poor family.

4. Important achievements: Herschel was the first woman to discover a comet, and was the first professional female astronomer. She was the first woman to receive a formal salary

OPPORTUNITIES

5. Obstacles and Barriers: She didn't’ have much family support, and did not have a formal education. Her growth was stunted so she was 4’3.

6. Occupation: Astronomer

Interesting Information:
-She initially wanted to be a singer
-She also wanted to be a oboist
-She created a massive star catalog
-She was never married

Sources:wordpress.com, britannica.com, wikipedia.com
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caroline-Lucretia-Herschel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Herschel
https://womenineuropeanhistory.wordpress.com/2017/01/30/caroline-herschel/

# data[].attributes.headline
Caroline Herschel - Yohan D, Rohit C, Mahi P.

# data[].attributes.subject
Caroline Herschel - Yohan D, Rohit C, Mahi P.

# data[].attributes.body
Date of Birth: March 16, 1750
Date of Death: January 9, 1848