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Zero Conditional

-We use zero conditional to make statements about the real world, and often refers to general truths, such as scientific facts. In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible.

If present simple + present simple

If you freeze the water, it turns into ice.

First Conditional

-We use first conditional to express the future consequence of a realistic possibility now or in the future. For example, If I miss the train, I'll take the next one. There is a 50% chance that the first part of this sentence (the action following 'if') will happen.

If simple present + simple future

If it rains, i will stay at home.

Second Conditional

-We use second conditional to imagine present or future situations that are impossible or unlikely in reality.

If + past simple + would + infinitive.

If we had a garden, we could have a cat.

If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a big house in the country.

I wouldn't worry if I were you.

Third Conditional

-We use third conditional to express the past consequence of an unrealistic action or situation in the past.

If past perfect + would/could/might (or not) + have V3

If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam.

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The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence.

I painted the paper. --> Paper was painted by me.

You should always use third form of the verb.

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We use present perfect to describe

an action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present.

I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (and I still do.)
* An action performed during a period that has not yet finished.

She has been to the cinema twice this week (and the week isn't over yet.)

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We use the past perfect simple (had + past participle) to talk about time up to a certain point in the past.

She'd published her first poem by the time she was eight.

We'd finished all the water before we were halfway up the mountain.

Had the parcel arrived when you called yesterday?

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We use will: to express beliefs about the present or future. to talk about what people want to do or are willing to do. to make promises, offers and requests.

I will help you.

We use going to when we have the intention to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision before speaking.

We're going to paint our bedroom tomorrow.

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We use present simple for:

-Daily routines --> He starts work at 8 every morning.
-Habits --> She has dance lessons in the evenings.
-Permanent states --> James lives in New York. He is a bussinessman.
-Timetables and programmes --> The film starts at 9 o'clock.
-General truths and laws of nature --> The moon moves around the world.

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Spelling Rules: 3rd Person Singular (Regular Verbs)

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Spelling Rules: 3rd Person Singular (Regular Verbs)

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Normally in the present tense we add S to the end of the verb in the 3rd person (He, She, It).

Verb 3rd Person
Speak | Speaks
Play | Plays
Give | Gives
Make | Makes

He speaks three languages.

She drinks coffee every morning.

My dog hates my cat.

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Spelling Rules: 3rd Person Singular (Irregular Verbs)

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Spelling Rules: 3rd Person Singular (Irregular Verbs)

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Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs in English in the present tense follow very simple rules. The only change that is made to these verbs is in the third person – for He, She or It.

1. If the verb ends in SS, X, CH, SH or the letter O, we add + ES in the third person.

Verb3rd Person
Kiss | Kisses
Fix | Fixes
Watch | Watches
Crash | Crashes
Go | Goes

A mechanic fixes cars.

She watches soap operas every afternoon.

He kisses his wife before he goes to work.

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To make continuous verbs add -ing to the base verb:

do becomes doing
ask becomes asking

silent 'e'

When the verb ends with a silent e, drop the e and add -ing:

make becomes making
take becomes taking

one-syllable verbs

For short, one-syllable verbs, that end with consonant + vowel + consonant (CVC), we must double the last consonant and then add -ing:

swim becomes swimming
run becomes running

w, x and

For words that end w, x and y, do not double the last consonant; just add -ing:

enjoy becomes enjoying
study becomes studying

two-syllable words

When words have two or more syllables ending in CVC, you must double the last consonant if the last syllable is stressed. When the last syllable is not stressed, just add -ing.

The last syllable is stressed:
commit becomes committing

The last syllable is not stressed:
whisper becomes whispering

-ie verbs

For verbs that end in -ie, change the ie to y before adding -ing:

die becomes dying

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We use past simple to talk about:
-actions which happened at a particular time in the past.
The time is either mentioned or implied.
They went fishing last week. (When --> last week -- the time is mentioned.)
They caught a lot of fish. (When --> when they went fishing -- the time implied.)
-actions that happened immediately one after the other.
First, she had a shower and then she made breakfast.
-past habits. In this case we use adverbs of frequency.
(always, often, sometimes, usually, never, every etc.)
My friends and I played football every day when we were young. (But we don't play football any more.)

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We use adverbs of frequency:
a) before the main verbs:
-They often visit their grandparents at the weekend.

b) after the auxiliary verbs be and do and the modal verbs such as can,, will, must etc.
-She is never late for school.
-You must always wear a seatbelt while driving.

We have a formule for adverbs of frequency:
A --> Always (%100)
O --> Often (%50)
S --> Sometimes (%25)
U --> Usually (%75)
N --> Never (%0)
E --> Every (%100)

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We use the present continuous:
-for actions happening now, at the moment of speaking or actions happening around the time of speaking.(temporary situations)
He is reading a book now. (action happening now.)
She is practising for a concert these days. (around the time of speaking.)
-for fixed arrangements in the near future.
He is meeting his friends at the cinema. (He has to be at the cinema in a hour.)
-with always to express our annoyance at actions happening too often.
He is always leaving his clothes on the floor.

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In general terms > add -ed to the base form of most verbs

start        started

call          called

Verbs ending in -e >  add -d to the base form

live          lived

care         cared

Verbs ending in consonant + y > change the y to i and add -ed

spy          spied

carry        carried

Verbs ending in  vowel + y > add  -ed

stay         stayed

destroy     destroyed

One syllable verbs ending in consonant + vowel + consonant > double the consonant and add -ed

stop         stopped

rob           robbed

Exception > verbs ending in -w and -x

mix                mixed
sew               sewed

Two syllable verbs with a final stressed syllable > double the consonant and add -ed

admit       admitted

occur        occurred

Verbs ending in -c > add -k and -ed

frolic        frolicked

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If the verb ends in /t/ or /d/, the past simple ending is pronounced /Id/.
wanted and ended.

If the verb ends in a voiceless sound, such as /p/, /f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /ʧ/ or /k/, the past simple ending is pronounced /t/.

stopped and washed.

If the verb ends in another voiced sound, the past simple ending is pronounced /d/.

played and allowed.

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-s/-es in the third person singular is pronounced:
-/s/ with verbs ending in /f/, /k/, /p/ and /t/ sounds. kick --> kicks
-/iz/ with verbs ending in /s/ and /z/ sounds. wish --> wishes
-/z/ with verbs ending in all other sounds stay --> stays

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We use the past continuous:
-for an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past. We don't know when the action started or finished.
Sandra was having dinner at 7 o'clock yesterday. (We don't know when she started or when she finished.)
-for two or more actions which were happening at the same time in the past.
Andrew was listening to music while his brother was surfing on the Net.
-for a past action which was in progress when another action interrupted in. We use the past continuous fort he action in progress (longer action) and  the past simple for the action which interrupted in. (short action)
They were watching TV when the doorbell rang.
-to give the background information in a story.
It was a beautiful warm day. The sun was shining and the birds were singing.