# data[].attributes.body
Social inclusion is a serious issue for Sudanese immigrants arriving in Australia. Good health is an important factor in social inclusion. Some factors that can lead to poor health in South Sudanese immigrants include, 'culture shock', language barriers, changes in food and diet, social isolation, absence of family and lack of culturally appropriate healthcare. The impact of racism and discrimination can lead to stress, upset and affected relationships with others. It is important that health professionals deliver culturally competent care when caring for Sudanese people, taking into account their background and experiences. (Neild, 2010).

Neild, C, et al. (2010). In our own words – African Australians: A review of human rights and social inclusion issues (2010). Australian Human Rights Commission.

https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/race-discrimination/projects/our-own-words-african-australians-review-human-rights-and

# data[].attributes.body
The country of Sudan is multilingual where the two official language are Arabic and English. The number of indigineous languages in Sudan is estimated to be 114, but there is over 500 accents. Other accents spoken in Sudan are as follows. Beja, with about 2 million speakers, native to the Beja community on the Red Sea western coast. Hausa with 80,000 speakers. Nuer, with 1.4 million speakers. Nubian, most commonly spoken in Northern Sudan. The Zaude language is most commonly used in western Sudan. English has an official status in South Sudan. (World Atlas, 2024).

World Atlas. (2024). What Languages Are Spoken In Sudan? World Atlas.

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-sudan.html

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Mogga, N. (2022). Kisra, Sudanese flatbread recipe. Taste of South Sudan. https://tasteofsouthsudan.com/recipes/kisra-sudanese-flatbread-recipe/  

# data[].attributes.body
Different parts of Sudan have different cultures. Central Sudan is the region most diverse in its cuisine. This is due to many different Sudanese cultures located there. The Sudanese staple food is a bread called Kissra, made of durra or corn. Kissra is typically eaten with stew. Some ingredients that could be included in these stews is dried meat, spices, peanut butter, yogurt, potatoes and many more. The other alternative the Sudanese pair with stew, instead of Kissra, is porridge made of flour or corn. Sudanese people typically eat meals around a large communal tray on which different dishes are placed. The food is eaten with the right hand. (Sudan Embassy UK, 2021).

Sudan Embassy UK. (2021). Sudan Food. Embassy of the Republic of Sudan, London.

https://www.sudanembassy.org.uk/sudanese-food/

# data[].attributes.body
Traditional medicine was practised by many ancient Sudanese cultures. Although modern medicine is primarily used in todays age, many Sudanese people are turning back to traditional medicine to treat physical and mental ailments due to many reasons but one of them being their beliefs in healers associated in their religious beliefs. Sudanese traditional medicine involves medicinal herbs, clairvoyants, midwives and herbalists. Diagnosis is made spiritually and their treatments have healing powers, symbolic and spiritual significance. The Sudanese healer believes that "illness does not occur by chance, but through a spiritual or social imbalance." Some materials used to treat diseases include boiling oil, herbs, minerals, mahreeb, ardeb, beeswax and sanamaca. (Marion, 2023).

Marion, A. (2023). History of Traditional Medicine Practices in Sudan. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 4(1), 2

10.53811/ijtcmr.1200069

# data[].attributes.body
Sudanese clothing is determined by gender, religion and climate. Sudan has strong Islamic and Christian beliefs. These beliefs of locals influence the national dress. During the summer, loose-fitting and light material clothing is worn. This clothing must be long and cover the whole body. Sudanese people also cover their heads, men use turbans and women use scarves. The headwear serves both religiously and as protection from the sun. Mens traditional attire includes a long, loose robe called a "Jalabiya". Women's traditional attire includes a long wrap-around cloth that covers the entire body. This is called a "toob". (National clothing, 2024).

National clothing. (2024). National dress of Sudan. Men prefer loose-fitting robes and women use wrap-around cloths. National clothing.

https://nationalclothing.org/africa/35-sudan/49-national-dress-of-sudan-men- prefer-loose-fitting-robes-and-women-use-wrap-around-cloths.html

# data[].attributes.body
For me the most meaningful aspect of this standard was that "people with limited English proficiency tend to have inadequate access to care and preventative services, and are likely to suffer more frequent and adverse effects in hospital". I have improved my understanding of how many people in Australia have a limited understanding of English or don't speak it at all. Having learned about English language barriers, I now know how important access to translators is in healthcare settings. Previously I didn't think so many people in Australia had language barriers. (Migrant & Refugee Women's Health Partnership, 2019).

Migrant & Refugee Women’s Health Partnership. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds. Migrant & Refugee Women’s Health Partnership.

culturaldiversityhealth.org.au

# data[].attributes.body
During their stay in refugee camps, Sudanese people can experience shortages of food, poor medical services and lack of hygiene and sanitation. As well as the deprivations previously listed, many refugees experience highly traumatic events such as witnessing executions, death of loved, abuse, sexual assault and oppression. This can lead to serious mental health issues such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (Abur et al, 2019). Treatment for this includes but is not limited to, an assessment of emotional well-being and mental health, suicide risk assessments in people where a decline in mental health is evident and various therapy options. (Singleton, G, 2024).

Abur., Bol Deng, W., & Mphande., C. (2019). Mental Health and Wellbeing of South Sudanese- Australians. Victoria University Melbourne Australia, 2(1), 4-5.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021909619880294

Singleton, G., et al. (2024). Mental Health. Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide.

https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/mental-health/