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1.  How much air pollution was there?  Where did it come from?

In ancient times, air pollution came from natural events like volcanoes and human activities like burning wood and coal. Cities with lots of people and industry, like Rome and ancient China, had more pollution. Overall, pollution levels were much lower than today.

2. How much water pollution was there?  Where did it come from?

In ancient times, water pollution was less than today but still present. It came from human waste, farming runoff, and industries like fabric dyeing and metalworking. Cities like Rome and ancient Greece had more pollution because of their large populations and industries. Rivers near these cities often got contaminated.

3. How did humans get most of the energy they needed to survive?

In ancient times, people got most of their energy from burning wood for cooking and heating. They used animals and people for work like farming and building. They also used wind and water with sails and mills to help with tasks like grinding grain.

4. Was conservation being practiced anywhere in the world?  How?

Yes, conservation was practiced in ancient times. In India, people built step wells and reservoirs to manage water. In China, they used crop rotation and terracing to keep soil healthy and prevent erosion.

5. Why was lead poisoning a problem?

Lead poisoning was a problem because lead was used in pipes, cooking pots, and cosmetics. People got sick from being regularly exposed to lead.

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6. How much water pollution was there?

The Middle Ages were ran by plagues that led to early beginnings of a public health system, water pollution tended to be less of a problem for dispersed populations than it would become later.

7. How much wood was being harvested?  What effects was this having?

Wood was being cut in the forests of England, France, and Germany. This left large tracts of land which ultimately forced a switch to coal.

8. In what ways was disease affecting the world?

In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, diseases like the Black Death killed many people and caused big problems. Poor sanitation and little medical knowledge made it easy for diseases to spread. Other outbreaks, like smallpox and typhus, also caused trouble and slowed population growth. Trade and exploration spread diseases to new places.

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9. What causes did people begin to take up to improve the world?
Smoke was so severe that one can hardly see across the street and smoke was not breathable as it was very dangerous to the human body. Diseases also spread during this time which caused the mortality rate to be very high during this period.

10. What did Thomas Malthus predict?
Thomas Malthus predicted that the main problem would be poverty and famine and he believed that the future was a disaster while reformers like Edwin Chadwick saw an emerging utopia.

11. Give examples of new pollution affecting the world.
One example of new pollution affecting the world is the experiments conducted by Phileppe Lebon as he became the first to illuminate a public building with gas.

12.  Why did sanitation become so important?
Sanitation became so important as many people were dying due to the poor sanitary conditions of public places, which resulted in many governments implementing new sanitation rules.

13. How was the air pollution at this time?

The air pollution was still very bad as many factories still used coal as the main energy power which caused the air to be diluted with CO2 emissions.

14. How was the water pollution at this time?

Due to countless factories and other business buildings dumping their chemical waste into the water, many people did not have access to clean water during this time which caused many deaths due to this pollution.

15. What happened when the “Mother of the Forest” was cut down?

When the “Mother of the Forest” was cut down people could not breathe “fresh” air due to there being less trees to produce oxygen which caused many people to breath in the smoky air during this time.

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16. What types of reforms were occurring?
Social reforms were occurring due to the many lives being lost due to the poor environmental conditions of this era, many reformers fought against their government for reforms to happen.

17. What did Theodore Roosevelt fight for?

Theodore Roosevelt fought for the environment by establishing forest and water conservation organizations.

18. What new organizations were formed?

Water conservation and forest reclamation organizations were formed.

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1.  What was the purpose of the National Coast Anti-Pollution League?

The purpose of this organization was to stop oil dumping.

2. What type of gasoline was used for the first autos?

Ethyl leaded gasoline was used for the first autos.

3. What was the chemurgy movement fighting for?

The chemurgy movement was fighting to find non-food uses for agricultural surplus as a means to not waste food.

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1. What lead people to believe there was a air pollution crisis?

The belief in the air pollution crises arose from deadly events like the 1948 donora disaster, growing scientific awareness, and public advoacy leading to the indication of air pollution.

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1.  What was the “burning river?”

The burning river was a river that lit on fire five times due to the oil pollution in the water.

2. What is the name of Rachel Carson’s book that started modern environmentalism?

Silent Spring’s Noisy Summer was the name of Rachel Carson’s book.

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19. What government agency is founded?

The (EPA) Environmental Protection Agency was founded by president Richard Nixon to promote human health and the environmnet.

20. How was air pollution reduced?

Welfare National Air Pollution Control Administration (NAPCA) was part of the EPA as well and helped reduce air pollution.

21. How was water pollution reduced?

Department of Interior’s Water Quality Administration was another federal program in the EPA which helped reduce water pollution.

22. What two new sources of pollution begin causing concern?

Air pollution and water pollution began causing concern

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23. What major disasters occurred during this time?

Disasters at Love Canal and Time Beach such as the Bhopal Disaster

24. What two major issues involving the Earth’s atmosphere arise?

Burning fossil fuels and cutting down trees.

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25. How did the Gulf War create pollution?

The massive oil spills and leaks eventually polluted the environement.

26. What does China construct that causes much controversy?

Three Gorges Dam

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27. What final act did President Clinton sign into law?

protecting 58 million acres of national forest protected from development and creating eight million acres of land as new national monuments.

28. How does the Bush presidency handle global warming and climate change?

Handles it with the least amount of attention to environmental problems of any U.S president in history.

29. How does the world react to leaded gasoline?

Leaded gasoline starts becoming a major problem and many people/unions start protesting