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Margaret Mead argues in her text that humanity has entered a new era where the world must be understood as a single, interdependent system. In the introduction and early chapters, she insists that past-oriented thinking is no longer adequate: our responsibility is toward future generations. Learn the new needs to improve young and new generation ! She insists that small, committed groups can initiate profound change, even within vast global structures. For architecture, her message implies a shift from isolated, to a future minded, planetary scale. Having a global impact that allows "everybody to live their way" . Shared ressources

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A central takeaway from Mead’s World Enough: Rethinking the Future is her argument that technological progress alone cannot secure human well-being; instead she insists on new ways of seeing, thinking, and designing that prioritize human scale and shared humanity. While her critique of technological optimism remains compelling, some readers may disagree with her nostalgic framing of “simpler societies” or question whether appeals to common humanity are politically effective in a global system shaped by inequality. Evaluating the text in its historical context, including postwar optimism collapsing after Vietnam, decolonization, and emerging environmental crises, helps clarify Mead’s urgency and her shift from the localized, community-oriented thinking of her earlier essay Neighbourhoods and Human Needs toward a broader civilizational analysis. Yet her core concerns remain continuous: the dangers of systems too large for humans to comprehend and the ethical responsibility to design environments suited to real human needs. These ideas resonate strongly with architectural practice. Mead invites future architects to interrogate who a space is truly built for, how environments shape identity and social life, and how design can either diminish or empower its users. In my opinion her call for human-scaled, empathetic, and socially aware design remains vital in today’s rapidly changing world.

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The point that I liked in the text was about what we would today call identities, but the text referred to them as aspects, and how it is important to notice their relationships with each other rather than focus on just one. This is a very popular topic in social sciences nowadays. The text mentions how it is easier to see people in their full complexity, that is to see them in relation with as many other aspects as possible, when there are fewer people in a community. It seems like a point was made there, that cities that are too large make it impossible to see people from a human perspective, but rather only as a group or a number. This can then potentially lead to bad outcomes. I would agree, however, I do not believe that it is desirable anymore for all of us to live in villages of a few hundred. There are benefits to communities becoming larger as well as drawbacks. I would also suggest that the issue is more complex and depending on the particular policy we should take into account a different number of aspects, sometimes even just one. In the same way I found interesting to see how these ideas are still talked about today, the text also mentions that technological progress did not find a solution to these problems from before that time either. I believe that the text argues for smaller communities where people can care for each other more than in large ones. However, with some policies proposed most often by small communities, it seems to me like they are unable to account for the diversity of humanity and deal with the inevitable growth.

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What resonated with me most while reading was the clear critique of technological salvation narratives. The text makes it evident that the future does not automatically become “better” simply because new technologies emerge. I strongly share this skepticism: technological progress is often treated as a substitute for genuine social rethinking, and World Enough points precisely to this convenient expectation that remains widespread today.

I also found the ethnographic and global approach very compelling. As with Meads other text, this perspective opens up space to recognize societal models beyond the Western mainstream. The very act of shifting perspective—realizing that other cultures hold entirely different ideas about community, the future, or progress—feels incredibly liberating. Theoretically, I see this approach as highly valuable because it challenges what we take for granted.

At the same time, I kept wondering how much this ethnographic lens can truly change methodologically. The analysis itself is convincing, but the step toward practice remains somewhat vague. How can such culturally expanded future perspectives actually be integrated into planning or decision-making processes? And who decides which of the many global viewpoints ultimately becomes influential? This gap between theoretical broadening and practical implementation remains one of the most fascinating—yet also most challenging—elements of the text for me.

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Mead’s text provokes a deep feeling of sonder.

We in the developed countries might be subjectively (not objectively) more technologically advanced, but what the innovations fails to recognize is what the „far away lands“ and the more „unfortunate“ have offered us, how we exploited them to even be able to move forward in our advancements. Perhaps the advancement becoming „übermenschlich“ and it not recognizing the individual person, or is the developed world as a concept the inhumane cold machine? People from everywhere feel like a component of the greater system, not just in developing countries, though there it is amplified due to lack of innovation. This alienated feeling is even more amplified today in the Society of the Spectacle as everyone is overcompensating themselves, as to mask the fact that we feel alien towards our human counterparts. Perhaps it is just a lack of respect especially for the vulnerable that is felt deeply in the way designed for respectfully the unfortunate.

As Mead addresses growing inhumanity, the Society of the Spectacle in Guy Debord‘s sense is as relevant as ever today. Starring at a screen everyday seeing people of all classes and struggles, it is almost as if we are using this as mere content. The human has become something to be consumed instead of reverting back to more sociable or humbler ways of living.

The text provoked a deep feeling of somber for me. Sometimes it is hard to consider everything we see real because we see too much of it. The sheer overwhelming amount of news people get everyday has led some to avoid the news completely. The world is too complex today to grasp every news story.

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Margaret Mead writes about the big hope after World War II that science and technology could save the world and end hunger, poverty and war for all people. Many people believed that if every country became modern and industrial, history would move in one clear direction, from “traditional” villages to a rich, peaceful global society. She shows how planners thought machines, big farms and new political systems could be copied everywhere without really understanding local cultures and limits of nature.​​

Later she sees that this dream failed in many ways: poor people stayed poor, fields and cities were destroyed by war, and the environment began to suffer. Instead of change for everyone, there was also a lot of “no change”: people still plough with animals, children are still hungry, and some lives look almost the same as before. Today, with climate crisis and big global inequality, this older belief in endless technological progress looks very optimistic and also a bit blind.​​

Mead says we need new hopes and new ways of thinking about the whole planet at once, like a “macroscope” in our minds. Today this connects to ideas like sustainability, global responsibility and respect for different cultures, not only copying one Western model. Her thoughts still remind us that technology alone is not enough; we also need wisdom, memory and care for people and for the earth, even if we make mistakes and learn slowly.​​

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In the excerpt from Margaret Mead, she explores the double nature of cities, they enable culture, technology, and social interaction, but also create inequality, isolation, and daily-life challenges.

A key point is human scale: designing buildings and objects not just for size, but for the real needs, habits, and dignity of the people using them. Mead stresses observing how people live and designing with empathy, while also recognizing that letting users design everything themselves isn’t always practical, professionals still play an important role.

I’d question how optimistic she is about meeting everyone’s needs in reality, since big projects often fall short. Historically, the text reflects mid-20th-century concerns about urbanization and modernist planning, and it connects to other readings in the seminar, like Mumford or Jacobs, on designing cities around real human behavior.

Overall, Mead’s excerpt is a reminder that good design centers on people, combining understanding, care, and practicality.

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Margaret Mead's text acts as a report evaluating how humanity has developed the last 25 years of a post-war period carried by "the dream of a technological salvation" (xxxiii) that, as it turns out, has failed its mission to solve the numerous problems faced by the 20th century.

I think her introduction highly resonates with the challenges we face today in terms of the flood of information and images we are constantly receiving, meant to ground us closer to reality but instead having the opposite effect of becoming constant background noise of which we remember little and which buries us in confusion.

Her text balances critical observations of our failures in governance, spatial planning, design with hopeful and positive arguments that assert the possibility to bring constructive progress for humanity as whole. Mead recognized that her era finds itself stuck in between a lost past and futuristic dreams not yet achieved, witnessing century long traditions become obsolete overnight and replaced by fast-paced mass production.

According to Mead, in order to stir our world towards real human progress, we cannot merely depend on technological advancements but rather learn how to both implement local and culture-sensitive approaches and combine them with a "macroscopic" view of the world, where a broad, all-encompassing perspective can also zoom into rich and diverse details.

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In the introduction, Mead describes her and Ken Heymans earlier work, talking about where they have travelled to, the stories that they came across and the pictures that they took. With the end of WWII and the post war optimism, they wanted to capture families and how they flourished at that time. However, what the y actually encountered, was a world that wasn’t as well developing as they thought it would, especially under consideration of technological advance. That’s why they tried to get a bigger picture of the situation (of the world) with their “macroscope” approach.

In the chapter of shared hopes, she further delves into how people where hoping for technological advance to make the world a better place, and how this expectation wasn’t met. It includes how technology is perceived by people and how they actually just get used to it, rather than being optimistic about it. Also how information is forgotten much quicker because it arrives in a much quicker pace. Contrasting this, people from “less developed” places remember certain stories much better, because they simply aren’t overwhelmed with the sheer amount of information, the way we are.

With this, in the next chapter, the question arises: Are cities really the pinnacle of human settlements? Are cities “good” in the first place? Cities try to be human scale, but in there nature they are just not. They imitate nature, which they can’t. They try to be important with their historicistic buildings. On one hand, cities emerge on their own in a sense, however, to some degree, they are planned from top down. This can be alright but often leads to crappy spaces. However, if the designer respects the people they design for, good city planning can be achieved.

The end of the text proposes the question of how we could live all together and not completely separately. What connects humans etc.

I think Margaret Mead has become my favorite author in this lecture series. Through her travels, she got a wide knowledge of humans and human behavior. She writes in a comprehensive way. Honestly I agree with probably most of what I read or at least I don’t remember anything I disagree right now.

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Mead's text talks about empty promises made by technical innovation. She talks about assumptions made after the Second World War. The first part uses the example of the "microscope" which displays people living all over the globe. It shows how so little can change even though so much is changing all around.

In the second chapter she talks about the city and that it is quite a paradox because it promises a better life and people end up with crushed dreams but still come back to the city.

In the last chapter I felt like I was able to hear her frustration but it also ended hopeful. Her dreams and her visions seemed to be written between the lines. It is a dream of feminism and equality!

I really like the way she writes because it is easy to read and engaging. I struggled sometimes, because I thought it to become very repetitive especially when talking about the dichotomy between city and countryside. The last chapter seems like it wants to raise awareness in the reader.

In the last sentence she mentions how we reduced ourselves to numbers. so she points out how we are the cause for our problems.

Reading the text I missed the architectural but appreciated the sociological. In general it seemed too general almost.

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This text really shows how people thought after World War 2 and how things changed. Mead talks about the big hope that technology would fix poverty and hunger, but that didn’t happen. Instead, the world ended up stuck in the middle, where old ways were fading, and the new system wasn’t ready yet.

Her point about human scale makes sense. She says design should fit real people and their needs, not just look good on paper. That feels practical because a lot of planning today still ignores how people actually live.

The idea of a “macroscope” is interesting. A way to see the whole world instead of just bits and pieces.

Toward the end, she asks, “Can we do it? Can we do it in time?” She’s not against technology, but she wants progress to include respect for people and their cultures. It’s a reminder that solving global problems isn’t just about machines but about choices.

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The text by Margaret Mead is divided into five themes. It begins with a very personal account of her experiences, focusing on her travels and her collaboration with Ken, a photographer who portrays the world in the same way Mead writes about it—thoughtfully and from a deeply personal and emotional perspective. In 1974, they decide to create a book about the changes of their time. It is a period in which images are becoming increasingly widespread. Mead asks how we should deal with this growing flood of images, as it transforms the way humans remember.

Living in a time where social media and AI dominate, I wonder what Mead would think about how these technologies affect our ways of remembering. But Mead does not refer only to the mass of images; she also emphasizes the competitiveness of the Cold War and the renewed misunderstanding of colonialism. She cites a quote by Barbara Ward and criticizes her for her ignorance. This kind of ignorance—especially regarding environmental issues—is still present today.

Mead also draws attention to the changing relationship between city and countryside. She defines the city as a place of cultural and social centrality, a place with a soul. I wonder whether she also refers to quantity when making this distinction. Later in her text, Mead highlights the importance of a human scale in the city—one that should enhance the lives of all social groups. This is also why she encourages us to listen.

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World Enough: Rethinking the Futre (1975)

Introduction, Part I: 1-3, Part IV: 12

pp. xxi-xxxii, 33-56, 210-216

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Post your reading response to the text until 27.11.25 13:00 on this Padlet

Suggestions for the Reading Response:

-What are the most important arguments and suggestions that you can take away from the text?

-Which arguments would you disagree with the author on, and why?

-How do you evaluate the text in light of its historical context?

-How could this text be related to other texts already read in this seminar?

-Which arguments do you consider significant for your future work as an architect?