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My fingers are each overlapping the one behind them, showing that they’re further and further away from my thumb, but they also each overlap or are in front of the pencil I’m holding, which shows that the pencil is pointed away from the viewer and its tip is further away than its eraser.

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A texture gradient is when close objects have more detailed texture and further ones look less distinct or smoother. In this image, the trees in front have (relatively; my camera is pretty limited) distinct leaves and branches, and the ones behind the brick building are less distinctly leafed; there is texture, but it’s much harder to pick out individual leaves, showing that the less distinct trees are further away

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Color constancy is the phenomenon where our brains perceive things as the same color, even when they’re changed by lighting. This highlighter, in both shadow and light, still looks like the same highlighter, even though the colors actually being displayed on your screen are very different; you know what an orange highlighter looks like, and can tell from the text and shape that these are the same highlighter, so your mind fills in that they also must be the same color.

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is the ability of our brains to distinguish objects (the foreground, the figure) from their surroundings (the background). Despite this pen cap and laptop both being black, we’re able to pick up on details and differences (like the laptop’s reflectivity) to understand that the pen cap is in front and the focus of the image — the figure — and the laptop — the background — is behind it, and not as relevant.

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Relative size refers to our ability to understand the different sizes of objects and use familiar ones to understand the scale they’re at; if a small thing looks very large, it’s probably close up, if a large thing looks very small, it’s probably far away. Etc. Knowing the general size of a pencil, we can tell about how large this laptop and desk are, even though all three are at an unclear distance and laptops and desks vary in size.

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As you can see your brain can probably pick out the red and white sticker on the cube this is an example of color constancy as your brain is able to still see original colors despite changes in illumination.

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Convergence is when our eyes move inward toward each other to focus on a close object. In this photo, you can see that as she’s holding the pencil closer to her face, her eyes are turning inwards to keep the pencil in focus. This eye movement is a binocular depth cue that helps your brain understand the pencil is very close.

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Relative size is a visual cue where objects closer to us appear larger, while objects further away appear smaller. In this photo, you can see that although there are multiple people moving around in the gym, the girl walking towards the camera appears to be larger than those walking on the other side of the gym. This difference in size is used by your brain to interpret the people farther away as being smaller due to their distance from you. It’s also based on the size of the image on your retina, which contributes to depth perception and the understanding of space.

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Perceptual constancies: Shape Constancy 

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Perceptual constancies: Shape Constancy 

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Shape constancy is our ability to perceive an object as having the same shape, even when our angle of view or the distance from which we see the object changes. In this video, despite the angle of the camera being moved upward, we’re still able to perceive that the object is a pencil because the actual shape never alters (it remains constant).

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Figure-ground refers to the ability to distinguish an object (figure) from its surroundings (ground). In this photo, you can see that despite there being two other black backpacks on the bleachers (ground), the black purse in the middle serves as the “figure” because our eyes are able to isolate it from the background clutter, which helps us locate it more efficiently.

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Retinal Disparity is when each eye sees a different picture because of their position in our face the Chromebook represents the two different images that would combine into one in the eye

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Relative size is when we perceive something closer as bigger and something father smaller is this example I have my main Rubik’s cubes in a line the smaller one based on true size in the front and the 3x3 the bigger one in the back

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When a object overlaps another we perceive it as a bigger object like the 2x2 in front of the 3x3 for this example the 2x2 looks bigger because it overlaps the 3x3

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Figure-ground is when you can distinguish an object from the background. As you can see here, the chromebook stands out from the table, which allows us to separate the two.

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As the path gets further away, its two sides seem to get closer together

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Despite the bottle being at a different angle that usual, you still know that it is a bottle shape

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You can tell that the bottle is not a part of the ground and rather is an object in front of it

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You can tell that despite the bottle seeming almost the same size as me, you can tell that it is actually just closer because of relative size

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She’s focusing on the pencil making her eyes move inward.

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Even with the stuff in the background because your looking for the lip gloss your eyes focus in on that rather than it’s surroundings

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Your able to see what the posters are and what color there’s supposed to be even tho the lighting isn’t the best.

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The building looks bigger but as you look father the cars and trees look smaller than they actually are

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Closure is when people perceive a complete object despite having no or partial stimuli.

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Proximity is when we group multiple objects close together into a group.

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Similarity, the phenomenon occurs when we perceive similar objects as a group; for example, circles are grouped in the mind as circles, and hexagons are grouped in the mind as hexagons.

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Color Constancy is when we perceive colors as stable under lighting differences, like in this example, the colors of the Delta logo stay the same despite being under reduced light.

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The Linear Perspective is the phenomenon when 2 lines seem to come together as they go further off into the distance, like the road shown in the image.

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Texture gradient is when we perceive textures as finer the further away they go, like the pine needles and stone as my driveway goes further down.

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Relative clarity is when we perceive objects closer as clearer, while objects further away as more blurry.

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Shape constancy is when we perceive objects as the same shape, like this old race car. No matter where you stand, you will be able to recognize it as a racecar.

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Size constancy is when we perceive objects as the same size, like this plane, which seems small in the bottom photo but large in the top one.

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Figure-ground is when we can differentiate an object from the ground, like the Porsche toy car, compared to the paper bag.

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Relative size makes objects far away seem smaller and closer things are bigger. This makes the football seem smaller compared to my hand even though its just farther

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Closure is when the brain fills in missing gaps to make a whole image. The corners of these pencils make the mind think of a triangle

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Using your left eye on an object may make it appear to be behind your finger while your right eye makes your thumb be to the side of the object

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Although being at a different angle the brain can still tell that the door is a rectangle

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Retinal disparity is the slight difference in perceived images between the left and right eye due to their unique positions on our face. In the picture, you can notice how the images appear to be shifted one way relative to the other. On the left side, you see the clock and a bit of the pencil behind it. On the right side, the image shifts to see more of the pencil, but less of what was on the left. This mimics how retinal disparity affects our vision. Furthermore, the brain combines these two slightly different images to create a single 3D image with an added sense of depth. This is essential for depth perception.

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Convergence refers to how the eyes move inward to focus on an object near the face. In the picture, my eyes move toward my nose to focus on the pencil in right in front of me. This gives me a greater view of the pencil.

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Linear perspective refers to the phenomenon in which parallel lines seem to converge with increasing distance. In the picture above, as the road and sidewalk get farther away, they seem to also get smaller, almost converging. This monocular cue is essential in our perception of depth.

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Texture gradient is when objects appear to become finer and less detailed as they get farther away. In the picture above, the nearby rocks are perceived with great detail. As the rocks get farther away, they lose detail, becoming less defined and smoother, shaping themselves into the background. This helps us perceive depth, as our brains know that the detailed rocks are closest, and the smoothed-out rocks are farthest.

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Relative clarity refers to how objects tend to become hazier as they get farther away. In the image above, the nearby water is detailed, but the trees in the distance are hazy and difficult to make out. Our brain thus perceives the trees as far and the water as close, which helps us perceive distance.

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Relative size refers to how nearby objects appear larger, and farther objects appear smaller. In the picture above, the tiny stretch of electrical line appears to be many times wider than the moon. This is obviously not true, as the moon only appears to be small because it is so far away. This cue helps us perceive distance using our knowledge of an object’s size.

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Interposition is when one object partially blocking another indicates that the blocked object is farther away. In the picture above, the metal detectors partially block the wall and doors, indicating that the metal detectors are closer.

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Color constancy is our brain’s ability to perceive colors as consistent despite changes in lighting conditions. In the image above, we are able to make out the distinct red, white, and blue of the American flag in both pictures despite the clear difference in lighting. This helps us make sense of the world, as it prevents us from mistaking changes in lighting for actual changes in an object’s color.

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Perceptual Constancies: Shape Constancy 

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Perceptual Constancies: Shape Constancy 

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Shape constancy is our brain’s ability to perceive objects as having constant shapes despite changes in view angle. In the images above, we see a slightly open door and a closed door. From a strictly visual standpoint, they look like different shapes. Yet we are still able to recognize both as the same door with the exact same shape. This constancy also helps us make sense of the world, this allows us to see that objects aren’t constantly shape shifting as we move.

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Size constancy is the phenomenon where we perceive objects as having a consistent size despite our visual image of the object changing with distance. In the video above, my friend walks away and visually gets smaller and smaller, but we know he’s not shrinking. This is due to size constancy, which enables us to recognize that an object’s size remains constant with changes in its image.

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Figure-ground is our brain’s ability to distinguish an object from its background. In the picture above, we can identify a Chromebook (figure) and the table it’s resting on (ground).

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Closure refers to our tendency to complete incomplete figures. The picture above is an example of this. Even though it’s just three angles, our brain fills in the gaps to form a triangle.

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Proximity refers to our brain’s tendency to group objects that are close together with one another. In the image above, we see three distinct groups of circles. Nothing is different about these circles, only that some are closer to other circles than others. Yet because of proximity, we see three groups.

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Similarity refers to our brain’s tendency to group similar objects together. In the image above, we see two groups of circles, shaded and unshaded. We see these groups because they are similar, and because our brain groups them by their similarity.