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The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, authorizing the forced relocation of Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. This act set the stage for the creation of Indian Reservations.

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Thousands of Cherokee and members of other tribes were forcibly removed from their homelands and made to walk to designated "Indian Territory". Many died due to harsh conditions, marking a tragic chapter in U.S. history.

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The Indian Appropriations Act created the reservation system by providing funds to move western tribes onto designated pieces of land called reservations, in an attempt to keep Native Americans separate from settlers.

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1867-1868: Treaty of Medicine Lodge and Fort Laramie

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1867-1868: Treaty of Medicine Lodge and Fort Laramie

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These treaties negotiated between the U.S. government and Plains Indian tribes led to the shrinking of native land holdings and formal establishment of reservations for those tribes.

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The Dawes Act aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing communal reservation lands into individual family plots, selling off the remainder to non-Native settlers, further reducing tribal lands.

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This act ended allotment and attempted to restore tribal self-government and communal Native land holdings, marking a significant policy shift in U.S. Indian policy.

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Until 1950s most Native Americans lived on reservations; every tribe was organiuzed differently. Then, urban migration increased.

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Congress enacted a policy aiming to terminate reservation status for many tribes and relocate Native Americans to cities. This policy led to the loss of tribal lands and recognition for dozens of tribes.

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The Indian Civil Rights Act provided Native Americans with many constitutional rights while recognizing the authority of tribal governments, an important step toward social justice.

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The Indian Health Service (IHS) was founded in the 1970s and has been underfunded since its creation.

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1975: Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

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1975: Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

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This law allowed tribes more autonomy in managing federal programs and schools on reservations, fostering renewed sovereignty and cultural revival.

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1978: The American Indian Religious Freedom Act 

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1978: The American Indian Religious Freedom Act 

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Legalized indigenous spiritual practices, including the use of eagle feathers and bones and also sacred lands

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Casinos and gaming enterprises annualy generate billions for some tribes, providing jobs and revenue.

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The protests at Standing Rock highlighted how development projects on or near reservation lands proceed without adequate tribal consent or respect for sovreignity

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Present: Reservation Life and Contemporary Issues

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Present: Reservation Life and Contemporary Issues

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Today, Indian Reservations face ongoing challenges including economic development, sovereignty rights, and cultural preservation. However, many Native communities continue to assert their rights and revitalize traditions.