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Group 1: How did Frederick Douglass learn to read? What was his strategy? What does that tell us about his character?

Group 2: How did Frederick Douglass learn to write? What was his strategy? What does that tell us about his character?

Group 3: Why did his Mistress stop teaching him? How did slavery change her and why???

Group 4: Why was learning to read and write a blessing and a curse? (130)?

Group 5: How did the encounter with the Irishmen impact Frederick Douglass's way of thinking?

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His first step in his way to learning how to read was taking lessons with his own mistress. She taught him the alphabet, but after that, her husband discovered it and made her stop teaching him.

He had a second way, which being friends with the poor white boys, and offering them bread in exchange of reading lessons, he called it an exchange of bread, for the bread of knowledge, that means knowledge itself is essential for life and growth. After that, he got a book, entitled "The Columbian Orator", where he found a dialogue that introduced something to his way of thinking, between a slave and his holder, where the slave escaped 3 times, where the slave was surprisingly smart to create his way of escaping.

This tell us about him that he was completely focused on his quest for autonomy, because it was prohibited for slaves to learn how to read, and he found ways to learn by his own way.

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Group #4 (09/25/25): Tomas, Cheldry, Aissatou, Michael

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Group #4 (09/25/25): Tomas, Cheldry, Aissatou, Michael

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Why does the author describe learning to read and write as a curse/blessing?

Frederick Douglas describes learning to read and write as a curse/blessing because it allows him to understand his environment. Through reading he is able to read the newspapers and letters and be aware of what is happening around him. By writing he can express his feelings and anecdotes, it also opens up doors to his education and understanding of literature.

He describes it as a curse because he learns about slavery and what it means for him, he says that as he learns to read he hates his slave holders and his wretched situation, he specifically uses the word wretched to emphasize how bad his situation is and how he starts understanding that he is seen as a merely object instead of a human being who deserves rights and respect. He also describes this as a curse because since he is a slave he doesn’t have the freedom to express his skills.

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Group #2. Carlos, Steve, Jerliam, Ayelca

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Group #2. Carlos, Steve, Jerliam, Ayelca

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Fredrick Douglass learned how to write by seeing ship carpenters use timber to write. His strategy was to copy what the ship carpenters did and slowly learn how to write. This shows us that Fredrick Douglass was determined to learn how to write like every other white boy and that he was always trying to be autonomous. Some examples of this is when Fredrick would use the Webster’s Spelling Book till he could write properly. Another example of this was Fredrick wrote in the spaces of the Master Thomas copy book until he could write like Master Thomas

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His mistress stopped teaching him because her husband told her that it was dangerous and against the law to educate a slave, leading her to follow her husband’s view. Educating a slave was considered dangerous because it would give them the chance to find out their rights and freedom which was not wanted. At first, the mistress was kind and warm but after slavery she became mean and her heart became a stone to the point where she treated him as a property, not a human anymore.

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Group #5 Brandon Martinez, Cris Miguel Molina Almonte, Diego Juarez, Victor Reyes

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Group #5 Brandon Martinez, Cris Miguel Molina Almonte, Diego Juarez, Victor Reyes

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His encounter with the Irishmen changed Frederick Douglas's mindset because, at first, Frederick Douglas was scared of the Irishmen even though the were advising him to escape to the north but he was suspicious of the Irishmen because white people told slaves to escape so they could tell their master and get rewarded.

Even though Frederick Douglas didn't fully trust the Irishmen, he still took their advice, and this encounter made Douglas want even more freedom

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Language Games by Nicholas Riley is about Nicholas experience as an international student in Japan and how he and is colleagues play a game to name things, Nicholas Riley tries to name things in Japanese like "Aliens" and his friends try to name things in english, they do this to learn from each others native languages and Nicholas Riley main struggle in the text is how he was not able to learn many languages like Japanese when he was growing up, he mentions that he learned English when he was very little but that after growing up it is not as easy to learn other languages.

One improvement we think can be done in his work is to really develop more on the issue, why was he not able to learn more languages? why cant he learn more languages as an adult?

this essay is well structured and has a very good imagery but I feel like the text should have more focus on the author challenge and how he can overcome it.

Our grade for this essay is a A-.

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This stands out well because to the assigment we are doing from the beginnig we can clearly see a conflict, as the story continues we find that the resolution is also clear, the protagonist learns how to fight and takes it as part of his life, at the same time we consider that it is well structured because we could made an idea of what was happening in our minds and understand the story.

2. This is not that bad but also not that good as the first one due that this one has a lack of explosition because the story is too short, at the same time that the conflict is not actually so clear, it is a motivational kind of essay with no clear conflict.

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For the love of running stood out us because the text shows that the author had a conflict with himself. He believed that he didnt have the potential to run 13 miles, and this fear was only strengthened by his own physical limitations and the fear mongering that others pushed upon him, with examples being others stating that running is bad for your joints, but he attests this by saying this is merely due to age. The author has a love for running, which he makes clear from the very first paragraph. He loved being active since he was a kid, and he loved pushing himself to do more and more activities, like yoga, cycling, or lifting, but in the article, he focuses on running. What takes our attention is that he puts so much focus on pushing ourselves to our limits. That we have so much potential that we have yet to unlock, and the only thing holding us back is ourselves.

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https://www.thedaln.org/#/detail/1924c8ad-e6c6-4680-9a47-eae0fe644893

The first Literaciy Narrative that we found is called "Cooking With My Mom", which was not that great, because it did not include a conflict, it was more of a storytelling video than a Literacy Narrative, it was great to watch because it was well structured, but cannot be named a Literacy Narrative.

https://www.thedaln.org/#/detail/9e48a0ac-ab6d-44e7-9da9-18d2a1e8db09

The second one, called "Cooking with Yaya", started with a great exposition, giving us a metaphor of a pet in a household, because it does not understand anything in its environment. And in the next paragraph, we got presented the conflict, that her father family was Greek. She did not feel that she belonged because she didnt understand almost anything, and it frustrated her. But cooking with her "Yaya", who was her grandma, she found a way to express herself and feel that she belonged, giving a resolution to the text.

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Cooking in the Family by Jane Glover: Glover uses other experiences instead of her own, including her mom’s experience and the author Benjamin. She portraits family as significant as it has shaped her life and made her grateful and understands how family and food correspond in the same world. This essay was not so strong as her conflict is not strong and she kind of skips through it.

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Empowered by Dance by Luna McKusick: McKusick expresses her many conflicts of dancing classes by showing the difficulties as she had to put a lot of work into it. Her first hip hop class was not exclusively cultured as it was directed by white women who appreciated culture but didn’t involve in the culture. But her second class helped her and showed her that pushing herself for the audience wouldn’t get her anywhere. Overall her essay is much stronger as she shows us how certain types of people affected how she felt and pushed her over the limits of her liking.

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Thursday 10/09/25 Group Work Questions "The danger of a Single Story"

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Thursday 10/09/25 Group Work Questions "The danger of a Single Story"

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Group 1: What evidence does Adichie use to make her point/ to support her argument. List all types of evidence and evaluate them.

Group 2: How does she Adichie's language and tone contribute to her message/argument? How does she avoid sounding accusatory?

Group 3: How does she build credibility (ethos)? How does she gain the audience confidence and support?

Group 4: Do a visual and spatial analysis of Adichie's presentation. Focus on her choice of clothing and position. How do they contribute to the message/presentation?

Group 5: Adichie delivered this TedTalk in 2009. Is her message still relevant today? Why or why not?

Group 6: Why did Adichie choose a Ted Talk over another form? why not an op-ed?

Other questions:

1) What is the purpose of this Ted Talk? Why did Adichie deliver this presentation?

2) How does power create single stories

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1. She decided to use ted talk instead of another media such as a writing story or a podcast to communicate her message because she would be able to communicate by also using visual things such as wearing typical African clothes.

2. She mentioned that many people in Africa are not able to read due to the bad education, so she as the speaker uses ted talk to get to that audience who don’t know how to read a story.

3. She uses ted talk instead of any other media to deliver her message because it was a bigger and faster way to get to more audience due that the videos could have been watched for free and have a social interaction such as comments to engage more the audience and let them express their opinions.

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Group #5 Victor Reyes, Jerlian Roman, Michael Nunez

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Group #5 Victor Reyes, Jerlian Roman, Michael Nunez

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why is Aidichie’s message still relevant today?

Aidichie’s message is still relevant today because stereotyping and biased messages are an enduring issue and societies across the world continue to struggle with stereotypes, misinformation and limited representation.

In today’s society with social media is easier to spread misinformation and social media platform use very specific algorithms that show users content that they have interacted with and this creates and echo effect that doesn’t allow users to look at other perspectives of a story.

Moreover her message will always be relevant because it is always good to look at a story and look at all the perspectives of it to make sure we don’t agree with a false or biased narrative.

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Achide builds credibility by giving personal anecdotes. She remembered how her mother said that Fide’s family is poor and because of this she pitied them until she saw how hardworking his family is. This made her feel bad because she only heard one story on the family and not the full story. She values hearing the full story instead of only a single story. This builds her credibility because this shows that she has experience with the issue and can say how dangerous it is for us as people the consume this information. She gains support from the audience with these personal anecdotes by talking about how this is morally wrong for people the continue doing this because this will lead to misinterpretation on different groups of people. She also gives examples on how this misinterpretation affects people by changing their perspective on these said people.

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Adichie's language started with her own personal anecdote on how her time in Nigeria reading primarily American and British books altered her perception on how stories should be told, such that the stories she wrote were full of blue eyed, white foreigners due to her not reading stories with representation that related to her. While telling this, she keeps a lighthearted, friendly tone, even cracking jokes at times to gain a connection to the audience, but as she continues to her immigration to the U.S, her tone turns more serious, to develop the fact that the topic is important, and needs to be treated as such. She explains that the single story is harmful, and promotes often negative stereotypes that become the standard expectation for those that read them.

But the way she keeps herself from sounding accusatory is by giving an example of when she herself fell for the single story about Mexican immigrants, before visiting Mexico to see its so much more than the stereotypes she was shown. Showing that while its no ones fault for falling for the stereotypes presented with these single stories, since even she has fallen for it before, it is our job to fix this major problem, and become aware that our perception has to widen so we can see that these single stories are only part truths to a much larger story. She isn't quite calling for action, but she is calling for change, and for the people to be informed of the negative impact of the Single Story.

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Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s clothing and body position help share her message. She wear a bright traditional Nigerian clothes which show pride in her culture and remind the audience that she is proud of where she comes from. Her outfit also supports her message about accepting different stories and identities. Adichie stands tall and calm on stage using small hand movements and making eye contact with the audience. This makes her look confident and helps people focus on her words. Together, her clothing and body language show that she believes in being herself and speaking with pride about her background.

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Adichie uses personal anecdotes to express her message about how stereotypes and single stories create biases.

1. Childhood books she read, which were mostly British and American, creating a point of view that books were only about snow, nice weather, full of white characters, and ginger beer.

2. Her coming to America at 19 to study at a university, where she learns that her roommate never knew Nigeria had English as an official language.

3. Learning that Africa was seen as a continent full of beautiful landscapes, sick people with AIDS, poverty, war & animals roaming around.

4. The house boy named Fide, whose family was poor, leading to her mother comparing her not finishing her food to Fide’s family who has nothing. Later to find out that his brother made a patterned basket of dyed raffia, which startled her because she didn’t think that anyone in his family could actually make something.

5. John Locke who traveled to west Africa and referred black Africans as “beasts who have no houses” and “They are people without heads, having their mouth and eyes in their breasts.”

6. Her novel, which her professor stated that it did not have African authenticity due to making characters look more like middle aged men with cars instead of starving people.

7. Her trip to Mexico where she believed that they were “immigrants”.

8. People who made her believe that she had to have a bad childhood to be a good writer.

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GROUP 3 (DIEGO AND SHARONG)-Image 3 “Yo Merezco Ser Respetada”

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GROUP 3 (DIEGO AND SHARONG)-Image 3 “Yo Merezco Ser Respetada”

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Visually- We see a female, Black and White Portrait, Words, Quote “Yo merezco ser respetada” in Spanish. Bold Font at the end. Colors around the artwork. Serious expressions from women.

How was it created?- We believe it was created by hand, maybe charcoal or pencil. We are not too sure if additional material was used, specifically for the font. It was probably created this way to show boldness and rawness.

How does the author convey her message?- She uses significant words and a specific language which is spanish. The translation to her quote is, “I deserve to be respected”. By using another language she adds unity which is welcoming to the hispanic community. She also adds a bold font in the word “Respetada(Respect)”. This shows she is unapologetic about what she means and what she wants. She also conveys a serious tone by the way the women’s face is drawn. The women is not smiling nor shows much emotion. She has a very serious expression.

We believe putting this artwork around colorful posters has a meaning too. Colors usually represent vivid and happy situations while black and white add a serious tone. This was done to convey her message clearer and receive more attention. The artist uses Pathos and Logos because she does transmit the serious and bold emotion, but it’s also pretty logical that you must respect others and their space.

Who’s the audience?- We believe the targeted audience is street harassers or more directly men. This was done to call out the conflict by pointing out the conflict. We believe there is a reasoning to why only women were chosen to portray this “anti harassment” movement. By this, the artist has stated that the victims are females. The fact men were silenced during this act says a lot about her feelings towards them.

Objective- To stop street harassment in general.

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The image was created by drawing all the women together to show how women will go through different things but the same problem. The author conveys her messages by using a single sentence to show how each of the women have been harassed. The author wants to bring the problem that sexual harassment on the streets is a huge threat to women. She bolds certain words and uses all type of women to emphasize the problem of sexual harassment. She appeals to the audience by showing that her experience has led her to realize that she isn’t alone so spreading awareness is a must. She also uses logic such as “my name is not BABY” and “my outfit is NOT an invitation” to show that men should keep their comments to themselves and women should began to fight back.

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Street Art

Audience is everyone that wants to support the movement against harassment.

Tatyana Faxlalizadeh

Message is to stop the harassment against women.

She posted it in public so everybody could see it. To support the movement against harassment to women.

Choices

One choice is that she chose an "average" and not a specific woman because every woman can experience harassment.

Another choice is that she makes the woman look to you. Making you pay more attention, and hoping that you help the movement against harassment.

She also chose to use clear and strong words, to represent the message, by saying the phrase "WOMEN is not outside for your entertainment" without paraphrasing. And highlighting the word women, putting in bold format.

She uses pathos to make people feel empathy for the women who get harassed everyday and motivate them to stop the harassment that happen to them.

How is image created?

She uses black and white because she doesn't want to make it colorful, it's not about happiness, she wants to represent a serious message.

She uses an easy to read font, so everybody can understand her message.

She puts the image in a blank background, so people can focus on the women and her message.

How does the author conveys her message appeal to the audience?

With a poster for women that goes through harassment everyday and don't say it out loud.

With a woman that seems to be disturbed by her facial expression, and a clear message, for both people that harass and the women that suffer from harassment.

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Tatyana Fazlalizadeh choices when creating this visual art strengthen her message and emotional impact.

First she chose a black and white portrait so that it stands out from the red background and the art focuses more the attention on the womans faces rather than colors to emphasize individuality over decoration.

Secondly the text that she uses under the image is bold and straightforward the quote " Women are people, not just bodies " is very powerful because it challenges the objectification and dehumanization of women, its a reminder that women are important and that they deserve respect and recognition.

Third she places her art in a public building so that everyone who pases by can see it and the East Boston Social Center is a center that provides educational and social programs for the people of Boston and this is important because many of this issues of disrespecting women come from the lack of education from the offenders.

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This picture was created to show an image of a woman with the words “My name is not xxxx” and other nicknames like “shorty,” “sweetie,” and “honey.” The word “xxxx” sounds negative because it makes the woman seem like an object and not a real person. It was made to send a message about respect. The artist wants people to understand that women don’t like being called those names by strangers or people who don’t know them well. The serious look on the woman’s face and the brave words make the message clear. It conveys everyone to treat women with respect and use their real names instead of insulting names that can feel rude or disrespectful.

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The image is made as a big poster for a mural to make it easy to see, the author uses images of real women who felt harrased at any point to make the message more serious by giving it the idea that it is a real problem that keeps happening. The damaged wall where the poster is placed shows that it is in a place where people are marginalized, or got few resources. The colors show that the message is serious because there is not happy tones on that, just black and white, which makes the audience to actually focus more on the poster as a message instead of as art. The writing on the poster shows the thinking of the author that harassing women do not makes you more masculine because a real men would not need to do so. The other painting besides this one shows a contrast between the society and the message the author is trying to show, the other painting beside it has colors and its totally different and is contrasting from the one the author’s. The author appeals to pathos by making it easy for the audience to understand that harassing women do not makes you more man, which goes directly to the harassers’ emotions. The author also uses logos because it is logic that nobody should get harrased by other people.

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The art was created with black oil pastels or paint, with a white back drop. The black and white presentation is a choice that stands out to us. All of her work is made in black and white, which we believe is so our attention isn't drawn to anything else but the faces she paints, and the words that accompany them. It tells me "This is our message. Pay attention." With no distractions.

The art was also put alongside a mural, with the with the words "The revolution will not be televised". Which may have been unintentional or coincidental, but when I see Tatyana's work that says "Stop violence against women and girls" beside that, it makes me think about how much violence that happens against women and girls isn't televised.

It is often hidden, and not talked about in many communities, especially considering the many domestic violence cases where many victims don't come forward. It isn't televised. No attention is brought to it, and because of that, the violence often escalates into something worse. Despite the fact that cat calling, or certain street harassment isn't direct violence, it is a psychological attack that negatively affects women and their mentality despite how harmless it seems. And these "harmless" words, may, and have escalated into physical violence when women haven't reciprocrated or reacted to it. So Whether that choice of presentation was accidental or not, it stood out to us. Because she took the step, and the call for action, and MADE it televised. She plastered her art on the wall for all to see. Getting the message out there that the violence needs to stop.And she conveys this with a straightforward message, and faces of women and girls that believe in that message.

Her murals cut to the point. The absence of color makes her statement stand out even more. Without color, the painting looks more simplistic, much like what she's telling you. "Stop violence against women. Stop violence against girls. Simple." The capitalization of letters is another appeal to the audience. It isn't capitalization out of aggression. It is out of demand. A call for action. Along with the faces presented, and the fact they're all different girls from different backgrounds, it shows violence can happen to anyone. Anyone you know, anyone you love. Will you help stop the violence, or wait until one of these girls on that mural is someone close to you? Appealing to emotions in way, and morals.

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Analyze the rising action. What tone predominates during the rising action? What details suggest the tone? Why is it important that Maya receives a lot of gifts and attention?

1. During the rising action Angelous tone is joyful because of the gifts she received they were high quality and expensive. She and the other graduates were also proud and excited for their graduation ceremony.

2. The details that suggest the tone are the decorations, the clothing, the speeches, the gifts, and the achievements that they have made.

3. It shows how the community values education and how proud they are of there success especially this huge achievement for the black community.

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Groupwork Questions 10/21 "Graduation" by Maya

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Groupwork Questions 10/21 "Graduation" by Maya

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Group 1: Analyze the exposition of the story. What is the setting? How does Angelou describe the Lafayette County Training School? Why is this description important?

Group 2: Analyze the rising action. What tone predominates during the rising action? What details suggest the tone? Why is it important that Maya receives a lot of gifts and attention?

Group 3: Analyze the conflict. What is the moment with the highest tension and why? How does the tone change from the rising action?

Group 4: Analyze the resolution. How does the Africna American community resolve the tension in the story? How would you describe the ending of the story?

Group 5: Perform close analysis on the visual imagery on page 131 and concluding paragraph "We were on top again.

Group 6: Do a character analysis of Maya. Who is she as a person? Describe her using adjectives and support your responses with textual evidence

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How does the African community resolve the tension in the story? at first, everyone feels angry and defeated because Mr. Donleavys words makes their work seem worthless but then the class valedictorian Henry Reed leads everyone in the National Negro anthem and everyone joins in creating a sense of unity and pride.

How can we describe the ending of the story? The ending of the story brings a shift from a regretful and shameful tone to a hopeful tone by showing that black people did not have to be ashamed by their race any longer but they could be proud of it.

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1) Conflict: Mr. Edward Donleavy, a white man that gave a speech at the graduation and claimed that Black people had less possibilities to becoming successful academically wise as they are “less intelligent” and more “athletic”.

2) Highest tension and why: Donleavy claims white people had the possibility to be like Galileo and Edison which are famous smart scientists, while he differs and claims Black people can be like certain famous athletes. By this he is trying to say Black people don’t have enough intelligence to do such things. This is the highest tension because the graduates must’ve felt uncomfortable and in shock. At their graduation they are being underestimated and called “less of”.

3) Tone change from rising action: The rising action initiated in a very positive way. Donleavy soon claims he was “glad to be there” just like he was in other schools. The fact he said that was kind of ironic because he had mentioned that the other white schools had better status and equipment. He than began to bash the African graduates by saying that they will never reach the “whites” academic level. This creates a shameful tone because he is underestimating Black intelligence. He’s making the people feel “less of” and seen as “maids and farmers, handymen and washerwomen, and anything higher that they aspired to was farcical and presumptuous.”

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Maya is a kind, smart, brave, and hardworking girl. At first, she feels shy and insecure about herself. She doesn’t feel confident and even though she goes through hard times, she never gives up.

She finds comfort in reading and learning, which helps her believe in herself and caused her to be able to graduate on top of her class of high school from all her hard work.

During graduation Donleavy gives a speech that makes Maya be very depressed and after the speech she gets called to receive the diploma she says her name had lost its ring of familiarity and that she had to be nudged to go receive her diploma.

After that Henry Reed gives his speech and motivates her to feel better and feel that the tears that slipped down many faces were not wiped in shame, and we were on top again.

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The way she describes the exposition is important is because it sets her character and her emotions for the rest of the excerpt. She is really negative towards the idea of her graduation. She even talks about how only a small amount of students would be going to college,agricultural, or mechanical schools. These schools would train them to be carpenters,farmers,handymen,masons,maids,cooks, and baby nurses. The setting is about the Lafayette County Training School and how it’s between farms with no bounds and is on a dirt hills which is very distinct from the other white schools. She describes the school as really poor and segregated from all the other schools and they aren’t really able to get access to same resources as the white schools.

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Questions for Group Discussion 10/23/25 "Ain't I a Woman" by Sojourner Truth

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Questions for Group Discussion 10/23/25 "Ain't I a Woman" by Sojourner Truth

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Question #1: Why is it important that Sojourner Truth delivered this speech at the 1851 Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio?

Question #2: How does Truth use the repetition of the phrase "Ain't I a Woman" to make her argument more persuasive?

Question #3: In Paragraph three, Sojourner Truth uses the metaphor of units of measurement? What is she comparing and why? How does this metaphor allow her to challenge sexist beliefs?

Question #4: In Paragraphs four and five, Truth addresses how men have used religion (Christian dogma) to justify female subjugation. How does she challenge this belief system? Does she use allusions to the Bible effectively? Why or why not?

Question #5: what is the tone and style of Sojourner Truth's speech? is it effective? How does the tone change?

Question #6: How does Truth use personal anecdotes to make her point?

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How does Truth use personal anecdotes to make her point?

She starts by making a comparison between her anecdotes and how women were treated back then, when she says, "That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman?" (Lines 4-6). This contrasts that, in the past, women were helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, born to have "the best" place in society. She didn't receive this treatment, she had to work in the fields, ploughing and planting, even gathering into barns.

Which means that she was doing men's job but not getting the same rights or benefits. She even talks about how strong she was, even stronger than some of the men back there, using a metaphor to it: "and bear the lash aswell" which meant that she could accept painful and harsh situations.

She also uses her anecdotes on giving birth thirteen childs which most got sold as slaves. Crying alone because of her mother grief to show that she was not as strong as man only physically but also mentally because she had faced situation that most men could not handle with.

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It is important that Sojourner Truth delivered this speech at the 1851 Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio because she was the only emancipated slave invited to speak to the white audience. In her speech, she emphasized the hardships of black women as they had less rights than white women and emancipated men slave. She mentions that she can do almost everything a man can do such as work and eat and even bear lashes so why can’t she be equal to them if she bears more things than a white woman. Soon after, she talks about how God and a woman created Jesus, having nothing to do with men but if they are blaming the first woman (Eve) for turning the world upside down, they sure should give the women now a chance to get it right side up. Overall, it is significant that she attended and spoke at the convention as she talks a lot about logical and moral reasoning to prove women are capable of having the same rights as men.

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In Paragraph three, Sojourner Truth uses the metaphor of units of measurements, What is she comparing and why?

Truth is comparing the intellect of both men and woman to quarts and pints. She refers to the sterotype that women have less intellectual capacity than men but she is saying that even if they have less capacity, why cant they use of their "limited" capacity, this metaphor is effective because it higlights the difference between how men and woman were treated in society, it shows the belief that women were less smart but it also shows how women were not able to even make use of their rights because of the unfairness in society.

How does this metaphor allow her to chagellenge sexist beliefs? This metaphor allows Truth to challenge the sexist belief that women are biologically less capable than men, she asks the rhetorical question " Wouldnt you be mean not to let me have my little half measure full? She is going along with the reasoning of men that they are smarter and she is asking to be able to make use of her "pint" because if men are naturally smarter then they should not fear the women and let them make use of what their "cup" can hold.

Truth is reminding the audience that equality is not everyone being the same but rather everyone being able to achieve their full potential,everyone deserves to have their fair share in life , no matter their race or gender.

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In Paragraphs four and five, Truth addresses how men have used religion (Christian dogma) to justify female subjugation. How does she challenge this belief system? Does she use allusions to the Bible effectively? Why or why not?

Sojourner Truth used allusions to the Bible and logic to make her point effective for example:

When the men in audience used the Bible to say that women were less important than men, Truth used the same Bible to prove them wrong. She say that Jesus was born from a woman, so women must be important than men. When she says “Then that little man in black there, he says women can't have as much rights as men, 'cause Christ wasn't a woman! Where did your Christ come from? Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman!. Man had nothing to do with Him.”

So she also said the first woman. People often blamed her for causing the first sin. But truth flips the story around and says if first women god ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down, then all women now together can fix it.

Her argument was simple and logical the audience understood her point easily and saw the flaws in the men’s argument. Sojourner Truth speak knowledgeably about religion, she shows that she, a black woman, was just as smart and faithful as the men using the Bible to argue with her.

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Sojourner Truth uses the repetition of “Ain’t I a Woman” to make her point even clearer that she should be treated the same as any other woman even though she is a black woman.

For example, this is shown in paragraph two where she says, “That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or give me any best place! And ain’t I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns and no man could head me! And ain’t I a woman?” In this quote Truth explains how “That man over there” says that women need help with many things but Truth doesn’t receive the same cordial treatment even though she is also a woman.

Further into the paragraph the meaning of the phrase “ain’t I a woman” changes. Truth says, “I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain’t I a woman.” Here, Truth uses “ain’t I a woman” to say that she can do as much as a man and should be treated the same way than a man is.

In the last part of the paragraph Truth says, “ I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother’s grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain’t I a woman?” Here Truth uses “Ain’t I a woman” for a different meaning. To say that she has been through a lot even though she is a woman and is supposed to be treated fairly and she deserves better.

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The tone of Sojourner Truth’s speech is very direct, powerful, and challenging. Her use of the rhetorical device repetition, perform as a call to action, adding on to her strong, empowering tone. In the first paragraph, Truth states, “But what’s all this here talking about?” showing a curios tone on why there is so much talks about rights, also grabbing the audience attention and making them question as well.

In the second paragraph, Truth’s tone shifts into more challenging as she uses repetition in “Ain’t I a woman?” Repeating these words form a challenging tone as she proves that women are just as capable as men. In the third paragraph, Truth’s tone was more of a questioning tone as she states, “What’s that got to do with women’s rights or negroes’ rights?” as she questions women’s intelligence and if it is any less than mens.

As for the fourth paragraph, Truth’s tone was very powerful where she brings Christ into the speech. She states, “Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman! God had nothing to do with him.” This tone makes the audience more persuasive as many are very religious. Finally, in the fifth paragraph, Truth’s tone was very inspiring as she ends by encouraging woman to act together and change the world, stating “If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back..” This tone leaves the audience feeling motivated.

Her tone is effective in appealing to the logic of the audience, and allowing them to feel the way she feels on a deep level. She has done as much, if not more than any man. She's experienced the terrors and lashings of slavery, and has "borne thirteen children" yet had to endure the loss of almost all of them being sold off. She details her life struggles with a serious tone of slight sadness and anger, to show that she herself is living prove as to why women are just as worthy, if not slightly more worthy to civil rights as men are. Yet her tone conveys that she's fed up with no one listening or paying attention to the simplicity of this.

With her next metaphor comparing the cups, saying that of women are only able to hold a pint, but the cup of men are able to hold a quart, asking "wouldn't it be mean not to let me have my little half measure full?", being almost like a breakdown of why their reasoning to not give women their fair share of rights is simply childish and mean. She further explores this through her references to the Bible where her emotions of sadness at the loss of her children, turn into frustration. Sojourner argues that man had nothing to do with the birth of Christ, yet they use him being a man as a reason as to why women don't deserve the same rights as men. So Sojourner brings up the fact Christ came from a woman. Connecting to the audience with her logical statement that men had nothing to do with Christ, yet somehow they still get the credibility for it.

Sojourner remains very direct throughout her speech, going on to say if the first woman God made had turned the world upside down, then men better let woman get it right side up again. Concluding her speech with a very evident tone of frustration that developed throughout, closing with "now old Sojourner got nothing to say."

This combined with her opening of "Well, children" shows she felt she had to break these very simple things down as if the audience were children, who needed a thorough explanation as to why their views made no sense, and once she got to the end, she was fed up with their lack of understanding. Developing from a serious, emotional tone, to one that was full of frustration and annoyance. From beginning to end though, Sojourner Truth was very direct with her way of speaking.

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Group Work 11/13 "Why People Are So Awful Online"

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Group Work 11/13 "Why People Are So Awful Online"

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Group 1: Unpack the author's argument. In your own words explain why people are so awful online. What is Roxane Gay's reasoning? Is her argument effective?

Group2: What is "Simulation Justice?" To help you answer this question look at the paragraph where she writes "Online spaces offer the hopeful fiction of a tangible cause and effect..."

Group 3: Why does she compare internet users to "fearful Davids" and "hammers in search of nails?"

Group 4: What is cancel culture? Why does Roxane Gay call it "inhumane?" What do you know about cancel culture?

Group 5: Towards the end, Gay writes "...[people] seek control and justice online." Why do we do that? Can the internet afford justice? Is there such a thing as internet justice?

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We believe that simulation justice is when people create these super villains and super heroes which makes everything really simplified and black and white. Simulation justice is probably here to make these type of people feel good about themselves when they take down these supposed “villains” when in reality they are just humans with ugly sides to them. She thinks that we turn to the online world to create these laws out of pettiness and a way to exert more power onto others instead of actually trying to bring good onto to the internet. It creates this warden and prisoner dynamic between the people online where one gives commands and exclaims how things should be and the other follows.

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People are so awful online because the internet allows people to say and act however they want without having a consequence. The internet has brung out the good in people, but also the worst in people. For example, when people don’t realize how their words hurt, they become less considerate. People think just because they’re hiding behind a screen, they can criticize and be cruel to people.

Roxane Gay believes that people are so awful online because of the influence and power that they have on the internet. Gay believes that people have little generosity on the internet. She states that when people have a big platform, they are quick to be “cancelled.” Gay also claims that online engagement starts to become fueled and more aggressive.

Roxane Gay’s argument is effective because she uses her own experiences. She doesn’t blame technology for these things, but she also blames herself. She states that it feels uncomfortable to have some power online because it feels “foreign.” Also, she has a tone to her that sounds honest. This makes the argument more effective because the audience can relate and understand the argument more.

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- “[people] seek online and justice online.” People tend to seek control and justice online because it gains attentions and gets people on their side so that the other is held accountable. It’s usually mostly for awareness —not really serious matters that involve the rest of the world.

- The internet can afford justice to certain point. For example: bringing awareness to the Sudan and Gaza suffering but aren’t actually stopping it. Yeah the protests and donating somewhat help but the government doesn’t care to actually stop what’s going on.

- There is something such as internet justice but it’s based on the situation. If it can easily involve attacking the other side or cancelling, it is doable but if it a political matter, it only brings attention and goes away after a bit.

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What is Cancel culture?

- Cancel culture is when people in the internet criticize or "cancel" someone based on a singular opinion or idea that they disagree with. It usually happens to companies, or creators. When its a company, the term "boycott" is used.

Why does Roxane Gay call it "inhumane"?

- Roxane Gay calls it inhumane because there is no reason to why people cant have their opinion. People can also change ideas throughout time because of different influences. Cancelling people just because you have another idea of things makes no sense. It is not right to do so. Everyone should be entitled to their own opinion.

-What do you know about cancel culture? I know about two big cases of " Cancel culture " one with kanye west when he started sharing controversial opinions on Twitter and adidas ended his contract and people started boycotting him, also the most famous case is the one of Charlie Kirk, who used to shared his viewpoints on political matters in the internet and many people thought that his opinions were very controversial and someone killed him over this. This is an example of how radical cancel culture can be, is an example of what happens when people in the internet disagree with what you say.

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Why does she compare internet users to "fearful Davids" and "hammers in search of nails"?

The first example is a biblical allusion, the "fearful Davids" make a reference to when a little and weak guy, called David, had to face an enormous and strong guy, like a monster, called Goliath. So, calling us the fearful Davids, makes a reference of our opinions. When we share them, we can face monsters, like people attacking us because of what we said, a reference to Goliath. In other words, Goliath are the issues in the real world, we and our opinion are the fearful Davids. The internet is the place when we are able to fight Goliath or real life's problems because we get the strength to actually express or fight for our opinions.

The hammer looking for nails is a metaphor for people or groups looking for other people to attack, specially in the internet where they face few or none repercussions. The nails are the opinions of people and the hammer are those groups of people looking for mistakes, or different ideas to attack them. Because as we all know, hammers are made to bury, to smash the nails, so the metaphor used by Ms. Gay says that people that only use internet to attack others, can be seen as hammers, and the affected by these as nails.

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Why is face to face conversation important? according to turkle, what skills do we need to be fully present in a conversation?

Having a conversation face to face is important according to Turkle, when you interact with another person you can reclaim solitude and hearing them out on what they have to say. “Conversation is the antidote to the algorithmic way of looking at life because it teaches you about fluidity, contingency and personality. Turkle uses the study by Yalda T. Uhls in 2014 where children attend a device free outdoor camp where after a while without devices they are able to read expressions much better than the other group who wasn’t able to read these expressions as well. Face to face conversation in intimate settings lead to people being better at inner dialogue, reclaiming solitude, listening to ourselves, not silencing ourselves.

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Group 1: What is the argument of Sherry Turkle in "Stop Googling. Let's Talk." Provide evidence.

Group 2: According to Turkle, what are the effects of cell phones on human behavior? Please be specific and provide evidence.

Group 3: Why is face to face conversation important? According to Turkle, what skills do we need to be fully present in a conversation?

Group 4: According to Turkle, how do we reclaim conversation? What specific behaviors is she advocating?

Group 5: Unpack the following quote: "Our phones are not accessories, but psychological potent devices that change not just what we do but who we are." Paraphrase the quote, explain its significance, and react to it.

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The website dedicated to the Apple’s «Think different.» advertising campaign and all about it.

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“Our phones are not accessories, but psychological potent devices that change not just what we do but who we are." This quote means that phones are important for emergencies and communication but not important enough to revolve your life around it as they can change who you are and make you a different person with things you watch and people you talk to.

This is important because it shows that phones do more than help us with daily tasks. They can change how we pay attention, how we talk to others, and how we see ourselves. The quote reminds us that technology can shape our lives in big ways, even if we don’t notice it. Knowing this helps us be more careful about how much time and power we give to our phones.

We think the quote is true. Phones are useful, but they can also control our habits and emotions. Sometimes we check our phones without thinking, compare ourselves to people online, or get distracted from real life. This quote makes me think about how important it is to use my phone wisely and not let it change me in a negative way.

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What is the argument of Sherry Turkle in "Stop Googling. Let's Talk." Provide evidence.

Her argument through this text is clear. Phones have weakened our empathy and conversations with people, and we should put our phones down and reconnect with face-to-face conversations. In the text she mentions a study made in 2010, that says, "In 2010, a team at the University of Michigan led by the pshycologist Sara Konrath put together the findings of 72 studies that were conducted over a 30-year period. They found a 40 percent decline in empathy among college students, with most of the decline taking place after 2000." This gives a key hint, most of the declining in empathy was placed after 2000, years were phones were starting to be popular. Specially smartphones with text applications that can simplify a conversation, where you didn't even have to see the person you were talking to. Clearly changing the way people were used to have conversations.

In the same text, the author states, "In one experiment, many student subjects opted to give themselves mild electric shocks rather than sit alone with their thoughts." This shows how people reject to have inner conversations with themselves, even rejecting just thinking alone. Because when you have your phone, you do not have the need to think alone. With your phone the topic varies over the time, so your mind is distracted from overthinking.

Also, there is an important quote that presents a key idea, which says, "Our phones are not accessories, but psychologically potent devices that changes not just what we do but who we are." It is clear, phones do not change just our activities, but who we are. What it means? That our habits, our day by day, everything, including our behavior. It makes us dependants on our phones, as we cannot connect with people without it. Without our phones, we are nobody, because every connection we have, is around it.

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According to Turkle, how do we reclaim conversation? What specific behaviors is she advocating? According to Turkle “One start towards reclaiming conversation is to reclaim solitude.” What this means is to put the phone away and be with yourself, Turkles says that in solitude we find ourselves and we prepare ourselves to have conversations with other people. When we are with ourselves, we ask ourselves questions like “ what do I enjoy doing?” “What do I want to do in the future”?

And by doing so we get to know ourselves more and in turn we can be more secure about ourselves and have more topics to talk about when we are having a conversation.

She says that “when we are secure in ourselves, we are able to really hear what others have to say.” This shows that to recall conversations we need to have an inner process that involves self-confidence and self-awareness and the way to do that is to be with yourself and reflect and get rid of distractions like a phone.

Another way that Turkle says that we can reclaim conversations its by using technology in a wat that we can control it and not get distracted by it, we can use features like “Do not disturb” so that we can focus on specific tasks and not get distracted in things like social media or other things that we dont need.”

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The effects of cell phones on human behavior is it lessens the face-to-face connections and makes conversations meaningless by lowering empathy, weakening conversations, and distracting people from the real world.

Turkle states, “technology is implicated in this assault on empathy. We’ve gotten used to being connected all the time, but we have found ways around conversation…The capacity for empathic conversation goes hand in hand with the capacity for solitude.” This quote explains how technology replaces real conversations and without real conversations, people don’t tend to understand each other’s emotions. Turtkle explains that when people use technology, they are escaping solitude which makes it harder for them to make real connections.

Also, Turkle states, “Conversation is kept relatively light, on topics where people feel they can drop in and out…People keep the conversation on topics where they won’t mind being interrupted. They don’t feel as invested in each other. Even a silent phone disconnects us.” In this quote , Turkle explains that people avoid deep connections because they expect to be interrupted which makes the conversation weak. For example, people checking their phones mid conversation makes people less connected and engaged.

Finally, Turkle states, “The app way of thinking states with the idea that actions in the world will work like algorithms: Certain actions will lead to predictable results.” Turkle explains that technology make you expect things in life which are not real. Turkle explains that people think life should work just like apps and that distracts people real life experiences.

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Group 1: What did the study of undergraduate student writing at Stanford reveal? Be specific. And why is the study important? What are your reactions to the findings? Do you agree/disagree?

group 2: What did the study with researcher Karen Lunsford reveal? Be specific. Why is the study important? What are your reactions to the findings? Do you agree/disagree?

Group 3: Lunsford refers to various accounts of the state of literacy among students as "scripts" and "stories." What is the CONNOTATION of these words? Assess Lunsford argument. How well does she counter these stories that argue that students brain-damaged by technology?

Group 4: Ah you say, but these are students at Standford" (6). Is Lunsford wise to introduce a NAYSAYER at this point in her argument? Why or Why not?

Group 5: Having devoted her entire essay to student writers, Lunsford refers to their teachers in the last line. Is this an effective way to conclude her argument? Why or why not?

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What did the study of undergraduate student writing at Stanford reveal? Be specific. “Finally, they saw writing as collaborative, social, and participatory rather than solitary…..these activities seemed to help them develop a range or repertoire of writing styles, tones, and formats along with a range of abilities.” This showed how students at Stanford weren’t really illiterate but just had a very diverse way of writing with different styles, specifically “life writing”. This was proven correct when one scholar sent two different messages to two different people. She sent a very informal message to her friend talking about her time in Bangladesh while using emojis and various amount of slang. She then sends a report to her adviser where she is on point about the topic which is Grameen Bank where she does not use slang but just facts about her findings.

And why is the study important?

The study is important because it shows how writing has evolved and people are learning new ways to write literature. This includes using such things as technology to advance literature in a new direction. Also because of how integrated technology is, people have now started to use different styles with different circles of people.

What are your reactions to the findings? Do you agree/disagree?

We mostly agree to the findings because this is only focusing on the writing aspects and not the entirety of literacy. Technology could still harm the illiteracy of students in a way to where they may become illiterate.

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1~Lunsford refers various amounts of the state of literacy among students as “scripts” and “stories” because these scripts and stories aren’t based on actual facts, they are just common beliefs. The connotation of these words are negative considering the fact that they are just myths rather than real evidence. For example, she states one script as “a generation of twitterers and texters, awash in self indulgence narcissistic twaddle…” This is a negative connotation because it is suggesting that people are following a fake narrative instead of the truth. The connotation of these words suggests that these script and stories are just myths and not factual information.

1.5~This assesses Lunsford argument by showing that youth are more than what many people believe of them (“stories” and “scripts”). She provides evidences that people are writing even more nowdays and making no more mistakes than what people made in the past. That supports the argument that internet help people to read and write more because they are exposed to more people and varied points of view which can be reached by reading.

2~ Lunsford opposes the dominate belief by providing accurate analysis and facts. The general “myth” is that new generation students have become illiterate due to the invasion of technology. Lunsford provides a statement which claimed that “students today are writing more than ever before”. This automatically proves the dominant belief not accurate. Further on, Lunsford also quotes “spelling, the most prevalent error by over 300%—now presents much less of a problem.” This identifies a major improvement which existed before and the new generation was able to overcome. Overall, Lunsford successfully counters the popular myth of current illiteracy by providing real facts.

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Ah you say, but these are students at Standford" (6). Is Lunsford wise to introduce a NAYSAYER at this point in her argument? Why or Why not? Lunsford is wise to introduce a NAYSAYER at that point in her argument to demonstrate that she is not only showing her perspective but she is raising a point from a opposing point of view, she does this to anticipate this kind objections towards her research and to show engagement with the audience.

She then procceds to refute this objection by carrying out the research with students writing from all regions of the United States, from two-year and four year from big schools and small schools and private and public schools.

and demostrating that both research show similar findings.

As she writes "In short, we found that students today certainly make errors--as all writers--do--but that they are making no more errors than previous studies have documented. Different errors, yes--but more errors, no." this shows that while technology has changed the mistakes that students are making it has not increased the amount of errors that they are making therefore their quality of work has stayed the same over the years.

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The study that Andrea Lunsford and Karen Lunsford did showed that students today write a lot more than students did 25 years ago. In fact, the average length of their writing has almost tripled. The study also found that even though the types of mistakes students make have changed, the number of mistakes compared to the number of words has stayed the same for the last hundred years. This means students are not making more errors than before. They also learned that spelling is not a big problem anymore because tools like spell check help students fix it. In the third paragraph she mentions” at the very least, they know true difference between a face book friend and a college professor.” This shows that It connects because it shows that students know how to change their writing for different people, proving they aren’t bad writers but actually know what they’re doing.

This study is important because it shows that students today are not worse writers. Instead, they are writing even more and making about the same number of mistakes as students in the past. It reminds teachers that writing changes with time and that technology affects how students write.

We mostly agree with the study because students today write a lot, even if their writing looks different. Technology helps with things like spelling, so errors are not worse than before. Overall, we think students aren’t weaker writers they’re just writing in new ways that match today’s world/technology

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Having devoted her entire essay to student writers. Lunsford refers to their teachers in the last line. Is this an effective way to conclude her argument? Why or why not?

Referring to the teachers in the last line is an effective way to conclude her argument.

Why?

Because it kind of give a reason of why the students use so much technology nowadays. We have to read a little before: "What students need un facing these challenges is not a decision or dismissal but solid and informed instruction. And that's where the real problem lie..." Lunsford refers that the teachers are not doing an excellent job instructing the students, so they have to find other ways to improve their abilities, and they rely on technology; Lunsford encourages teachers to include more multimortal ideas, exposing the students to diverse types of genres and literature. So the students can adapt to different requirements of writing styles when it's necessary for them, because it's not the same texting a friend that doing an essay for a regent exam, it adds flexibility.

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Group 1: How did social media change "profoundly" when Facebook and Twitter added the "like button" and the "retweet button," respectively?

Group 2: Haidt and Twenge say that Instagram has had "particularly strong effects on girls and young women (6)." What are some of the effects and causes?

Group 3: Haidt and Twenge introduce a NAYSAYER in paragraph 7. How and how effectively do they deal with this "powerful" opposing argument?

Group 4: "So what can we do?" How and how well do the authors answer this question with regard to cellphones? Point to specific passages in the text that support your assessment.

Group 5: Where and how do Haidt and Twenge analyze cause and effect to back up their claim that "smartphones don't just affect individuals, they affect groups" (13)? Point to specific passages in the text.

Group 6: As Sherry Turkle wrote in her book Reclaiming Conversation, life with smartphones means "we are forever elsewhere?" Analyze what this phrase means.

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Some effects Instagram has on girls and young women are seeking more validation from the internet, comparing themselves on the internet and setting themselves at a really high standard. Some of the causes are Instagram algorithms which have users seeing other people's lives. This can make them think that they want that life. Another cause can be jealousy. Women may want the life they see on the internet and are upset they cannot live the life they see on the internet. In the article "Pulling Teenagers Away from Cell Phones" Hadit and Twenge write "In addition, as Instagram grew in popularity over the next decade, it had particularly strong effects on girls and young women, inviting them to "compare and despair" as they scrolled through posts from friends and strangers showing their faces, bodies and lives that had been edited and re-edited until many were closer to perfection than to reality." What this quote shows is that social media and specifically Instagram depict false narratives on peoples lives and give this false idea on how people truly live their lives. It creates this idea that everyone else is living amazing lives and the user seeing the content is the only one who isn't living this lavish life.

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-Social Media has changed profoundly when Facebook and Twitter added the “like button” and the “retweet button” in a negative way. Social Media’s like and retweet button makes more conflicts and can also spread misinformation.

-Social Media’s like and retweet buttons become algorithmicized. This means that people will see others include their opinions and they will add more comments onto it. The text states, “Facebook added the like button, Twitter added the retweet button and, over the next few years, users feeds became algorithmicized based on “engagement”, which mostly meant a post’s ability to trigger emotions.” This means that people will post things just to trigger others into retweeting or liking just to insert their thoughts.

-Social Media’s like button makes more conflict because your followings list on social media can see what you like. For example, in a relationship, a boy can like a girl’s pictures and his girlfriend may not be fine with that so that creates conflicts. Social Media’s retweet button also makes more conflict because it becomes an open conversation for everyone’s opinion. For example, on Twitter, Nicki Manaj and Cardi B had an argument and fans would retweet to add more fuel to the argument.

-Social Media adding these buttons has just made it a more negative place to add your thoughts. Even with a simple retweet or like, it can turn into something bigger and

ruin relationships.

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We are forever somewhere else means that a person’s body is in one place physically, but their mind is somewhere else. It is on their phone, a video, or a game. They are not mentally present. Both authors emphasize this because it causes social interactions to be worse due that for example: friendship happen when two people or more have a conversation face to face. When a person has their mind in another place they miss the moment. Also it doesn’t allow people to feel empathy as we discussed in the last class because they are not actually engaged with the conversation, so they are not able to feel other people’s feelings. Having the mind in your phone instead of inthe moment you are living might not only affect your social relationships but also your personal relationship with yourself due that many times people do not take the time to discover their own feelings, ideas, etc because they are focused on their devices. An example of how being “somewhere else” due to the phone that affects you personally not only socially can be when you do not sleep well enough for being looking at your phone, texting somebody, etc.

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Haidt and Twenge introduce a NAYSAYER in paragraph 7. How effectively do they deal with this "powerful" opposing argument? Haidt and Twenge introduce a NAYSAYER that says why aren’t teens in all of these countries experiencing more mental health issues the way Americans have been.

They effectively deal with this “powerful” opposing argument by introducing the term loneliness which they stated wasn’t the same as depression, just correlated. They also used the PISA (program for international student assessment) that surveyed 15 year olds from different countries since 2000. To oppose against the argument they reported that in “36 out of 37 countries, loneliness at school increased since 2012.” This shows how they used loneliness to connect depression, showing that teenagers in other counties also experience mental health issues.

It states “Teenage loneliness was relatively stable between 2000 and 2012, with fewer than 18 percent reporting high levels of loneliness. But in the six years after 2012, rates increased dramatically. They roughly doubled in Europe, Latin America and the English-speaking countries, and rose by about 50 percent in the East Asian countries.” With this evidence, the authors present that in every part of the world, after the rise of the phones, the loneliness increased too.

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"So what can we do?" How and how well do the authors answer this question with regard to cellphones? Point to specific passages in the text that support your assessment.

Haidt and Twenge write "One important step is to give kids a long period each day when they are not distracted by their devices." the author answer to this question is that kids should not have their devices in school because this distract them from learning, the authors say that without their devices in school students can "practice the lost art of paying full attention to the people around them--including their teachers." this means that without their phones students will be more invested in what they are learning and they will be more succesfull at understanding their school work and their teachers.

Furthermore Haidt and Twenge write "A second important step is to delay entry into social media, ideally keeping it entirely out of elementary and middle school" they write this to prevent young students to be exposed at the social media world in which there are a lot of unfiltered information and they can be exposed to harassment or cyberbulling.

This brings us to their next point, Haidt and Twenge write " The platforms should--at a minimum-- be held legally responsible for enforcing their stated minimum age of 13" Here they say that companies should have more legal consequences if they fail to enforce their age limit policies so that when they see the repercussions they will put more effort into enforcing their policies.

We believe that points 2 and 3 are realistic and should be implemented in our society because if we prevent kids from having access to social media at a young age they will be protected from all the cyberbullying and unfiltered media that there is on the internet.

As for the first point we believe that this solution is not realistic, we should teach teenagers when to put their phones away, this way they can reinforce their self control while still having access to their phones in case of emergencies.

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Group 5: Where and how do Haidt and Twenge analyze cause and effect to back up their claim that "smartphones don't just affect individuals, they affect groups" (13)? Point to specific passages in the text.

Haidt and Twenge analyze cause and effect to back up their claim that “smartphones don't just affect individuals, they affect groups” when they use relevant testimonies and other authors claims. They refers to Sherry Turkle coined claim, “we are forever elsewhere.” Supporting their claims that interactions are made difficult as they “transformed peer relationships, family relationships and the texture of daily life for everyone—even those who don't own a phone or don't have an Instagram account.“ showing that it is harder to communicate in the world outside the smartphones, impacting even those who share no common ground with the smartphone world.

Haidt and Twenge also analyze cause and effect to back up their claim that “smartphones don't just affect individuals, they affect groups” by mentioning that the impact of smartphones is deeply affecting social interactions. Mentioning the testimony of a Gen Z Canadian college student who witnessed his own generation “sit in complete silence, absorbed in their smartphones, afraid to speak and be heard by their peers.” This has led to a “weakening of self-identity and confidence” compared to “empty calories” as smartphones are not being consumed healthily.