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“LOUD.” Performance by Sofia Carson, YouTube, YouTube, 24 Mar. 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qE9xKyJkq80&t=1s. Accessed 19 May 2023.

Talyor, K. Kathrine. Address Unknown. HarperCollins, 2021

Haddix, P. Margaret. Uprising. Simon & Schuster, 2007.

Drehle, David Von. “Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire March 1911.” Genealogy Trails, genealogytrails.com/main/events/triangleshirtwaist.html. Accessed 17 May 2023.

Sloan, John. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire. New York Call, 1911, Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington, DE, United States of America.

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"The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire" by John Sloan

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"The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire" by John Sloan

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Produced for the Socialist newspaper the New York Call, Sloan's drawing comments on the hazardous conditions that led to the deaths of 146 garment workers, mostly young immigrant women, in a fire at the Triangle Waist Company in Lower Manhattan. Emergency exit doors had been locked by management-a common practice to prevent theft by employees-trapping many workers when fire broke out on the eighth floor on March 25, 1911.

The triangle is inscribed "rent, profit, interest," indicating the larger forces that Sloan held responsible for the tragedy. The dagger through the Employers Liability Bill at lower left represents judicial weakening of laws obliging factory owners to protect workers from unsafe conditions.

Gruesome but beautifully drawn, this effective cartoon shows Sloan at the height of his abilities as a political commentator. In 1911 Sloan was both a committed Socialist and a prolific illustrator, in mainstream magazines as well as the party press. Two years later, he would join the staff at The Masses, where he would be instrumental in establishing the magazine's artistic vision.

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The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire - John Sloan - Google Arts & Culture

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Produced for the Socialist newspaper the New York Call, Sloan's drawing comments on the hazardous conditions that led to the deaths of 146 garment workers, mostly young immigrant women, in a fire at the Triangle Waist Company in Lower Manhattan.

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"Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire" by geneologytrails.com

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"Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire" by geneologytrails.com

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141 DEAD IN FACTORY FIRE
Shirtwaist Workers Trapped Many Stories Up in the Triangle Co.'s Shop.
RAIN OF BODIES TO STREET
Scores of the Women and Girls Fight for Places to Jump to Their Deaths

Fire Starts on Eighth Floor, With Various Theories to Account for It -Triangle Concern Had Three Upper Floors of Ten Story Asch Building - Panic Sweeps Over Place at Once -Elevators Run Until Heat Becomes Unbearable - Machine Operaters Drop From Windows and Then Jump Down Elevator Well - Bodies Break Nets of the Firemen - New York University Law Students Help in Rescue - Bodies Deep on Sidewalk When Firemen Arrive - Sheets of Water Drench Them as Firemen fight Fire - Search Discloses Many Bodies Inside - Temperary Morgue Opened by the Police.

Long Rows of coffined dead on the shedded Morgue pier - last so used at the time of the Slocum disaster - marked the work of a fire in the Asch loft building at Greene street and Washington place late yesterday afternoon.

According to the police count at midnight last night 141 persons, about a dozen of who were men, lost their lives. One hundred and thirty-three bodies were taken from the ruins and eight persons died in the hospitals. Battalion Chief Worth had just completed a search of the cellar at this time, and he said that as far as he could tell there, were no more bodies there, nor was there any left in the building. Chief worth said, however, that there was still a great deal of water in the cellar and that it was quite possible that it hid more bodies. None of the floors had fallen and the roof had not fallen. The stairways too were intact.

The dead were shirtwaist makers, mostly women and girls, employed by the Triangle Shirt Waist Company, of which Max Blanck and Isaac Harris were proprietors. The Ten story building, owned by Joseph Asch of South Norwalk, Conn., had 1,500 machines on three of the floors, and one fire escape, which ran down into the courtyard.

Eye witnesses of the fire said last night that the first man who had run to the alarm box at Washington place and Washington Square East had (merely) turned the handle of the box and had not opened it and pulled the hook which sends the alarm. This accounts, they say, for the apparent slowness of the fire apparatus in answering the alarm.

When the fire came, just before 5 o'clock, men and women leaped into the street by dozens and died there. There were fifty-three corpses on the Greene street sidewalk when the reporters got there. There were more dead at the bottom of the elevator shaft and many more, some of them burned to mere relics, on the upper floors.

The women and girl machine operators who were found dead on the street had jumped from the eighth, ninth and tenth or top floor. They jumped in groups of twos and threes into life nets and their bodies spun downward from the high windows of the building so close together that the few life nets stretched below soon were broken and the firemen and passersby who helped hold the nets were crushed to the pavement by the rain of falling bodies.

Within a few minutes after the first cry of fire had been yelled on the eighth floor of the building fifty-three bodies were lying half dressed on the pavement, waists and skirts in tatters showing that they had been torn in the panic within the place before the girls got to the windows to jump to death.

Bodies Lay in the Water.
The bodies lay there with the spill of the water which the firemen soon were pouring into the building soaking them. There was no time to clear away the dead in the street. Inside the building, the firemen believed, still were dozens upon dozens of girls and men, and the firemen wasted no time upon those whom at a glance they knew to be dead. It was more than an hour and a half before the firemen could enter the floor where the fire started, the eighth, and they came back then with the word that a quick glance showed, according to Chief Croker, about fifty dead bodies on that floor alone. In the elevator shaft also was a pile of bodies, estimated conservatively at twenty-five, girls who had jumped down the elevator shaft after the elevator had made its last trip.

Some of the girls in jumping smashed the sidewalk vault light on the Washington place side of the building. The bodies that continued to crash upon the vault light finally made a hole in it about five feet in diameter. Just at dusk firemen and policemen were pulling many half burned corpses from this hole.

800 Employees in the Building.
Joe Zito and Joe Gaspar, the two elevator men of the building, said that there were 1,500 machines on the three floors of the building and each was being operated by a girl at the time the fire started. The total number of employees, according to the elevator men, was about 2,000. Deputy Police Commissioner Driscoll said later that from what he had been able to learn there were about 800 persons working the place when the fire started. Among those on the top floor at the time were Mr. Blanck, one of the proprietors, his two children and a governess. Mr. Blanck had just ordered a taxicab to send his children and the governess home when the fire was discovered. All got out safely.

More than an hour after the last of the girls had jumped policemen who had approached the building to gather up the bodies and stretch them out on the opposite side of Greene street found one girl, Bertha Weintraut of 205 Henry street, the last girl to leap from the ninth floor, still breathing. Two or three dead bodies were piled alongside her and as the policemen were moving these away they heard the girl sigh. The police yelled for ... doctor and the girl was hurried to St. Vincent's Hospital, although there was no hope of saving her life.

A man who has an office on the third floor of the building in Washington place just across from the entrance of the burned building said that he looked up from this desk upon hearing shrieks high up across the way and saw a girl climb out of the window second from the most westerly window on the ninth floor of the Asch Building. At this time the man, who refused to give his name, says that there was no sign of smoke or flame.

The girl stood for a moment on the window sill and then jumped and whirled around, a streak of black and white for nine floors that ended in a sidewalk smash. About the same time Dr. Ralph S. Fralick of 119 Waverly place was walking across Washington Square Park toward the building and started on a run as he saw the heads of screaming girls at the windows of the three topmost floors and saw dozens more crowd out upon the foot wide terra cotta ledge which runs along the window sills of the ninth floor.

The girls fought for a time, the doctor says, on the little ledge. Then a girl jumped and another and another. Some of them fell true and straight as a plummet and smashed through the vault lights of the street into the basement under the sidewalk. Most of them turned many times, shrieking as they fell. One girl, the doctor says, deliberately took her hat and laid it on the ledge before she jumped.

Man Dropped Girls to Street.
But the greater number were jumping from the east side of the corner building and landing burned and crushed in Greene street. One man ran from window to window, picked up girls bodily and dropped them to the pavement. Either he thought the nets were there to catch them or he believed that this was the easiest way. And when he had dropped the last girl within reach, he climbed on the sill and jumped straight out, with a hand raised, as a bridge jumper holds his arm upward to balance himself.

After many girls had jumped from the Greene street side of the building and it seemed that the ninth floor ledge on this side was clear two girls clambered out upon it. One of them seemed self-possessed; at least her movements seemed slow and deliberate. With her was a younger girl shrieking and twisting with fright.

The crowd below yelled to the two not to jump. The older girl placed both arms around the younger and pulled her back on the ledge toward the brick wall and she tried to press her younger companion closer to the wall. But the girl who was being held twisted her head and shoulders loose from the protecting embrace, took a step or two to the right from the girl who was trying to save her and jumped nine floors to the pavement,

Every one had jumped then and the solitary girl still was standing on the ledge. After her younger companion had died the girl who was left stood back against the wall motionless, and for a moment she held her hands rigid against her thighs, her head tilted upward and looking toward the sky. Smoke began to trickle out of the broken window a few inches to her left. She began to raise her arms then and make slow gestures as if she were addressing a crowd above her.

A tongue of flame licked up along the window sill and singed her hair and then out of the smoke which was beginning to hide her from view she shot free foremost, her arms still raised and falling without turning to the street. It was Bertha Weintraut, whom the police found more than an hour later still breathing under the cataracts spilling from ledge to ledge upon the dead who lay around her.

Saved by Law Students.
About two hundred other employees, mostly women, meantime had got out on the roof of the ten story building crazy with fright. Across the small court at the back of the building are the rear windows of the New York University law school. At the first cry from the burning building two of the law students, Charles E. Kremer and Elias Kanter, led a party of students to the roof of the law school building, which is a story higher the building where the fire occurred. Kanter, Kremer and the other students dragged two short ladders to the roof of the law school and by making a sort of extension ladder of the two short ones Kremer got down on the roof of the burning building and tried to get the girls into orderly line and send them up the ladders to where his school fellows were waiting to grab them to safety.

The students got fully 150 women, girls and men away from the burning building in this way. At the other end of the roof from the students' ladders about fifty men and women were fighting with one another to climb about five feet from the roof of their own building to the roof of an adjoining building at the corner of Waverly place and Greene street. The law students say that the men bit and kicked the women and girls for a chance to climb to the slightly higher roof and safety.

Kremer, when the last of the group nearest the law school had been saved, climbed down the ladder to the roof of the Asch Building and went down the roof scuttle through the smoke to the top floor. He could see only one girl, who ran shrieking toward him with her hair burning. She had come up from the floor beneath and as she came to Kremer she fainted in his arms.

He smothered the sparks in her hair with his hands and then tried to carry her up the narrow ladder to the roof. But because she was unconscious he had to wrap long strands of her hair around his hand and drag her to fresh air in that way. His friend Kanter helped him to get the girl up the ladder to the law school roof and the two students, after she had been revived, got a taxicab for her and sent her home in East 106th street. They did not ask her name.

The One Small Fire Escape.
At the rear of the western wing of the building was one small fire escape, the only one on the building. Law students across the court saw only one person, a man, go down this fire escape. The fire escape runs down to the small court the pavement of which is sunken two stories below the street level.

Joe Zito, the elevator man at the Washington place entrance to the Asch Building, says that he and Gasper, who runs the elevator next to Joe's, made more than fifteen trips to the upper floors, mostly to the eighth, after the fire started and that they brought down from twelve to fifteen girls at each trip.

Joe was sitting in his elevator at the street floor, he told THE SUN reporters last night, when screams and the smashing of glass on the elevator shaft door at the eighth floor caused him to shoot his car upward. He saw Mr. Blanck, Joe says, standing near the elevator and striking at crazy men while the employer yelled to Joe to take the girls down first. The other partner, Harris, was standing near the other elevator door the first time Joe went up for a load, but he didn't see Harris after that.

It was on either his second or third trip that Joe heard the glass of the door at the ninth floor break, and so he went all the way to the top floor. There was no one around the elevator door at the tenth floor, Joe said, but he took a crowd on at the ninth.

"When I'd made almost twenty trips," said Joe. "I could see as I started up for another load that the flames were spreading all across the elevator shaft at the eighth floor. I couldn't go up into that, and at any time the fire might burn out the top rests of the cable. So I started back to the street floor, and as I did there was an awful bang on the top of the elevator and blood dropped on me. It was a girl who had jumped down the shaft when she saw, I guess, that the elevator wasn't ever coming up again. And before I got to the bottom floor one body after another was slamming on top of the elevator cage. Maybe there are twenty-five of them piled up on top of the elevator in the shaft, maybe forty or fifty."

Gathering Up the Bodies.
Despite Joe's loyal protests, Gasper, the other elevator man, made many trips after the fire started. Toward 6:15 o'clock the police, directed by Deputy Commissioner Driscoll, Inspector Schmittberger, Inspector Daly and Capt. Henry, began to gather up the bodies from the sidewalks close to the buildings and to haul more bodies from the water in the basement through the hole in the vault light which the bodies had made when striking. Firemen in the meantime, led by Chief Croker, had got to the eighth and ninth floors - the woodwork of the windows on the tenth floor still was burning briskly almost two hours after the fire started - and the firemen came out a little later to report that they had come across not only half burned dead bodies, but had seen charred limbs of bodies that had been incinerated.

Worst Since Brooklyn Theatre Fire.
"The worst fire in a New York building," said Chief Croker as he came out among the ambulances and fire apparatus again, "since the burning of the Brooklyn Theatre in the '70s."

The police had carried to the east side of Greene street about fifty bodies of women, charred and dripping. The spread a great canvas of dark red on the sidewalk and laid the dead in rows. Worming their way between the clutter of ambulances, mounted policemen, patrol wagons and throbbing fire engines came men bearing rough brown coffins on their shoulders. The police had sent to the Morgue for 75 or 100 coffins, but all the Morgue could pile into the patrol wagons was about sixty-five.

When the bodies had been covered with tarpaulins the police crossed again to the sidewalks under the windows from which the girls had jumped and picked up the cheap belongings that the girls had clutched when they ran to the windowsills. There were many leather handbags, broken combs and hair ribbons, some dimes and cents, parts of clothing that had been torn off in the wild panic on the floors above, and in the gutter water a policeman picked up what appeared to be a necklace, but which under the electric light proved to be a pair of rosary beads.

The police piled all these scraps with the bodies and then began the task of placing the remains in the pine coffins. They piled the coffins into patrol wagons and ambulances which then clanged away toward Broadway, where a gaping, silent jam pressed against the fire ropes trying to see the fire and with only one break in the wall of humanity, the lane where the coffins were being carried through.

Even while the bodies were being carried away - it was almost dark at the time - a hatless girl about 20 years old came shrieking out of nowhere up to the piles of bodies. There was not time to ask her name or whether she had been inside the building. The white clad ambulance surgeons all around closed upon her and dragged her to an ambulance. She bit and screamed every foot of the way, but they forced her on the ambulance cot and took her to St. Vincent's.

Theories as to the Cause.
Chief Croker was asked after he had come from the building whether he knew the cause of the fire. He said he didn't. There was one story to the effect that the fire, which started in the cutting department on the Greene street side of the eighth floor, was caused by the explosion of a gasoline tank. The motive power of the sewing machines was electricity.

There might have been fewer fatalities if so much time had not be lost in turning in the first alarm. Because of the Saturday half holiday the employees of a clothing firm, Meyers, Crown & Wallach, just below the waist factory, had gone home at noon, and all the other floors except the three floors that were burned had been closed for the day. As a result there was not one in the building who knew of the fire for some time except the employees who were trapped and the runner of the elevator, who was busy taking girls to the street.

Edward Reardon, formerly a detective stationed in District Attorney Jerome's office and now superintendent of the Fidelity Secret Services, told THE SUN man that he was on his way into the building to keep an appointment with Mr. Blanck when some one shot past him from the vestibule yelling "Fire!"

Two clerks, Joseph Marron and Richard Garner, were passing at the time. They saw no sign of smoke but heard shrieks and saw girls beginning to jump, and so they ran to the firebox across the street and sent in an alarm.

Three youths employed in the neighborhood sought the ambulance surgeons after the worst of the excitement had died down and had their hands and arms patched up. The three, Harry Kanzor, Sol Kanzor, a brother, and Joseph Sugarmann, were on hand when the firemen from the nearest fire house, Great Jones street, came with their nets.

The three young men helped man the nets on the Greene street side. As body after body, sometimes two and three striking at the same time, struck the net the three clerks and the firemen were knocked to the sidewalk under the heap and the Kanzor brothers and Sugarmann, as well as the firemen, crawled from the heap bleeding from cuts on the hands and face.

The firemen under Chief Croker's direction fought the blaze principally with a water tower on the Washington place side of the building, and they were also able to direct a number of streams from the roof of the building occupied by the United Piece Dyeing Company on the opposite side of Greene street. They had little difficulty in getting a stream as far as the ninth floor, but experienced some difficulty in flooding the top floor.

The blaze was of the kind that the firemen describe as a mushroom fire. In all so-called fireproof buildings, Chief Croker explained, the flames of the woodwork trimmings and inflammable goods in the lofts stay inside the building, shoot upward to the top floor and then "mushroom" - spread out like a mushroom along the top ceiling and creep back downward along the four inside walls. The result of course is a furnace inside the building, with little evidence of flame or smoke to be seen from the street until the fire has far advanced.

Escape of Blanck and Children.
Max Blanck told his story of the fire of himself and his two daughters with their governess at the home of his partner, Isaac Harris, 324 West 101st street. Mr. Blanck said that a governess and the two daughters, Henrietta, 12 years old, and Mildred, 4 years old, had entered his office only a short time before the fire began, the children coming on a visit to their father, and he was sitting talking with Mr. Harris and holding one of the children on each knee. The office was on the tenth floor.

Then some one of his employees ran in shouting to him that there was a fire on the eighth floor. Mr. Blanck jumped up, and with the two children, the governess and Mr. Harris started to the elevator. There were two elevators in the building, he said. One of the cars came up to the tenth floor and carried down as many people as could crowd into it. The others on that floor waited for two minutes for the car to return, but it did not. The other elevator Mr. Blanck said he did not think got as high as the tenth floor.

There also were two stairways, and the crowd, including himself and Mr. Harris, made for these, but the fire already was pouring up the stairway shafts and they turned back. The two partners then led their employees on that floor to the roof. Mr. Blanck said that some of those on the two lower floors had managed to get to the tenth floor and followed them. He did not know how many of these there were.

When they reached the roof Mr. Blanck says the flames were already flashing high up around three sides of the building. On the fourth side was the building of the American Book Company. This building, of the same number of stories, was about eight feet higher than the one in which the fire was. The crowd had difficulty trying to get up to the roof of the book company building. A rough sort of ladder was rigged up and those on the roof were helped up to the roof above. They then got down to the street through the book company's building in safety.

Mr. Harris had cut his hand pretty severely in breaking the glass of the scuttle on the Beck Building and was fixed up by a nearby physician. The governess was sent home with the children and Mr. Blanck and his partner remained at the building until late in the evening.

Water Buckets Had Been Filled.
Mr. Blanck said that he thought that most of those on the tenth floor were served by the journey across the roofs. He said that he did not consider that his own firm, the owners of the building, or any city department had been negligent. The building was of modern construction, he said, and was supposed to be fireproof. The Triangle Company had 100 water buckets on each of the three floors it occupied and the water was changed in them every three days. He himself, he said had personally watched the supplying of this water on Thursday.

The building had been inspected, he said, by some inspector from some city department about eight days before. He was not sure whether this inspector was from the Building Department or the Fire Department. The matter of fire escapes had been noted in the inspection, he said, and he had understood it had been satisfactory. His firm, he said, employed two watchmen for the day and two others for night duty, who patrolled the three floors. These watchmen were instructed to prevent the gathering of any refuse or waste. There were automatic signal boxes and fire axes on each of the three floors.

Mr. Blanck had no suggestion to make as to the probable cause of the fire. He said that within two minutes after the word was brought to the office the flames had practically shut off possibility of getting to the lower floors. The fixtures and stock of the Triangle Waist Company, Mr. Blanck said, he valued at about $200,000. They were insured for about 80 per cent, of this amount.

Caring for the Wounded.
The more seriously injured were removed to Bellevue, New York and St. Vincent's hospitals. The ambulances from these institutions were kept on the run between the hospitals and the scene of the fire and the accident wards rapidly filled up with persons all seriously hurt. Ambulances were hustled off from Flower, Hudson street and Gouverneur hospitals and they were used to transport the injured to hospitals nearer the fire.

Several persons died after they had reached the hospitals and others were in such serious condition that they were not expected to live. The surgeons were called upon to treat a large number of fractures which were received when the victims jumped from the windows to the street below. Splints were hastily applied and the sufferers were rushed off to operating tables, where they could receive more skillful attention.

More serious than these were the cases of persons who were badly burned about the face and body. They were covered up in oil and bandages as soon as possible and were the first to be taken to the hospitals, because all depended upon their being treated quickly. All of them were suffering from shock, and this, said the doctors, was just as liable to result seriously as was a fracture or burn.

Two surgeons were sent with an ambulance from the Presbyterian Hospital, but it was not found necessary to remove any of the patients there. The ambulances carried several injured to the New York Hospital.

It was about 6:45 o'clock when the firemen began to search for bodies inside the building. At that time the report on the street was that between fifty and fifty-five person had been burned to death on the three upper floors, the majority of them on the ninth floor. The truth was worse that the report.

One crew of men rigged two falls suspended from the roof in Greene street and Washington place. Another crew was detailed to pick the dead from the debris and lower them to the street. Some of the workers carried acetylene torches. In Greene street there was a searchlight shooting its white rays against the wall of the building; in Washington place another searchlight played upon the building and on the sidewalk where the dead were laid.

Lowering of the Bodies.
At first the men on the upper floors put the bodies that they found in tarpaulins that are part of the paraphernalia of every fire truck. When the supply of tarpaulins was exhausted blankets were snatched from the drivers' seats and even from the horses.

Two or three bodies at a time were packed into a tarpaulin or a blanket and carried to a window to be lowered to the sidewalk by block and tackle. On the sidewalk policemen received them and bore them across the way, where an array of plain coffins from the Morgue was ready. As each coffin received its burden a policeman tagged it with a number and jotted down the same number in this notebook.

A line of patrol wagons stood there and as fast as a wagon was filled with the coffins it dashed away to the Morgue or to the pier at the foot of East Twenty-sixth street, which took the overflow. By 8 o'clock about eighty bodies had been found, tagged and sent away.

When darkness fell wires were strung along Greene street and Washington place and soon rows of are lights made it comparatively easy for the workers to find their way about. So many patrol wagons had arrived from distant precincts that many of them had to be held in reserve in the side streets. They stood along the curb like a string of taxicabs waiting for fares. Presently the wagons that had been on the scene first began returning from the Morgue. They brought coffins that had been emptied and that were to be used over again.

Found Alive in the Subcellar.
At about 9 o'clock a watch that was still going was taken from the waist of a woman who had died in the fire. Soon afterward a man was found alive and almost unscathed in the subcellar. The manner of his escape will be worth his telling for many a day. It seemed that the firemen had kept out of the subcellar for several hours because it was choked with gas and fast filling with water.

A little after 9 o'clock Battalion Chief Worth and Capt. Condey of Truck 5, peering into the darkness, heard a man calling and calling. What he was saying they learned afterward was Russian for "Help!" Russian or no Russian, the battalion chief and the captain knew what he meant and they gave orders that that man must be got out.

Down through the cellar and into the subcellar climbed Firemen Wolff, Levey and Wouscher, detailed to the job. The lower chamber reeked with gas, and water was still dripping in from the flooded floors above. But the three firemen kept on, guided by the Russian's voice, until they found him.

He was standing in four feet of water right beneath one of the passenger elevator cars and hanging to the safety clutch of the care with both hands. He had figured that in a few minutes the water would be over his head, but he proposed to cling there until his last breath was gone.

The man was so weak from fright and exposure that he had to be taken out in the firemen's arms and across Greene street to the office of the Piece Dye Works. There he said he was Herman Mischer of 352 East Fifteenth street. He was a cutter working on the eighth floor. When he heard the cry of fire he shouted "Follow me," and ran to the stairway.

In the hall he encountered flames, so he raced upstairs. At the tenth floor he saw an elevator shaft door open, jumped, in, grabbed the elevator cable and slid down to the cellar. He said that three women slid down the cable behind him, but no trace of them has been found. Mischer was taken to St. Vincent's Hospital. His face and hands were cut and he was weak from fright.

The Slocum Morgue Reopened.
As soon as the extent of the disaster became known to Charities Commissioner Drummond and his first deputy, Frank Goodwin, they decided that the city morgue would not hold the bodies and it was determined to open a temporary morgue on the covered pier at the foot of East Twenty-sixth street which leads to the offices of the Department of Charities at the foot of the pier. This was done at the time of the Slocum disaster.

Deputy Police Commissioner Driscoll directed his men to open a temporary police station there, and it was put in charge of Capt. O'Connor of the East Twenty-second street station. Forty men from various precincts were directed to report there at once, and of these twenty-five remained at First avenue and Twenty-sixth street and established lines to keep back the inquisitive and also these searching for friends or relatives until the bodies had been prepared for identification.

The remains of the victims began to leave the scene of the fire at about 6 o'clock, at which time wagons arrived there with seventy-two coffins, all that the Charities Department had on hand at the Morgue and on the pier. At the same time nearly a score of patrol wagons, which had been ordered out from all the downtown stations, got to the scene prepared to carry the bodies to the temporary to carry the bodies to the temporary morgue as fast as they could be put in the coffins.

Grim Crosstown Procession.
From 6 o'clock on the wagons drove from Washington Square to Bellevue in a steady procession. Most of them went up Broadway to Fourteenth street, then up Fourth avenue to Twenty-third, then east to First avenue, and on down to the foot of Twenty-sixth street. In most cases the patrol wagons carried three bodies, although in some instances four were loaded in. Each wagon carried about five policemen.

The arc lights on the pier, which served to illuminate the temporary morgue there at the time of the Slocum disaster, were burning, and as fast as the wagons drove down to the foot of the street they were admitted to the pier and the coffins were lifted off.

In cases where the bodies were not burned too seriously for recognition they were wrapped in shrouds and then laid out on the floor of the pier, with heads to the wall, on the two sides of the building. The bodies that were badly burned remained in the coffins.

Commissioner Drummond called on Supt. Yorke of the Municipal Lodging House in East Twenty-fifth street for as many men to aid in caring for the bodies as he could muster among the occupants of the lodgings. Supt. Yorke came with fourteen men, who aided in lifting the bodies from the wagons and in preparing them for identification by removing as many stains of the disaster as possible.

By 10 o'clock thirty-three bodies had been taken to the pier which were so badly burned that recognition was almost impossible and they were left in the coffins. This fact, coupled with the necessity of sending back the empty boxes when the patrol wagons returned, caused a scarcity of coffins early in the evening which resulted in a consequent delay in removing the bodies.

Commissioner Drummond sent the Charities Department steamer Bronx to Blackwell's Island to bring down the supply of 200 coffins stored in the carpenter shop attached to the Metropolitan Hospital. She arrived with the 200 coffins at about 10:30 o'clock, and from that time on there was not delay for lack of coffins.

Death Certificates Ready in Blank.
There was some little confusion at the start because the police at the fire had begun to number the unidentified bodies as they left there, and at the Morgue they got another number from Morgue Keepers Armstrong and Fane, who attended to the numbering for their records. In an effort to straighten out things the police started a numbering system of their own and began the count with the number 200.

Coroner's Physician O'Hanlon began viewing the bodies to be prepared to issue death certificates as fast as they were identified. He made out blank certificates bearing the number given each body by the police and then signed his name. Thus as fast as a body was recognized he could get out the numbered and fill it in. Before 9:30 o'clock Dr. O'Hanlon had examined eighty-three bodies. At that hour ninety-four bodies had been received at the Morgue, of which eighty-four were women and girls and ten men and boys. About thirty-three were burned beyond recognition. By 11 o'clock there were 126 bodied, all but twelve apparently those of women. At midnight seven more had arrived.

A squad of detectives was on hand to take charge of the effects of the dead. In some cases they found the pay envelopes of the women in their stockings. One woman had an envelope containing photographic negatives of herself. The detectives collected a basketful of valuables taken from the clothing of the victims.

Many Italians Among Victims.
The crowd at Twenty-sixth street and First avenue contained more curiosity seekers than others, but here and there in the crowd were groups of beshawled women and girls, talking among themselves and waiting patiently for the chance to go down and verify their fears concerning their own kin. The police had no trouble keeping the crowd back because those who were there for a purpose were in the main Italians, and while they had little doubt that they would find their relatives on down beyond the brilliant lights at the end of the street, they were making no fuss about it.

Not over fifty of the crowd held back by the police at First avenue seemed to be there in search of friends or relatives. The men who were looking for wives or daughters or sweethearts appeared to be more aflected than the women. The majority of the victims appeared to be Italians, although there was a sprinkling of Hebrews. Most of the women were well along in years.

In the case of the bodies burned beyond recognition it was not difficult to see that they had fought off the flames as long as they could. In most cases they died with their hands stretched out in front of their faces and in a few instances they had turned their faces to the floor.

As no boats run from the East Twenty-sixth street dock on Sunday the work of identifying the dead can go on to-day without interruption. Police Inspector Walsh, who took command on the pier late in the evening, said that this was a fortunate thing, although it was expected that before the forenoon had passed the majority of those that could be identified would be taken away in the long line of undertakers' wagons that will there to-day. Up to a late hour last night only one wagon was on hand, and that was sent for the body of a person whose relatives knew he must have perished.

Public Let in After Midnight.
It was after midnight when the temporary morgue was thrown open to the public. At that time the crowd at First avenue and Twenty-sixth street, held there by police lines, had dwindled to about 300, mostly men. Most of the thousands who had gathered there had gone away, the police telling them to come back this morning. Seventeen men were the first batch let in. Dominick Leone of 444 East Thirteenth street, at the head of the line, said he had three cousins and a niece missing. The light was dim and a squad of police with lanterns helped the inquirers to scrutinize the coffins. At the fourteenth box Ernest Mule of 502 East Twelfth street pointed to the body of a women and identified her as a cousin, Mary Ullo of 437 East Twelfth street. Leone pointed out four bodies that he thought might be those of relatives. Near the end of the line he examined the body of a young girl. He said he knew her, but would not give her name until he saw his wife.

When the first seventeen men had finished viewing the bodies another party of seventeen was admitted and the work identification went slowly on.

Damage Estimated at $100,000.
Chief Croker estimated the damage to the Asch Building to be $100,000 at midnight. Representatives of fire insurance companies on the scene of the fire placed their estimate of the damage at more that a half million dollars.

There are two passenger elevators at the Washington Square entrance to the Asch Building and two freight elevators on the Greene street side. Near each of these two sets of elevators is a stairway which Chief Croker described as "so-called fireproof" stairs.

The building, which is of light brown brick and terra cotta, is a typical example of the tall loft buildings which have sprung up within the last few years west of Broadway and south of Fourteenth street since the cloak, suit and feather industry began to centre in this neighborhood. And it is one of the kind which three years ago caused Chief Croker to predict that the neighborhood some day would see a fatality such as that of yesterday.

The four alarms sent in brought more apparatus that the size of the blaze warranted, but as Chief Croker also predicted three years ago, the firemen found themselves only half able to fight flames eight stories above the street. The hardest work fell to the surgeons who responded to the first ten ambulance calls sent in and to the police.

When Capt. Henry of the Mercer street police station saw the magnitude of the catastrophe he immediately communicated with Headquarters for help. Almost as soon as his own reserves had arrived every reserve in the First and Second Inspection districts was hurrying to the scene. Until a late hour the police, directed by Deputy Commissioner Driscoll and the two inspectors and Capt. Henry, had the toughest bit of work before them that they have had to handle since the burning of the Slocum.

And when the bodies all had been laid in rows the police, headed by Inspector Schmittberger, went from body to body and tied to what was left of the clothing of each a red identification ticket.
INCIDENTS OF THE FIRE. Survivors Tell of the Fights and Struggles to Get to Safety.
In the immediate necessity of caring for the dead and injured the survivors of the fire were overlooked for a time. Many of them in their panic had run for blocks before they stopped. And for hours afterward men and women who had fought their way out of the press on the stairways or who had been carried to safety by Joe Zito, the elevator boy, or the New York University law school students were unable to describe clearly what they had suffered.

Anna Dougherty was one of the girls who escaped by way of the law school roof. When she reached the street her clothing was burned half off. She struggled with a policeman who tried to calm her, and at first couldn't think of her name.

"I don't know who I am," she told Policeman McGinn. "There was just a lot of smoke and terrible heat, with all the girls screaming and falling over each other, and then a little boy came-I think his name was Solly something -and he said, "Come on, girls; I know a way out!" He led us to the roof of the college building and the students came and, took us up a ladder."

A dozen girls who were working at machines near Miss Dougherty's were burned or trampled to death or killed by jumping. Among the tailors who were at work in the finishing room on the eighth floor was Max Rother. Rother heard the girls screaming and turned from his machine to find piles of clothing scattered along the sides of the room in a blaze. He did his best to hold back women who had lost their senses in fright and who had rushed for the windows, but as Rother told THE SUN reporter, it would have taken fifty men to control the 200 or 250 women around him.

A girl whom Rother tried to save struck him in the face, pulled from his grasp and before he could grab her again threw herself from the window. One of the worst features of the fire, Rother said, was the rapidity with which the big loft filled with gaseous smoke. Girls who called for one another couldn't see clearly in the haze. He remembered that one girl kept screaming, "Annie! Annie! Annie!" shouting for her sister, Rother thought - and what became of her he does not know.

Max Bernstein, one of the managers of the factory, tried to smother the fire on the eighth floor. With two or three men who kept reasonably cool under the circumstances. Bernstein formed a bucket line, but the fire was too hot for them. Then the manager tried to quiet the girls and get them to form lines for the stairs and elevators, but it was hopeless. As he described it after clinging to one another for a moment they would rush toward the doors and windows. Then one would trip and they would all go down together. In this way many of the girls were pushed from the windows.

Persons who arrived early at the fire saw these girls falling. These spectators could not believe that the objects were human beings whirling toward the street. The dresses of some of these girls were blazing, which added to the unreality of the sight. One man let loose a shout: "They're saving the dummy frames." "No, they're bolts of cloth," said a companion.

A moment later the two men turned their backs as girl after girl crashed to the pavement.

DEAD MOSTLY UNRECOGNIZED.
Some Names Obtained From Pay Envelopes at the Temporary Morgue.
Only a few of the dead at the Morgue have been recognized. The recognized lead the following list:

ABERSTEIN, JULIA, address not known.

ALTMAN, ANNIE, 16, of 32 Pike street

BENNEWITE, ABRAHAM, 30, OF 474 Powell street, Brooklyn.

BERNSTEIN, MOJSHE, of 309 Fifth street.

BIERMAN, GUSSIE, 22, of 8 Rivington street.

BUCALO, JANE, 19 years old. Of 49 Stanton street. Body at Morgue.

CAPOTTO, FRANCES, 17, of 81 Degraw street, Brooklyn.

CREBO, ROSE, 19 years old. Italian: no address known. Body at Morgue.

DOUNIK, KALMEN, 21, of 214 Monroe street.

DUSCHIN, a woman: first name and address not known.

FEINLISCH, REBECCA, 18, a stitcher of 10 Attorney street; died in New York Hospital late last night from burns of the body.

FURISCH, REBECCA, 17 years old, of 10 Attorney street.

KAPPLEMAN, BECKIE, 16, OF 191 Madison street.

KURITZ, BENNIE, 19 OF 406 East Tenth street.

L'Abbate, Annie, 16, of 509 East Thirteenth street.

LANSNER, FANNY, 21, of 78 Forsythe street.

LEHER, SAMUEL, 19, OF 143 Essex street.

LERDKRER, REBECCA, 19 years old, of 19 Clinton street; died at New York Hospital.

LEVINE, MAX, a cutter, address not known.

NICOLOSI, MICHELINA, 21, OF 410 Fast Thirteenth street.

NOVOBRITRKY, ANNIE, 20, of 113 Madison street.

PASQULINCA, ANTOINETTA, 16, of 409 East Thirteenth street.

ROTHNER, TEDDIE, no address; letter in pocket from H. Scott of 174 Walworth road, London, East

SARACINO, SARAFINI, 25, OF 118 East 119th street.

SARACINO, TESSIF, 20 , of 118 East 119th street.

SELTZER (man), first name and address not known.

SKLAVER, BERREL, 25 of 169 Monroe street.

STRUNT (woman), first name and address not known.

ULLO, MARY, of 437 East Twelfth street.

WANGES, BERTHA, 18 years old, of 207 Henry street, died at St. Vincent's Hospital.

WIENER, ROSIE, 23, of 119 East Eighth street.

WEINTRAUB, SALLY, 17, of 186 Ludlow street.

WEITZNER, a woman; first name and address not known.

The identification of these bodies is likely by reason of papers or other articles found on them:
Man, about 30 years old, 163 pounds. Had timekeeper's book in pocket and card of "Mr. and Mrs. J. Klein, 1625 Washington avenue. The Bronx." Also gold watch with monogram A.R.

Woman, 30 years old, 125 pounds, 5 feet 7, black dress. There were five rings on the fingers and gold earrings in ears.

Girl, 15 years old, 100 pounds, 5 feet 9 inches; wore green stone ring.

Woman, 25 years old. 115 pounds, black and white skirt and waist; wore gold chain and locket.

Woman, about 30 years old. 135 pounds, wore fur coat and black cloth shoes, also earrings set with white stones, and a plain gold and a white stone ring.

Woman, about 28 years old, 5 feet 4 inches, 130 pounds, wore coral earrings and a finger ring set with a ruby.

Woman, 30 years, Italian, t feet 3 inches, black hair. Plain gold ring on left hand with initials G.S.

Woman, 24 years, 5 feet 2 inches, black hair. Signet ring with initials T. L. Tan shoes.

Woman, 30 years, 5 feet 1 inch. Pay envelope bearing name Shena_____.

Woman, about 20 years old, 130 pounds, black hair, white shirtwaist and gray skirt. Ring with opal in centre surrounded by four rubies.

Man wearing signet ring marked B. S.; on outside of notebook in pocket name "Spear." In his pocket receipts made out to "Mr. Isner."

Woman, about 25 years old. Wore gold ring initialed A. O. on right hand.

Woman with laundry check bearing signature of I. Goldberg.

CALLUP, NATHAN, 40, 736 Fifth street. Watchman. Burns about body. St. Vincent's Hospital.

FITZE, DAISY, 24, 11 Charlton street. Operator. Fracture of left arm and contusions of face. New York Hospital.

GROSSMAN, PAULINE, 13, 96 East Seventh street. Internal injuries and fracture of right ankle. Bellevue Hospital.

HARRIS, ESTHER, 21, 131 Chester street, Brooklyn. Burns about body, face and head. St. Vincent's Hospital.

HIMMELSTEIN, DORA, 20, 250 Madison street. Shock. St. Vincent's Hospital.

JUPLA, SARAH, 18, 1303 Webster avenue. The Bronx. Left knee sprained. St. Vincent's Hospital.

KUPPLEMAN, BESSIE, 20, 51 Madison street. Burns about body and general contusions of body. St. Vincent's Hospital.

LEVIN, SAMUEL, 29, 1962 Atlantic avenue. Brooklyn. Shock and contusions of body; burns on arms and hands. New York Hospital.

MILLER, ANNIE, 17, 54 Attorney street. Fracture of left leg. St. Vincent's Hospital.

MISNELI, HYMAN, 21 332 East Fifteenth street. Shock. St. Vincent's Hospital.

Nrubeer, Becky, 19, 19 Clinton street. Fracture of right leg and burns about body. New York Hospital.

NICHOLAS, ANNIE, 126 East 110th street. Internal injuries. Bellevue Hospital.

ROSEN, ANNIE, 25, 90 East Broadway. Shock. Bellevue Hospital.

RUBINO, KATE, 17, 265 Madison street. Shock. St. Vincent's Hospital.

WREATH, BERTHA, 17, 205 Henry street. Fracture of right leg. St. Vincent's Hospital.

VOLMB, NATHA, Seriously injured. St. Vincent's Hospital.

ZALLUP, NATHAN, 35, 736 Fifth street. Shock. St. Vincent's Hospital.

ZELAKOWSKY, FRIEDA, 20, 69 East Twelfth street. Compound fracture of left leg. New York Hospital.

_____, BERTHA, 20 unconscious. St. Vincent's Hospital. [The Sun (New York, NY) March 26, 1911, Page 1 and 3]

Three Young Men in Human Chain
When It Gave Way, Four People Were Killed

New York, March 25: Miss Bessie Rosen, of 90 East Broadway, an operator for the Triangle Waist Company, recovered consciousness in Bellevue Hospital at 11 o'clock to-night and told a story of the saving of about a dozen girls from the burning building by means of a human chain formed by three young men in the University Building, which is separated from the wrecked building by an alleyway about eight feet wide.

The young men, who were apparently gymnasts, managed, by clinging together in some peculiar way, to form a bridge across this alleyway. Twelve of the terror-stricken girls crawled over the backs of the young men and through the window of the University Building to safety.

Then a man tried to cross, said Miss Rosen, and his weight was so great that the bridge gave way and all four men crashed to the bottom and were instantly killed. [The Washington Herald (Washington, DC) 26 Mar 1911, p1]

List of Victims
[This list was compiled by David Von Drehle, author of "Triangle: The Fire That Changed America."
Some names were listed with various names spelling along with various ages which are shown by forward slash / and parentheses.

ADLER, Lizzie, 24, multiple injuries. 324 E. 6 St. Identified by her brother Jacob. Source: Multiple newspapers, March 27.

ALTMAN, Anna or Annie, 16, fractured skull. 33 Pike St. Identified by her brother Morris. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

ARDITO, Anna/Annina, 25, burns. 509 E. 13 St. Times, April 2.

BASSINO, Rosie/Rose, 31, multiple injuries. 57 W. Houston St. Identified by her husband, Joseph. Sister of Irene Grameatassio. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

BELLOTA/BILLOTA, Vincenza, 16, asphyxiation/burns. 625 Washington St., Hoboken, N.J. Identified by her uncle, Ignazio Ratzo. Name also given as Ignazia Bellata. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

BENENTI/BENANTI, Vincenza/Vincenzo, 22, multiple injuries. 17 Marion St. Identified by Fideli Babenti (relationship unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 27.

BERNSTEIN, Essie, 19, asphyxiation/burns. 77 Essex St. Identified by her father, Morris. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

BERNSTEIN, Jacob, 22 (28?) (38?), multiple injuries. 224 E. 13 St. Identified by Jacob Lehman (relationship unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 27.

BERNSTEIN, Morris, 19, multiple injuries. 309 E. 5 St. Identified by his brother, Herman. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

BIERMAN/BIRMAN, Gussie, 22, burns. 8 Rivington St. Identified by Annie Brotsky (relationship unknown). Name also given as Gertie. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

BINEVITZ/BINOWITZ, Abraham, 20 (30?), fractured skull. 474 Powell St., Brooklyn. Identified by Isaac Weisman (relationship unknown). Name also given in various sources as Benowitz/Benowich/Robinowitz. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

BRENMAN, Rosie, age unknown (23?), asphyxiation/burns. 257 E. 3 St. Identified by her brother Joseph, accompanied by the family dentist. Sister of Sarah. Multiple newspapers, March 31.

BRENMAN, Sarah "Surka," age unknown (17?), asphyxiation/burns. 257 E. 3 St. Sister of Rosie. Times, April 2.

BRODSKY, Ida, 16 (15?). 306 102 St. Identified by her cousin, Minnie. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

BRODSKY, Sarah, 21, burns. 205 E. 99 St. Identified by her cousin, Morris, and her "sweetheart," Isidor Brozolsky, who recognized a gold ring he had given her. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

BROOKS/BRUCKS, Ida or Ada, 18, burns. 126 Graham Ave., Brooklyn. Identified by the cork soles on her shoes by a brother-in-law (name unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 28.

BRUNETTE/BRUNITTE, Laura, 17, multiple injuries. 160 Columbia St., Brooklyn. Identified by Libero Morello (relationship unknown). Name also given as Brunetta. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

CAMMARATA, Josephine, 17

CAPUTTO/CAPUTO, Frances, 17, multiple injuries. 81 DeGraw St., Brooklyn. Identified by Salvatore Natone (relationship unknown). Name also given as Capotto/Cabutto/Capatta/Capatto. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

CARLISI, Josephine, 31, multiple injuries/burns. 502 E. 12 St. Identified by her brother, Vincent Buccemi. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

CARUSO, Albina, 20, multiple injuries. 21 Bowery St. (Also given as 21 New Bowery St.) Identified by Annie DeLucca (relationship unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 27.

CASTELLO, Josie, 21, burns. 155 Cherry St. Identified from the style of her shoe by her brother, Benny. Name also given as Crastello. Multiple newspapers, March 29.

CIMINELLO, Annie, 36

CIRRITO, Rose, Rosie, or Rosina, 18, multiple injuries. 135 Cherry St. Identified by her brother (name unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 27.

COHEN, Anna, 25, burns. 104 Melrose St., Brooklyn. Identified by Louis Gabbe (relationship unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 27.

COLLETTI, Antonia or Antonina, "Annie," 30, burns. 410 E. 13 St. Identified by her mother, Rose, and by a cousin. The original identification was in multiple newspapers, March 27. That body turned out to be that of Rosie Freedman. The corrected identification was in the World, March 28.

COOPER, Sarah, 16

CORDIANO, Michelina, 25

DASHEFSKY. Bessie, 25

DELCASTILLO, Josie, 21

DOCHMAN, Dora, 19, burns. 524 E. 11 St. Identified by two false teeth by her cousin, Louis Shulowitz. Name also given as Clara and Dockman. Multiple newspapers, March 29.

DOWNIC/DONICK, Kalman, 24, severe injuries from jumping. 214 Monroe St. Identified by his brother-in-law, Harry Kurack. Name also given as Dovnik and as "Dominick Kalman." Multiple newspapers, March 27.

DRIANSKY, Nettie, 21

EISENBERG, Celia, 17, fractured skull. 14 E. 1 St. Identified by her brother, Isidor. Name also given as Isenberg. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

EVANS, Dora, 18,

FEIBISCH, Rebecca, 17/18/20?, multiple injuries/burns. 10 Attorney St. Identified by her brother-in-law, Jacob Gottfried. Name also given as Feibush/Feibusch/Ferbisch/Feicisch. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

FICHTENHULTZ, Yetta, 18, burns. 299 E. 8 St. Identified by her sister, Fannie. Name also given as Dichtenhultz. Multiple newspapers, March 29.

FITZE, Daisy Lopez, 24 26?), multiple injuries after jumping into net; died at New York Hospital. 11 Charlton St. Name also given as Dosie L. Fitzie. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

FLORESTA, Mary, 26

FLORIN, Max, 23

FRANK, Tina, 17/(16?), burns. 342 E. 11 St. Identified by a friend, Patrick ??rito. Name also given as Frank Tina and Jennie Franco. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

FREEDMAN/FRIEDMAN, Rosie/Rose, 18, asphyxiation/burns. 77 E. 4 St. Identified by her uncle, Isaac Hine. Originally identified as Annie Colletti. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

GERJUOY, Diana, 18

GERSTEIN, Molly, 17, fractured skull. 325 E. 101 St. Identified by her brother, Michael. Name also given as Gernstein. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

GETTLIN, Celia, 17, fractured skull. 174 Clinton St. Name also given as Celina Gittlin. Identified by brother, Morris. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

GIANNATTASIO, Catherine, 22

GOLDSTEIN, Esther, 20, multiple injuries. 143 Madison St. (Address also given as 33 Broome St. and 248 Broome St.) Identified by her brother Israel. Multiple newspapers, March 26-27.

GOLDSTEIN, Lena, 23 (22?), fractured skull. 161 E. 2 St. Identified by brother Jacob. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

GOLDSTEIN, Mary, 18, asphyxiation/burns. 161 E. 2 St. Identified by the buttons on her shoe by her brother, Jacob. World, March 31.

GOLDSTEIN, Yetta, 20, asphyxiation/burns. 282 Madison St. Identified through her signet ring and cuff buttons by her cousin, Abraham Levine. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

GRAMEATASSIO, Irene, 24, asphyxiation/burns. 6 Bedford St. Identified by her husband, Attore. Sister of Rosie Bassino. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

GREB, Bertha, 25, multiple injuries. 161 Nassau Ave., Brooklyn. Identified by her brother (name unknown). Name also given as Geib. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

GREENBERG, Dinah, 18, asphyxiation/burns. 273 Watkins St., Brooklyn. Identified by her brother-in-law, Abraham Mendelson. World, March 27.

GROSSMAN, Rachel, 17 (18?), asphyxiation/burns. 98 E. 7 St. (98 E. 3 St. ?). Identified by her cousin, Samuel Greenberg. World, March 27.

GROSSO/GRASSO, Rosie, 16, asphyxiation/burns.174 Thompson St. Identified by the style of her slippers by her cousin, John Zingalo. World, March 27.

HERMAN, Mary, 40, asphyxiation/burns. 511 E. 5 St. Identified by her brother, Dr. M. Herman. Her death was the specific subject of the coroner's jury, which found responsibility on the part of Blanck and Harris. Multiple newspapers, March 28 and

April 17.

HOCHFIELD, Esther, 22 (21?), asphyxiation/burns. 292 Monroe St. Identified through her jewelry by "a man who said he was [her] sweetheart" and by her father, Benjamin. Name also given as Hochfeld/Goldfield/Gochfeld/Gorfeld. Multiple newspapers, March 29-30.

HOLLANDER, Fannie, 18, asphyxiation/burns. 257 E. 3 St. Idenitified by her cousin, Joseph Wieselthiel. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

HOROWITZ, Pauline, 19, multiple injuries and burns. 58 St. Mark's Place, Brooklyn. Identified by her brother, Samuel Horowitz. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

JAKOFSKY/JUKOFSKY, Ida, 18, asphyxiation/burns, 294 Monroe St. Identified by her cousin, Samuel Saffre. Name also given as Jakobowski. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

KAPLAN, Augusta "Tessie," 18, multiple injuries and fractures. 326 E. 8 St. Identifed by her brother, Harry. Name also given as Caplan/Kepple. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

KAPPELMAN, Becky/Beckie, 18 (16?), badly burned. 191 Madison St. Identified by Yondel Johnston (relationship unknown). Name also given as Koppelman/Kabbleman. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

KENOWITZ/KANOWITZ, Ida, 18, asphyxiation and body charred; died at St. Vincent's Hospital. 238 Clinton St. Identified by by her cousin, Minnie Zubtkin. Name also given as Kenovitz/Konowitz/Kenowitch. Multiple newspapers, March 27-28.

KESSLER, Becky/Beckie, 19, multiple injuries. 276 Madison St. Identified by Morris Kessler (relationship unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 27.

KLINE, Jacob, 28, (23?) asphyxiation/burns. 1301 Washington Ave., Brooklyn. Identified through his watch by his cousin, Herman Kline. Name also given as Klein. Times, March 28.

KUHLER/KULA, Bertha, 20, asphyxiation/burns. 99 E. 4 St. Identified by Yeppa Titter (relationship unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 27.

KUPFERSMITH/KUPFERSCHMIDT, Tillie, 16, multiple injuries and burns. 750 E. Second Street. Identified by her uncle, Morris Schwartz. Name also given as Cupersmith/Kupersmith. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

KUPLA, Sarah, 16, multiple injuries; died at St. Vincent's Hospital, March 30. The last victim to die, she never regained consciousness. 1503 Webster St., Brooklyn. Multiple newspapers, March 31.

KURITZ/KURTZ, Benjamin "Benny," 19, multiple fractures and badly burned. 406 E. 10 St. Identified by his father (name unknown). Name also given as Kurt. Multiple newspapers, March 26-28.

L'ABBATO, Annie, 16, multiple injuries. 509 E. 13 St. Identified by brother Frank. Name also given as L'Abotte, L'Abbate. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

LANSNER, Fannie, 21, fractured skull. 23 Forsythe St. Identified by her brother-in-law, Charles Brass. Name also given as Launsner/Lanser. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

LAVENTHAL/LAULETTA, Mary/Maria Giuseppa, 22 (33), asphyxiation/burns. 604 Sutter Place, Brooklyn. Identified by her brother, Benjamin, and by her dentist. Name also given as Loventhal/Laventhol/Leventhal/Lowenthol. Multiple newspapers, March 27-30.

LEDERMAN, Jennie, 20 (21?), asphyxiation/burns. 152 E. 3 St. Identified by her ring by her brother, Morris. Multiple newspapers. March 27.

LEFKOWITZ/LIEBOWITZ, Nettie, 23, asphyxiation/burns. 27 E. 3 St. Identified by her brother, Archer. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

LEHRER, Max, 22 (18?), multiple injuries. 114 Essex St. Identified by Harry Melzer (relationship unknown). Brother of Sam. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

LEHRER, Sam, 19, multiple fractures. 114 Essex St. Identified by Harry Melzer (relationship unknown). Brother of Max. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

LEONE, Kate, 14, asphyxiation/burns. 515 E. 11 St. Identified by a lock of hair by her uncle, Dominic Leone. Times, March 28.

LERMARCK/LIERMARK, Rosie, 19, asphyxiation/burns. 177 E. 100 St. Identified by Nathan Lermarck (relationship unknown). Name also given as Lermack/Lermark. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

LEVENTHAL, Mary, 22

LEVIN, Jennie, 19, asphyxiation/burns. Address unknown. Times, April 1.

LEVINE, Pauline, 19, multiple injuries. 380 South 4 St., Brooklyn. Identified by her cousin, Louis Mart. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

MAIALE, Bettina, 18

MAIALE, Frances, 21

MALTESE, Catherine, (39?) asphyxiation/burns. 35 Second Ave. Identified on December 18, 1911, when her husband, Serafino, finally recognized one of her possessions. Mother of Lucy and Sara. Leon Stein, The Triangle Fire, p. 204.

MALTESE, Lucia "Lucy," 20, asphyxiation/burns. 35 Second Ave. Identified by her father Serafino. Sister of Sara, daughter of Catherine. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

MALTESE, Rosaria "Sara," 14, asphyxiation/burns. 35 Second Ave. Identified by her father Serafino. Sister of Lucy, daughter of Catherine. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

MANARA/MANARIA, Maria, 27, multiple injuries, 227 E. 28 St. Identified by her husband (name unknown). Name also given as Manabel. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

MANDERS, Bertha, 22, multiple injuries and burns; died at St. Vincent's Hospital. Address unknown. Identified by papers in her pocket. World, March 27.

MANOFSKY/MANKOFSKY, Rose, 22, multiple injuries; died at Bellevue Hospital. 412 E. 74 St. Identified by her mother (name unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 27.

MARCIANO, Michela "Mechi," 20 (25?), skull fractured and body badly burned. 272 Bleecker St., identified by Charles Curarbina (relationship unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 27

MEHL, Rose, 15

MEYERS, Yetta, 19, asphyxiation/burns. 11 Rivington St. Identified by her brother, Abraham. Multiple newspapers, March 30.

MIALE, Bettina, 18, multiple injuries. 135 Sullivan St. Identified by her brother, Joseph. Sister of Frances. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

MIALE, Frances, 21, asphyxiation/burns. 135 Sullivan St. Identified by her uncle, Pietro Dalio. Name also given as Maiale. Sister of Bettina. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

MIDOLO, Gaetana, 16, asphyxiation/burns. 8 Commerce St. Identified by her brother, James. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

MILLER, Annie, 16

NEBRERER/NEUBAUER, Becky/Beckie, 19, multiple injuries and burns; died at New York Hospital. 19 Clinton St. Name also given as Nersberger/Nerberer. Multiple newspapers, March 26 and 27.

NICHOLAS, Annie, 18, multiple injuries; died at New York Hospital. 126 E. 110 St. Identified by her mother (name unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 27.

NICOLOSCI, Nicolina, 21 (22?), multiple injuries and burns. 440 E. 13 St. Identified by Dominic Leone (relationship unknown). Name also given as Michelina, Nicolosi/Nicolosei. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

NOVOBRITSKY, Annie, 20, fractured skull and badly burned. 143 Madison St. Identified by her brother, Israel. Name also given as Vovobrisky. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

NUSSBAUM, Sadie, 18, asphyxiation/burns. 641 E. 6 St. Identified by "a peculiar stitch used in darning her stockings" by her mother, Clara. Name also given as Nausbaum. Multiple newspapers, March 27-28.

OBERSTEIN, Julia, 19, fractured skull. 53 Avenue A. Identified by her brother-in-law, Isaac Kaplan. Name also given as Aberstein. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

ORINGER, Rose, 20 (19?), multiple injuries; died at St. Vincent's Hospital. Address unknown. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

OSTROWSKY/OSTROVSKY, Becky/Beckie, 20, multiple injuries and burns. 108 Delancey St. Identified by her brother, Simon. Name also given as Astrowsky. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

OZZO, Carrie, 22 (19?), multiple injuries and burns; died at Bellevue Hospital. 1990 (1919?) Second Ave. Identified by her brother-in-law, John Scalia. Name also given as Uzzo/Nuzzo. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

PACK, Annie, 18, asphyxiation/burns. 747 E. 5 Street. Identified by her clothing by her brother Louis Ashkenazy. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

PANNO, Providenza, 43, asphyxiation/burns. 49 Stanton St. Identified by her husband, Frank. World, March 29.

PASQUALICCA, Antonietta, 16, multiple injuries. 509 E. 13 St. Identified by her brother, Nicholas. Name also given as Pasqualiato. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

PEARL, Ida, 20, asphyxiation/burns. 355 E. 4 St. Identified by her brother, Jacob. World, March 29.

PILDESCU, Jennie, 18, asphyxiation/burns. 515 E. 7 (11?) St. Identified by her sister, Yetta. World, March 29.

PINELLO, Vincenza, 22 (30?), asphyxiation/burns.136 Chrystie St. Identified by her brother, Louis, and by her dentist. Name also given as Vencenza. Multiple newspapers, March 29.

POLINY, Jennie, 20, asphyxiation/burns. 152 E. 3 St. Identified through the ring she was wearing, by her brother, Morris. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

PRATO, Millie/Emilia, 21, asphyxiation/burns. 93 MacDougal St. Identified by her brother, Anthony. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

REIVERS (Reines), Becky, 19 (18?), asphyxiation/burns. 215 Madison St. Identified through earrings she wore, by her cousin, Annie Marcus. Name also given as Reivvers/Reiners. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

ROOTSTEIN or ROTHSTEIN, Emma (22). Address unknown. Times, April 1, 1911.

ROSEN, Israel, 17, asphyxiation/burns. 78 Clinton Street. Identified through his signet ring by his sister, Esther. Son of Julia. Times, April 1.

ROSEN, Julia, 35, multiple injuries. 78 Clinton St. Identified by the braids in her hair by her daughter, Esther. Mother of Israel. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

ROSEN, Louis or Loeb, 38 (33?), asphyxiation/burns. 174 Attorney St. Identified by his sister and by his cousin, Mark Smelski. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

ROSENBAUM, Yetta, 22, asphyxiation/burns. 302 (802?) E. Houston St. Identified by a scar on her left knee, by her father and her brother, Samuel. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

ROSENBERG , Jennie, 21, asphyxiation/burns. 242 Broome St. Identified through rings she wore, by her uncle, Morris Grossman. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

ROSENFELD, Gussie, 22, asphyxiation/burns. 414 E. 16 St. Multiple newspapers, April 2.

ROSENTHAL, Nettie, 21, asphyxiation.104 Monroe St. Identified by her cousin, Herman Rosenthal. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

ROTHNER/ROTNER, Theodore "Teddy," 22, multiple injuries. 1991 Washington Ave., Bronx. Identified by his brother, Max. Name also given as Rottner/Rotha/Rothen. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

SABASOWITZ, Sarah, 17, asphyxiation/burns. 202 Avenue B. Identified by her father, Meyer. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

SALEMI, Sophie, 20 (24?), asphyxiation/burns. 174 Cherry St. Identified by her brother, Antonio. Name also given as Frances. Multiple newspapers, March 27-28.

SARACINO, Serephina/Sarafina "Sara," 25 (19?), asphyxiation/burns. 118 E. 119 St. Identified by her father, Vincenzo. Sister of Tessie. Name also given as Saretsky. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

SARACINO, Teraphen/Teresina "Tessie," 20, asphyxiation/burns. 118 E. 119 St. Identified by her father, Vincenzo. Sister of Sara. Name also given as Saretsky. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

SCHIFFMAN, Gussie, 18, fractured neck and skull. 535 E. 5 St. Identified by her sister Bertha. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

SCHMIDT, Theresa "Rose," 32, asphyxiation/burns. 141 First Ave. Identified through jewelry by her husband, Oscar. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

SCHNEIDER , Ethel, 30(20?), asphyxiation/burns. 95 Monroe St. Identified by her shoes by her uncle, Jacob Golding. Name also given as Snyder. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

SCHOCHEP/SCHOCHET, Violet, 21, asphyxiation/burns. 740 E. 5 St. Identified through jewelry, by her mother (name unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 27.

SCHWARTZ, Margaret, 24, asphyxiation/burns. 745 Brook Avenue, Bronx. Identified by her dentist. Name also given as Swartz. Her death was the specific subject of the trial of Blanck and Harris, December 4-29, 1911.

SELZER/SELZER, Jacob, 33 (30?), multiple injuries. 510 E. 136 St. Identified by David Grossman (relationship unknown). Name also given as Feltzer/ Seltzer/ Zeltner. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

SEMMILIO, Annie, 30, skull fractured and badly burned. 471 Ralph Ave., Brooklyn. Identified by her brother, Thomas Balsano. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

SHAPIRO, Rosie,17, asphyxiation/burns. 149 Henry St. Identified by clothing, by Max Segalowitz. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

SKLAVER/SKLOVER, Beryl "Ben," 25, fractured skull and burns. 169 Monroe St. Identified by Josef Redsky (relationship unknown). Name also given as Sklawer/Sklazer. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

SORKIN, Rosie/Rose, 18, multiple injuries. 382 Georgia Ave. Identified by her uncle, Louis Sorkin. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

SPUNT, Gussie, 19, asphyxiation/burns. 823 E. 8 St. Name also given as Spant/Sprint/Sprunt. Multiple newspapers, March 26 and 28.

STARR, Annie, 30 (32?), asphyxiation/burns. 734 E. 9 St. Identified by her cousin, Ida Dubaw. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

STELLINO, Jennie, 16, multiple injuries. 315 Bowery. Identified by her brother, Joseph. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

STERN/STEIN, Jennie, 18, multiple injuries. 120 E. 3 St. Identified by Fannie Pheffer (relationship unknown). Name also given as Stein. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

STIGLITZ, Jennie, 22, asphyxiation/burns. 231 E. 13 St. Identified by her fillings by her cousin, David Witzling, and by her dentist. Multiple newspapers, March 29.

TABICK/TABACK, Samuel, 18 (20), asphyxiation/burns. 513 E. 148 St. Identified by his cousin, U. Mansky. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

TERDANOVA/TERRANOVA, Clotilde, 22, multiple injuries. 104 President St., Brooklyn. Identified by her sister, Rose. Name also given as Terranova/Gerranova. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

TORTORELLA/TORTORELLI, Isabella, 17, fractured skull and burns. 116 Thompson St. Identified by her brother, Nicholas. Name also given as Torpalella. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

ULLO, Mary, 26 (23?), multiple injuries. 437 E. 12 St. Identified by Ernest Meule (relationship unknown). Name also given as Gullo. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

UTAL, Meyer, 23, asphyxiation/burns. 163 Chrystie St. Identified by his uncle, I. Robinson. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

VELAKOWSKY, Freda/Frieda, 20, multiple injuries; died at New York Hospital. 639 E. 12 (123?) St. Name also given as Freida and Vilakowsky. Multiple newspapers, March 27-28.

VIVIANIO, Bessie, 15, asphyxiation/burns. 352 E. 54 St. Identified by her brother, Rosario. Name also given as Viziano, Vivianis, Viviana. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

WEINER, Rose/Rosie, 23 (20), multiple injuries and burns. 119 E. 8 St. Identified by her sister Mrs. Minnie Rashke. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

WEINTRAUB, Celia "Sally," 17, multiple injuries. 187 (186?) Ludlow St. Identified by her brother, Max. Name also given as Weinduff. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

WELFOWITZ, Dora, 21, asphyxiation/burns.116 Division St. Identified by her uncle, Ephram Zabinsky. Multiple newspapers, March 28.

WILSON, Joseph, 21 (22), asphyxiation/burns. 528 Green St., Philadelphia. Identified by his fiancée, Rosie Solomon. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

WISNER/WEISNER, Tessie, 21 (27?), multiple injuries and burns. 129 Second Ave. Identified by Samuel Weiss (relationship unknown). Name also given as Weisner. Multiple newspapers, March 27.

WISOTSKY, Sonia, 17, asphyxiation/burns. 303 E. 8 St. Identified by Paul Judytz (relationship unknown). Multiple newspapers, March 27.

WONDROSS, Bertha, 18, multiple injuries; died at St. Vincent's Hospital. 205 Henry St. Identified by her mother (name unknown). Name also given as Wandrus.

Multiple newspapers, March 27, 1911
[This list was compiled by David Von Drehle, author of "Triangle: The Fire That Changed America."
Some names were listed with various names spelling along with various ages which are shown by forward slash / and parentheses.
Transcribed by Jo Ann Day]

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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire March 1911

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141 DEAD IN FACTORY FIRE Shirtwaist Workers Trapped Many Stories Up in the Triangle Co.'s Shop.

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Address Unknown by Kathrine Kressmann Taylor

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Address Unknown by Kathrine Kressmann Taylor

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How do the protagonist’s traits collide with the expectations of the era?

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The article “Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire” by Genealogy Trails compiles multiple newspaper stories written about the fire. The first stories were about the buildings' conditions before and after. Some of them included why it was an important event in history. Later on, they go into the details of the people involved in this fire, including the owner of the business and his family, the workers who died, and stories from people who survived. The police investigated every dead body found and identified it so their family and close ones knew what had occurred to the victims.

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In the book Uprising the daughters of Max Blanck were said to be Harriet and Millicent, Harriet was five years old and Millicent was said to be eleven or twelve at the time. However, this resource revealed an inaccuracy within the book. The Blanck daughters present during the fire were named Henrietta and Mildred, Henrietta was twelve years old and Mildred was four years old at the time of the fire.

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Sloan created this drawing for a Socialist paper, the New York Call. There was controversy, which is why it is an important piece. It was first published on March 27, 1911, and now resides in the Delaware Art Museum. The words “rent, profit, interest,” inscribed in the triangle represent what Sloan believed were the factors held responsible for the tragedy. The dagger in the form shows how the law would not protect the poor workers and how they’re also held reliable for this event.

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Address Unknown by Kathrine Kressmann Taylor centers around two good friends, originally German, who are in business together during Hitler's rise to power. Max is Jewish and lives in America, while his friend, Martin, returned to Germany with his family. Max attempts to continue to believe in his friend in spite of Martin's indoctrination into the Nazi ideology. The book is similar in many ways to the focal text Uprising, while still maintaining its own uniquity. The book is told through letters exchanged by the two friends, with two separate perspectives, similar to Uprising was told through three perspectives. Additionally, the stories both focused on times before the event that gained its historical significance. The different time periods undoubtedly distinguish the two, but the identities and changes in character witnessed within characters differs between the novels. In Address Unknown Martin becomes a believer in the Nazi ideology, turning his back on his friend and what can be assumed as his former beliefs, while in Uprising the characters, for the most part, are in agreement on the major issues within the book. Martin's original traits, as an outside observer, could be interpreted as being somewhat open minded due to his close relationship with Max. However, in the state of Germany at this time, these traits would lead to his ruin, resulting in a drastic change seen within the character.

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In Uprising, by Margaret Peterson Haddix, the main characters, Yetta, Bella, and Jane, all from different backgrounds but come and fight for the same goal, to end the suffering of factory workers. Yetta, an activist for factory workers' rights and a worker at the Triangle Factory, always stood against society if she needed to, and Bella, a young Italian girl who came to America to support her family, understood the importance of what Yetta was fighting for her and adapted her same traits against society. Jane, a wealthy girl who realized what kinds of experiences factory workers were going through, joined a union with Yetta and Bella to fight the community. Their lives intertwine until the end when the Triangle Factory goes up in flames, and Yetta and Jane die from helping others. Bella lives to tell their tale.

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"LOUD" by Sofia Carson concerns the loud manner of the singer. Especially as a woman, though better in current times, this trait is often unappreciated. This connects to the question of character traits in opposition to the expectations of the time. The song begins by mentioning the previously non-confrontational disposition of the singer, the protagonist of the song. The procession of the first lyric suggests that the protagonist begins to chafe against such meek manners. However, the most apt part of the song for this question is the refrain. "Are you getting uncomfortable now? I'm a little too loud for you now? Don't try and calm me down, I was made to be LOUD" (Carson). This connects to the essential question, as it details a trait of the singer that is not appreciated, the fact they are loud.

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"Yetta didn’t answer that, because it had been just her and Rahel and three or four others" (Haddix 19).

“I am finished, Jane thought, but it wasn’t like she was giving up. Giving up would have been marrying whatever boy her father picked out for her, drinking tepid tea the rest of her life with women she didn’t even like. This was more like a blaze of glory, seeing all her choices tallied up, seeing what her life had meant”(Haddix 304).

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This artwork represents the historical occurrence of The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, recorded in many newspapers with drawings and stories. This artwork was one of the drawings released, and it represented what the artist thought were the larger forces responsible for the tragedy and the struggles of working in the factories at the time. It reveals what the workers went through to create safer laws that protected them while they worked. These struggles and the fight in the artwork represent the traits all of these workers had that collided with the expectations of the era. The only way they could make a change is if they changed themselves against society.