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This pile is a collection of various articles which didn't directly relate directly to the project, but I thought I would include anyways. If you feel so inclined to extend this research further, here is a place to start.

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Below I've included three videos, all being news reports on the riots as they happened in real time. I implore you to watch them all and think about what narrative each is trying to push, if you believe they are trying to push one. I thought this would be a nice addition to the extensive NY Times articles, offering a different, yet similar, perspective.

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Below I'm including some sources that help 'humanize' Washington Heights. In this sense, I believe that these sources will help people who aren't from or familiar with the neighborhood gain access to how it functions, lives, and breathes. The main star of this section is a CUNY monograph, whose title I shortened to "Quisqueya on the Hudson" for the moment. The other source I included was a congressional resolution implemented by Representative Adriano Espillat to recognize the Dominican community and what we have done for the neighborhood. I hope that these two sources help you gain a better sense of Washington Heights as a whole, as well as implore you to research this further

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Below are some NY Times articles about the riots that I found in the archives. I've summarized their main points and interesting ideas for you, but I encourage you to look at them. I've included the links to the physical newspapers, instead of the transcribed articles, to get a feel for what it would be like to read these at the time. Who was reading them? What was the audience? While I cannot provide an answer with 100% confidence, I believe after a few articles that it becomes clear. These were not by Dominicans or for Dominicans, it was actually quite the opposite. These articles were by the white staff of the NY Times, writing for the New Yorkers that didn't dare to go passed 59th St. My mom always said that whenever she would take the train when she was younger, the demographic on the A train dramatically changed. 59th St., a part of Midtown, went express to 125th St., the beating heart of Harlem. My mom would tell me that whenever a white person stayed on after the doors to 59th St. closed, many weird looks were shared and given.

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This archive is dedicated to humanizing José "Kiko" Garcia's death and the larger movement surrounding it. I’d like to take time now to define what I mean by ‘humanization’. On one hand, this 'humanization' will take place through the personal connections I find in this archive. As a Dominican woman who has lived in Washington Heights her whole life, and the daughter of a Dominican woman who also grew up in the Heights and was in high school during the riots, I see many parts of myself here. On the other hand, this 'humanization' will take place through the perspectives I choose to portray. At face value, this Dominican, Washington Heights born movement is extremely polarized. It directly engages with issues of police brutality, discrimination, and distribution of resources in lower-income neighborhoods. By depolarizing this movement, a form of humanization occurs. The Dominican community in Washington Heights functions as a living and breathing body, and that understanding is key to interacting with this archive. Thus to 'humanize' a movement is to view such movement in more than just a political lens. It is to view it through a cultural, lingual, social, economic, spiritual, and diasporic lens. I'd like to highlight diasporic - that is the key to this specific form of humanization I am asking you, the reader of this archive, to engage in as you move through this page.

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"The march deteriorated with a confrontation with the police"

"In DR sometimes when they protest they burn tires, and the neighborhood seemed to copy that"

"On 181 people were just looting, like the sneaker stores"

"Me personally, I was not allowed to leave the house. There were not a lot of young woman out there. Young woman were definitely not allowed by their Dominican parents to leave the house."

"A lot of Dominicans were embarrassed, in regards to the looting. What is really about the man that was killed?"

"I don't think it would have happened if the LA riots hadn't happened. Police were very aggressive during that time in general. A lot of things would happen here or there that were horrible, but nobody ever rioted."

"For the first time people were like 'Oh, Dominicans are upset'. We were in the news. It was the first time that people thought this was a community that is growing and that means something. It created a dialogue between the mayor and the police and us."

"I will say there was a lot of drug dealing happening."

"He was known around the neighborhood as the cop who would eat dinner at Dominican mom's houses. If you were a young Dominican man, he would probably be aggressive with you. If you were a young Dominican woman, he was very flirtatious."

"You knew the cops. They knew the streets, they knew the community. They went into the bodegas, they knew the moms and the kids. They were beat cops."

"My boyfriend at the time was a young Dominican man living in the neighborhood. He told me that [NAME REDACTED] was really mean. He said, 'he stops us and harasses us'. I never experienced that cause he was really nice to me."

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"Our interviews confirmed the strength of a return ideology
among Dominican immigrants." (54)

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"Dersis participated in several Dominican organizations, especially Alianza, because “it made me feel closer to the community. But now I have three children to take care of and it’s hard to attend meetings.” (50)

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"A recurrent theme in our interviews was migration
as a constant search, in which people looked for—and sometimes found—rewarding experiences at the end of a painful struggle for survival and improvement." (46)

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"Our interviews confirmed that the majority of the Dominicans moved to the United States “in search of a better life” (buscando mejor vida, as they typically put it)" (45)

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"Many Dominican homes and businesses had small shrines with images of Catholic saints and the Virgin Mary in a corner of the hall or a private room" (41)

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"The buildings’ physical layout did not foster social interaction in the open, public spaces to which Dominicans are accustomed in their home country" (40)

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"During our fieldwork, a young man walked in the sidewalk with two roosters, a common sight in the Dominican countryside." (38)

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"Many store owners displayed their ethnic origin by blasting music on the sidewalk, usually merengue and salsa, sometimes bachata and bolero." (38)

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"A single Dominican entrepreneur from San Francisco de Macorís owned 12 of these places, and planned to open 50 more in the near future." (38)

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"In our block, street vendors sold oranges, corn, flowers, music cassettes, and the tropical ice cones that Dominicans call frío fríos. On hot summer days, small carts selling frío fríos appeared on major street corners. Children opened fire hydrants and played with water in the sidewalks. The men usually spoke Spanish, listened to merengue, said piropos to young women passing by, played dominoes, drank Presidente beer, played the lottery, talked about Dominican politics, and read Dominican newspapers such as El Nacional, El Siglo, and Listín Diario. Women took their children out on strollers, shopped at the bodegas, or talked with their neighbors in front of their buildings. Teenagers walked in groups to the local public school, bathed in the area’s swimming pools, or listened to rap music on huge cassette players." (36-37)

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"Nowadays, the neighborhood is commonly known as Quisqueya Heights, Quisqueya being the indigenous name for the island of Hispaniola (Larancuent et al. 1991)." (30)

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"In 1991, Washington Heights elected its first Dominican representative to the City Council, former school-teacher Guillermo Linares, thus beginning a process of political empowerment." (30)

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"Washington Heights currently houses about one third of all Dominicans living in New York City (Necos 1993)" (29)

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"As Juan Flores and George Yúdice (1993:215) note, the
“Latino experience in the U.S. has been a continual crossover, not only across geopolitical borders but across all kinds of cultural and political boundaries.” (26)

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"Transnational communities are characterized by a constant flow of people in both directions, a dual sense of identity, ambivalent attachments to two nations, and a far-flung network of kinship and friendship ties across state frontiers" (24)

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"🇩🇴Gentrification removed this landmark. It was the bodega that never really sold much. It was where you played numeros. Where men who worked jobs daily, hustled or ain’t even have a job sat on crates, drank, argued about baseball and Dominican politics, played dominoes and talked about women. I learned a lot about becoming a man there. I also unlearned some things as I grew older. I believe the era of Dominican men I grew up around is the model. It may not be in terms of certain views but I think it is in the aspects of enjoying life and being responsible. These men worked hard, were there for their families. And, on the weekend, they hung out with their families and friends. In 2019, while we try to look better than our own friends on Instagram, they were just trying to hang with theirs. They’ve grown into even better men today. That’s a big deal in a culture of machismo. Sometimes we criticize our foreign family for not changing. But how about we applaud them when they exhibit a willingness to grow.”-Claudio

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“🇩🇴 My father made it to New York in 1965 after fleeing the Dominican Civil war. After settling down in Washington Heights, a predominately jewish neighborhood, he was welcomed to by his friend Felix to work at a bodega, what would be later common among Dominican immigrants in the years to follow. He worked there for three years, then went to work for Swingline factory. They manufactured the old school heavy duty staples out of Long Island City, Queens. They outsourced to Mexico, forcing him to retire to Dominican Republic.” - Ray

Carmelo and Felix at the bodega on Amsterdam Ave and 166th St. Washington Heights, Manhattan. 1967.

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"Giuliani said the real issue was not racism among the rioting officers, but whether “the relatively minor occurrence of racial epithets, if they occurred at all, has been made the focus of this rally for political purposes.”"

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"John Haygood, a Black cameraman for CBS, was called the “N-word” by people in the crowd."

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"Officers climbed atop vehicles parked in front of the building, kicking and pummeling them."

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"officers chanting, “Dinkins gotta go!” and “The mayor’s on crack.” They carried signs bearing racist cartoon images of Mayor David Dinkins with humongous lips and nose and an Afro, including several calling the city’s first Black mayor a “washroom attendant.”"

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"There were many occasions when the cops would stop and frisk my friends and I for no apparent reason. It was a regular occurrence, we already knew the routine."

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"When we finally arrived at 163rd street, I couldn’t believe my eyes, the street cats were actually going at the cops. Bottles were being thrown, anything and everything was being set on fire and at the very beginning of the melee, the cops were being run off."

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The sheer amount of police that took over the streets during the riots was astounding. Cops in large groups took over almost every corner. A little girl clings onto her father, presumably in fear of the thirty plus police that stood behind her, ready to 'discipline' the people of her neighborhood. I believe this photo was captured on 155th St., the informal, but yet well-known, boarder of Washington Heights. As this father and daughter duo cross into Heights territory the police serve as a sort of boarder control, watching their every move.

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Pictured is a burning car in broad daylight. As the riots increased, so did the violence, seeping into the daylight.

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I see a lot of different faces in this photograph. I see faces of anger, of pride, of despair. I also see the face of the collective here. This is a beautiful showcase of Dominican culture to me: how we interact with one another, how we act as a group, and how we want to show off our culture. Besides the large Dominican flag help up, a great symbol of Dominicanidad stands tall. The man in the white shirt hold up high and proud something every Dominican has in their house: a platano. Eaten for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, the platano is the connection to the homeland. As my grandfather has said to me, platanos stick to your ribs, so when you're poor and busy working the fields all day you don't go hungry.

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What immediately drew me to this photo was the powerful emotion that seeps off of the screen and into reality, both yours and mine. It was also incredibly important for me to find a photo that only captured women. Creating this archive, I have found that the stories of women are incredibly rare and are generally decentered from the narrative. Though just one photo, I believe it speaks volumes.

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What mainly drew me to this photo was the mural in the back. I feel that it encapsulates Dominican anger and pride perfectly, through art. The thing that seems to be the hardest for people to understand about Dominicans, as well as Latinidades in general, is the way in which people move through life. There is something so beautiful about it. We move as a flowing and moving being, instructed by the beat of the

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This photo shows some of the police interactions with Dominicans that began with the riots, especially once they turned violent after dark. The store behind has its windows shattered and some of the store's items can be found scattered along the sidewalk, probably dropped when the police encountered the rioter. This side of rioting complicates the narrative of the 1992 protests and criminalizes it in entirety. The looting that occurred cannot be justified, but the looting that occurred is not at all representative of the movement as a whole. In order to humanize this movement, focusing on these violent and criminalized acts only gets in the way, pushing a narrative that is not representative of the whole.

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A sensible letter, written not from the staff of the NY Times, but from a loyal reader. The author is a white man, calling out the senselessness of the media's portrayal of all Dominicans as drug dealers.

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Dominicans Have Contempt for Drug Dealers

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To the Editor: “It’s Not the Rodney King Case” (editorial, July 9) speaks of disorders in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan following the death of Jose Garcia at the hands of a police officer and speaks of the town where I was born, San Francisco de Macoris in the Dominican Republic, as…

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This article describes how Kiko is being portrayed as a martyr for the Dominican people, something which should not be happening, in the writer's opinion. Kiko had cocaine in his system, and though not a huge amount, the writer condemns him for this.

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Police union officials yesterday accused Mayor David N. Dinkins of treating a Dominican man slain by an officer like “a martyr,” and fueling the violent protests in Washington Heights. The criticism, the sharpest yet in an escalating war of words, came as law-enforcement officials confirmed that t…

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This article dives into the Washington Heights' history with crime. It blatantly states that it has the most murders than any other neighborhood. It then goes into the specifics of 162nd St., where Kiko was murdered, talking about its dangerousness and criminal/drug activity.

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West 162d: Street of Despair -- A Special Report; Broken Dreams, Drugs and Gunfire Living Along the Cruel Pavement in Washington Heights

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When Sammy Jennings came to West 162d Street in Washington Heights in the early 1940’s, his singing career had begun to catch on, and it seemed only natural for a young black man like himself to move to the edge of the place known as Sugar Hill.

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The photo featured in this article captures candles laid out on the street, forming the shape of a cross. This article also makes the specific use of the term 'illegal alien', which is now outdated and no longer used.

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Shared Streets, Crossed Paths and a Death

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The only thing Jose (Kiko) Garcia and Officer Michael O’Keefe had in common was the sweltering, buzzing sidewalks of Washington Heights, a world where drug-fueled lawlessness too often seems to touch the lives of good and bad alike. Mr. Garcia, an illegal alien who came to this country four years…

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This article mentions how negotiation between the Dominican community and NYC Mayor Dinkins are beginning to lead lead to peace. A quote I enjoyed reads: "Dominicans are the most political community."

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New Leadership Forms In a Crucible of Violence

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A week of fires, bottle-throwing and other disturbances in the streets of Washington Heights after the July 3 shooting of Jose Garcia has produced a new political leadership in New York City’s Dominican community. Armed with walkie-talkies and wearing yellow ribbons, a cadre of Dominicans, from ho…

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This article spends a lot of time on the police injured throughout the riots. It also speaks about how the culture of Washington Heights remains among violence.

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Washington Heights Calm Shattered by Disruptions

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An uneasy calm that prevailed yesterday in Washington Heights was shattered last night when a powerful firecracker injured two police officers, including a captain. In a separate incident, 14 demonstrators were arrested when they confronted officers half an hour later, the police said. Before the…

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This article is the perfect encapsulation of transnationalism. San Francisco de Macorís sends the most Dominicans to the Heights, most of whom end up as drug dealers, sending this money back home. The city is then riddled with expressions of lavishness like expensive cars and designer clothes. Funerals of the drug dealers who die in the states are usually another emulation of this lavishness. However, Kiko's funeral back on the island was different from drug dealer funerals in DR. The funeral walked through his childhood home, a small house in a poor neighborhood, illuminating Kiko's belonging: of the working class, positing the belief that he was not in fact a drug dealer. The funeral in DR lead to a peaceful protest.

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For years residents of this town have been accustomed to seeing its sons returned in coffins from a life of drugs and adventure in New York. But they insisted today that the case of Luis Jose Garcia, a 23-year-old whose shooting by a police officer last week sparked days of turmoil in Washington Hei…

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This is an odd opinion piece. It brings in drugs and gangs, and the author details that connection to Kiko, though these connections have never been verified and have been argued against by Kiko's friends and family. There are very clear racist undertones apparent. The author wants Democrats to talk about the drug war more.

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Democrats and Ross Perot talk of the need for change in the way our governments think and act. All right. Washington Heights, in New York, gives them a chance to prove they are capable of doing anything about change except talk.

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Just as the article's title claims, the author detests the comparison of Kiko to Rodney King because of his apparent involvement with drugs. On one hand, he is sending back money to San Francisco de Macorís (if he was indeed a drug dealer - yet to be proven). On the other, drugs bad for neighborhood, so the police are right in that sense. The author is definitely dealing with the complications of this story and the drug war.

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As the beam of the Democratic Convention spotlight swings toward New York, people all over the country have reason to wonder about the death of a young Dominican named Jose Garcia at the hands of a city police officer last Friday. Anger in his Washington Heights neighborhood has boiled over into str…

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This article posits a new Dominican leader: the city councilman Guillermo Linares. This article is definitely a show of pride and community within the neighborhood through this tragedy.

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TENSION IN WASHINGTON HEIGHTS; In Unrest, a Dominican Leader Steps Into Spotlight

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At a news conference on the lawn of Gracie Mansion this week, City Councilman Guillermo Linares, his arm around the bereaved matriarch of the family of Jose Luis Garcia, gingerly plucked the microphone from Mayor David N. Dinkins. The Mayor had already answered the question about tensions between…

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This article talks about how Mayor Dinkins visits once again and tries to heed to both Dominicans and the police. For the first time in many days, Washington Heights stood quiet, with 2,000 police guarding its streets. People seem to be less worried about damage to city than the damage to residents, and the community as a whole.

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TENSION IN WASHINGTON HEIGHTS; Dinkins, Amid Crowd, Nurtures Fragile Peace

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Mayor David N. Dinkins’s visit to Washington Heights yesterday was the latest example of an aggressive strategy to restore peace through broad symbolic acts and small administrative actions. Sensitive and possibly risky political matters confronted the Mayor as a fragile calm held through the day.…

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This article discusses how the language barrier between the city and the neighborhood barrier posits issues. Mayor Dinkins wants to strengthen ties with community members, but alas there is some tension on that front.

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TENSION IN WASHINGTON HEIGHTS; Language Barrier Undermines Dinkins’s Efforts

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Struggling to keep the peace in Washington Heights after the fatal shooting of a Hispanic man by a police officer, Mayor David N. Dinkins has relied on Deputy Mayor Bill Lynch Jr. and other aides in pursuing a strategy that has proved successful in handling civil unrest in the past. There have been…

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This article offers calls for peace and condemnation of violence. Mayor Dinkins visits neighborhood again and offers more comparisons to Rodney King. There is more talk about Dominican discrimination and sets the scene for the types of people encountered in the streets: mourners + protesters. the article also illuminates that O'Keefe, the office who killed Kiko, had allegations of illegal activities.

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Tension in Washington Heights; Amid Dinkins’s Calls for Peace, Protesters Skirmish With Police

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New York City political and religious leaders issued passionate calls for peace in Washington Heights yesterday, even as groups of angry protesters engaged in brief street skirmishes with the police throughout the day and into the evening. The pleas for calm came with hundreds of additional police…

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This article offers the perspective of the police: how they feel hated and are done with the riots. They are angry at sympathy that is being shown towards Kiko and mad that the Mayor hasn't mentioned that the office who was involved with the murder of Kiko is alive. Definite dehumanization going on.

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TENSION IN WASHINGTON HEIGHTS; Feeling Betrayed, Police Grow Wary

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With the 34th Precinct station house under siege -- from crowds of chanting demonstrators on upper Broadway outside and from Federal investigators looking for signs of corruption inside -- the police officers reporting for duty yesterday after a long night of street disturbances were in a bitter, di…

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This article offers more specifics on neighborhood uproar. Mayor Dinkins visits neighborhood and appeals for peace and calm.

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Angered by Police Killing, a Neighborhood Erupts

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A neighborhood’s simmering anger over the fatal shooting of a Washington Heights man by a police officer boiled over last night as scores of people rampaged through a 40-square-block area. One man died in the violence and at least 15 people were reported injured, as people overturned cars, set fi…

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This article posits a true painting of Washington Heights. Includes quote from Alianza, a Dominican cultural center, which removes the drug problem from state of the entire neighborhood.

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Usually on warm summer nights in Washington Heights, the prevailing sound is merengue music blasting from bodegas, record stores and cars rolling along Broadway, rather than the crash of bursting bottles and the bang of exploding tires that echoed among the four- and five-story apartment houses ther…

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This article notes the differences in the story of what happened the night Kiko was shot, specifically the different stories of the neighborhood and the police. The 34th precinct, which watched over Washington Heights was already under federal investigation for its officers taking bribes from drug dealers. The uproar begins and a 20 block sphere is created to note the vandal. A map is used here...perhaps the rest of NYC did not bother to know what or where the neighborhood of Washington Heights was? It ends with Kiko's body returning to San Francisco de Macorís.

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Police Report On a Slaying Is Challenged

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After a night of violent disturbances in an upper Manhattan neighborhood where a New York City police officer fatally shot a 23-year-old father of two, the police and witnesses offered starkly differing versions of the shooting yesterday. Relatives of the victim, Jose Garcia of West 168th Street,…

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This is a general overview of the event, and the first reporting of the killing of José "Kiko" Garcia and any moments surrounding it in the NY Times. There seems to be lots of Washington Heights input on the situation as the reporter fathered information from friends and people in the neighborhood. This article also mentions that Kiko worked at a bodega and that his lawyer claims that he wasn't a drug dealer. A generally pretty humanizing article.

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Upper Manhattan Block Erupts After a Man Is Killed in Struggle With a Policeman

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A man carrying a concealed gun was shot to death during a struggle with an undercover police officer in the lobby of a Washington Heights apartment building on Friday night, the police said. The slaying prompted violent demonstrations on the block yesterday, with angry residents saying the shooting…

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This is a photo of two teenage boys from the Heights, one of them being Leo Fuentes who now goes by the name of Led Black. Leo was on of my mother's friend from high school. They went to Bronx Science together, though he was a year younger than her. She once told me that she new all the Heights kids well, they would all take care of each other and take the train home every day. Here Leo has just finished his junior year of high school. Once the riots started he knew he had to get out there and document (see: Led Black - Part 1). Behind him and his friend is a burning car, a symbol of the increased violence as the riots went on.

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Washington Heights Riots: Police kill Jose Kike Garcia -Preston Lopez - BCC-CUNY archive

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Washington Heights Riots: Police kill Jose Kike Garcia -Preston Lopez

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Washington Heights Protest, Pt. 1 (July 1992) - BCC-CUNY archive

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Washington Heights Protest, Pt. 1 (July 1992)

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Washington Heights Protest, Pt. 2 (July 1992) - BCC-CUNY archive

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0:00 / 2:46•Watch full video

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Washington Heights Protest, Pt. 2 (July 1992)

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People began starting fires, looting, and creating general destruction in the streets as the hours and days went on. Looking at photos of these riots, as someone who was not alive when they occurred, creates an immediate connection to the Black Lives Matter movement. Both movements began with peaceful protests that ended in riots that included looting, fires, and general destruction of property. It's interesting to view these riots through the now gained perspective of BLM. This could be an entire project within itself, so I'll refrain from extending this response to a long but incomplete analysis. However, I encourage you to think about this relationship as you move throughout this archive.

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This photo encapsulates the aftermath of one of the 'violent' protests. Protesters turned the dumpster over, in daylight revealing the trash collected over the past few days. About half of the trash seems to be newspapers, showing that as much as Dominicans from the Heights were a part of and experienced the movement, they were also reading about it. They wanted to know how they were being perceived and how they were being portrayed to the rest of the city and the broader world. Dominicans cared about how they were representing the island, the culture, as well as the broader Latinx community.

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The protests in the Heights all began as very peaceful demonstrations. Notice how there are only Dominican men captured in this photo. Even during these peaceful protests there was a fear of what might happen, and a fear of the police, leaving the young women at home (see: Mom's Testimonio). The center of the image is certainly the little boy who stands out in front of the crowd, seeming like he is leading the protest. He holds a sign that reads "New World Order: War on Blacks, Hispanics, and Labor". This sign puzzled me for a long time, and still does. Why was the inclusion of labor necessary for this specific movement? The discovery of the answer to this question is ongoing, and probably will be for a while.

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This photo was taken outside of the building that Kiko was murdered in. A very common display in Washington Heights, these memorials are an integral part of remembering the lost in the community till this day. This memorial contains a mix of a lot of things. First off, the focal point of this photograph are the funeral flowers. This is interesting because unlike most other memorials found in the Heights, this shows a clear sign of money spent. This is key to note because that shows that people in the neighborhood felt a deep care and passion for the passing of Kiko, and someone, or a few people, were willing to put their money towards it. Second to notice are the homemade signs, artifacts which are spewed all throughout this collection of photographs. Another common sight in these memorials are the prayer candles. Most likely they were brought from a botanica. Lastly, and probably the most interesting piece, is the newspaper clipping with the headline "He Begged for His Life". I think that this is the epitome of humanizing the movement. Bringing forward a representation of political conflict in the context of this Washington Heights memorial brings together these two opposites: incredibly interpersonal and incredibly impersonal.

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I like this photo because it includes two different versions of spelling for José Garcia's nickname: Kiko and Quico. I was originally interested to find out if 'Kiko' was a white-washed version of his nickname, but upon further research the two seem to be interchangeable. This photo also led me to examine the purpose of his nickname in the first place: why 'Kiko'? The only Kiko/Quico that comes to mind is a character from the Mexican sitcom El Chavo del Ocho. I remember so many days when I was little, sitting in my grandmother's house and watching it with her, my grandfather, and my great-grandmother. It was one of their favorite shows, and this re-discovery has brought me so much nostalgia.

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This is the only photo of José "Kiko" Garcia I could find. Well, the only photo I could find besides his body in the funeral home. Out or respect for him, and his larger legacy, I will not be including that in this archive. Many articles and reports about the death of Kiko and the riots surrounding it don't include a photo at all, and I wonder why. Was it an aim to dehumanize the riots? An aim to view these riots through a destructive, rather than constructive, lens?