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Assalamualaikum and hello!

Name: Putri Syazana bt Suhaini
Student ID: 2021373219
Group: ED242 4B
Lecturer: Miss Akmal Ahamed Kamal

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1) Printmaking is an art that focuses on transferring ink to paper or any type of surface using block, stone, wood, linoleum etc as a plate.

2) Printmaking enable an artist or printer to be able to produce artwork in large number.

3) Each individual copy is called a "print" or and "impression".

4) Multiple impression that is create by using the same ink, plate, color and technique is called "edition".

5) Artist proof is a print that was printed for the artist and not include the numbering of the edition.

6) Type of matrix including:
-plates of metal
-linoleum
-block
-stone
-fabric plates

7) Limited edition is an art piece that was a duplication of the original print. It also numbered or signed to signify it as limited production.

Printmaking is originated in China around 105 c.e. During the gothic and renaissance period of art, relief printing become popular in Europe. It's leading exponents were the old master

1) Albert Durer (1471-1528)
2) Martin Schongauer (1448-91)
3) Rembrandt (1606-91)
4) Goya (1746-1828)

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Katsushika Hokusai The Underwave off Kanagawa, 1892/1833. It is a woodblock print. It was created during the Edo period of Japanese history. The print depicts 3 boats moving through a storm-tossed sea, with a large waving forming a spiral in the center and Mount Fuji visible in the background.

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Francesco Rampazetto, 1575 (The earliest letter printer)

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Francesco Rampazetto, 1575 (The earliest letter printer)

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- Alois Senefelder invented lithography in 1798
- Limestone and the "correction fluid" became the primary ingredients of litography.
- In 1817 he designed a press that featured automatic dampening and inking of the plate.

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Relief Printmaking and Silkscreen Printmaking

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Relief Printmaking and Silkscreen Printmaking

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-This is a printmaking method that are carved using knives, chisel or carving tool to remove areas that that don't want to be printed.
-The ink is applied to the plate.
-Ink is rolled in all over the surface of the plate with a brayer.
-The most common types is woodcut, linocut, and wood engraving.

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-A print that produce from a linoleum block.
-Linocut is a method that the artist draw line using carving tools.
-The area that to be inked is left, without carving while the unwanted area is cut.
-When the cutting is complete, the block is inked and printed either by hand or foot pressure or by printing in a relief printing press.

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1) An image is designed and is prepared for transfer to the block surface.
2) The image is new transferred to the block.
3) The surface area that will not be printed is cancel away.
4) The remaining protruding surface is carefully inked.
5) The raised inked area is transferred to the surface to be printed.

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-A print made from a collage block.
-First made in the 19th Century. During the early 20th Century, artists such as Picasso, Braque and Klee used found objects to create artwork, which have inspired all printmakers to do the practice by doing collaging every item on printing plate.

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-A technique that produced from a block of end grain wood or hardwood.
-The first artist is known for illustration of natural history books, Thomas Bewick, A British Birds (1797-1804).
-This block firstly is rolled with the inked in the surface of block, and print on a paper. The cuts are made to the wood as white as the bottom of the cut and black as the top of the cut.

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-Silk screen is an image that imposed on a screen or other fine mash.
-Silk screen is mounted over the canvas with separate screen for the different colour. The screen or stencil are in place the artist role, sponge, squeeze, their ink over the silkscreen leaving design on the paper or fabric.
-It also called by seriagraphy or screen printing.

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-Intaglio printmaking is a method you are indenting the surface of place from steel or copper with tools or using acid.
-The plate then coated with ink and the surface is cleanly wipe afterwards so the ink will remain only in the indented area.
The paper needs to be dampened so the paper will be easier to catch the ink. Last, press it against the plate.

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Intaglio technique are engraving, dry point, etching, aquatint, stipple, and mezzotint.

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- Techniques that we create line to the image by creating the scratch mark to the plate using sharp needle.

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Engraving is the oldest and most common of the intaglio techniques. Lines are cut into a metal plate using the tools that being called burin or graver. After the process of incising lines has been finished, the plate is inked. Then the surface of the plate is cleaned and only the ink in the incised lines is left. A dampened paper is put on the plate. With the paper being pressed firmly against the plate, it absorbs the ink left in the lines.

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The plate is first covered with an acid-resistant wax or resin ground. Then the image is incised into the wax or resin layer with an etching needle. Finally the plate is dipped into acid. The acid bites into the exposed lines where the wax or resin was removed. These acid-bitten areas hold the ink.

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1) Dry point technique is a technique that we create line to the image by creating scratch mark to the plate using the sharp needle that are called dry point needle.

2)The point needle is used to incise lines to the plate and displacing ridges of the metal.

3) Where treated with the needle, rough metal edges are thrown up, the so called burr. This burr holds the ink very well.

4) Different from engraving, this burr is not removed before the printing process. The drypoint technique typically produce prints with irregular, more fuzzy line.

5) Tin or copper is the preferred material for the drypoint technique.

6) Drypoint has the disadvantage of a fast wear of the plate.

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-Mezzotint is another intaglio technique that produced smooth gradient of tone.
-The method of mezzotint is by coveringthe entire surface plate using a rough serrated tools call rocker to create indentation that hold ink. Then, the burnisher is used to smoothen the area that are purposely not to hold ink.
-The plate is smoothed in the area where the artist wants the colour to print in a lighter tone or not at all.
-Mezzotint require high skills as the working process goes from dark to light.
-It is and ideal technique for creating shadowed area and different tonal qualities.

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-Aquatint is a technique of etching that uses to create rich tonal areas. First, the plate is powdered with resin or asphalt and heats the fined grained particle to created porous acid resistant ground.
-Then the acid bite into the hole or scratch mark left on the plate. Aquatint character is to produce effect of printing rather than scratching of lines.
-Similar to mezzotint, aquatint is a technique to produce prints with the effect of printing rather whole areas than just lines.
-Typical for aquatint are the finely dotted areas.

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-Stipple print is created from a metal plate upon which the design has been produced using different sized small dots grouped together in order to create areas of continuous tone.
-Stippling is similar to etching technique.

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-Lithography in Greek words mean stone. It is a process of grease or oil and water to create print on a flat stone.
-The image will be drawn on the slab of stone using a special pencil. Ink is then smeared onto the image.
-The blank areas will repel the ink while where the drawing holds the ink.
-The paper is laid to the plate and used a press to print the image to the paper.  The technique is very suitable to make big print such as magazine.

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-Original form of printmaking used a small wooden board as matrix.
-Chinese introduced movable type sometime between 1041 and 1048.
-Bookmaking became much more possible and versatile.
-Printmaking has spread throughout the world, serving many purposes and artist over the centuries.
-Printmaking has spread throughtout the world, serving many purposes and artist over the centuries.

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-The earliest European prints date back to the beginning of the 15th Century when woodcut prints were use to make paper playing cards in Germany.
-The techniques soon passed down to artists, who used it to render bold figures against black backgrounds.
-Artists began creating more complicated designs, with architecture and landscapes in the background and elaborate boarders.
-Metal engraving, the first intaglio printing form, arrived a few decades later and soon became the most popular printmaking techniques for its refined results.
-The image combined tiny dots and shorts cuts punched into the surface.
-Unlike woodcuts, the metal matrix's sunken areas held the ink, which was transfered onto paper.
-The earliest known intaglio prints in the 1446, German print, "The Flagellation".

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-Printmaking masters emerged.
-The most notable was Albrecht Durer, a German artist whose travels in Italy let him influence the printmaking, world across Europe.
-His work brought great detail to his subject matter, including religion, history, folklore, mythology, and portraiture.
-He worked in woodcuts, etchings, drypoints, and metal engravings.
-Another notable master from the era, Albrecht Altdorfer, was the first to print landscapes as subject rather than background.
-Hendrik Goltzius, used his cuts to imitate different surfaces and textures.
-In Italy, Marcantonio Raimondi's rise marked a turning point in the printmaking art form.
-Reducing printmaking from an original art form to the craft of reproducing famous works.

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-Turned to etching
-Acid etching was seen as more creative, flexible and honorable.
-Printmaker Guido Reni developed the distinctive Italian style of delicate lines and dots.
-Jacques Callot gained the most acclaim as the first printmaker to use repeated acid bitting's to create tonal variations.
-He also use his own custom-made etching needle to recreate the swelling and tapering lines characteristic of engraving.
-Hercules Seghers, created many unorthodox prints like printing on colored canvases or placing white lines on dark backgrounds.
-He developed a uniques style dominated by rocky landscapes.
-He rendered everything from religious and historical subjects.
-He explored every possibility of the etched line.
-Japanese art form ukiyo-e emerged, marking a break from the culture's heavily Chinese-influenced works.
-Woodcuts depicted everyday life.
-Hishikawa Moronobu, who use street scenes, peddlers, and crowds as sub ject matters.

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-Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, was famous for his delicate, rhythmic patterns.
-Canaletto's inventive use of lines and textures mimicked color and light through his prints.
-Giovanni Battista Piranesi was prolific, with 3000 large etchings to his name.
-Satirist William Hogarth, ushered printmaking into England with his national school.
-His influence quickly sparked works from fellow caricaturist Thomas Rowlandson.
-William Blake took printmaking into new experimental form.
-Francisco De Goya used satire to comment on human folly, war and religious persecution.

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-Injected many aesthetic styles into the art world. Each artistic revolution brought its respective printmaking masters.
-The German invention of liyhography presented a new medium to artists, while the French influence dominated the European printmaking world.
-The country saw an artistic revolution at mid-century with the Barbizon school.
-The Barbizon school printmakers created landscape etchings that laid the groundwork for the impressionists to come.
-Impressionists like Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas, and Camille Pissaro create etchings, lithographs and monoprints in their distinct styles.
-Japanese woodcut made their way into Western consciousness.
-The Japanese artworks' exoticsm, simplicity and abstractions influenced Paul Gauguin, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and the American Impressionist Mary Cassat.
-Japanese artist continue to flourish and develop new printmaking techniques.
-Hokusai, was prolific, with a body of work encompassing 35000 drawings and prints.
-His series, "The 36 Views of Mount Fuji" is perhaps his most popular and includes the famed color print "Breaking Wave of Kanagawa"
-Hiroshige another Japanese artist, gained fame in Europe for his Impressionist like style.

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-Most famous artist explored printmaking.
-Pablo Picasso created over 1000 prints from woodcuts, linocuts, lithographs, etchings, drypoint and engraving.
-Other France-based artists including, Georges Braque, Henri Matisse, and Georges Rouault experimented with the form.
-In the century's second half, artist created more printed and introduced more technical innovations.

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-Modern printing technique also born.
-Chester S. Carlson invented the photocopy in 1938.
-Later popularized by the Xerox Coperation, the technology involved dry toner powder rather than ink.
-The machine used static electricity to bind the powder to paper.
-In 1969, inventor Gary Starkweather, introduced the laser print.
-The inkjet printer came on the scene in 1976. Used for fine art printing
-Japanese inventor Ichiro Endo, developed the technology while working for canon.
-The technology work by spraying tiny ink dots onto a page to form an image.
-IRIS printer came to market in 1985, become the first large format digital printer.
-First commercial printer adapt for fine art printing in the late 1980.
-Printer Jack Duganne coined the word "giclee" in 1991 to market inkjet printing to the fine art world.
-The IRIS printer remained the most popular fine art printer until 2010.

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-Text and image are transferred to paper or other media by means ink.
-Movable type as well as paper, first appeared in China, it was in Europe that printing first became  mechanized.
-Printing press in a lawsuit in Strasbourg in 1439.
-The invention of the printing press itself obviously owed much to the medieval paper press, in turn modeled after the ancient wine-and-olive press of the Medditeranean area.
-A long handle was used to turn a heavy wooden screw, exerting downward pressure against the paper.
-Wooden press reigned supreme for more than 300 years, with a hardly varying rate of 250 sheets per hour.
-Metal presses began to appear late in the 18th Century.
-The cylinder were first perceived and the application of steam power was cinsidered.
-Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected a power-driven cylinder press.
-Successively printed on the paper of 4 impression cylinders, producing 8000 sheets and hour in 2000 revolutions.

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-A printed paper consisting of textual, graphical, and sometimes both types of printing elements have been used for well-over 200 years to express art, advertise event, performance, products and service, and for war propaganda purposes.
-War propaganda purpose was particularly common during late 1800s and early 1900s.
-Introduction of radio and other print media, which later took the place of poster usage as primary source of communication with public.
-Originated in Europe with the Americas quickly following step.
-To create and feature "eye-catching" designs.
-Wide variety of sizes, styles and have been printed using a wide spectrum of printing techniques.
-Was invented in German, Alois Senefelder in 1796 but not utilized until the mid-to-late 1800s.
-Was believed to slow and too expensive.
-"Cheret's three stone lithographic process."
-The three stone were used to create vibrant posters with intense color and texture.
-Typically red, yellow or blue.
-Graphic and text using any colour of the rainbow.
-Technique included the Wood Block technique and the Intaglio technique.
-Wood block quickly spread thereafter to Japan, Europe and later the Americas.
-Carved into wood which is then "inked up" and pressed onto paper.
-Imagery would print mirror and colorless, so the etchings need to be backwards and multiple blocks.
-Utilization of metal to engrave imagery or text, which was then covered in ink and pressed onto paper.
-Zinc and copper however steel was used an occasion.
-Print posters in mass production, cheaper and faster.

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-Transition from organic posters to modern art.
-Industrial advertisement versus war propaganda.
-The mass production printing technique now utilized to create posters was the "photo offset" method.
-The object Poster Style ruled the 1950s, a style that turned everyday objects into big icons.
-International Typhographic Style dominated the poster scene during the 70s Which consisted of black and white typhpgraphic elements.
-The Post Modern poster is design using an offset printing process.
-This style predominantly graphic with design that appear more complex, helping to pave the way for computer graphic style posters of today.
-Posters still sold and displayed worldwide.
-To promote movie, events, concert, and they are also designed for art purpose.

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-Print collaboration is when a skilled artist works with a skilled printer to create a print that neither could make on his or her own.
-Their own concept and style of working, that is uniquely theirs but their grasp of the technical aspects of printmaking and lithography may be thin.
-Printer has all the technical skills.
-The two are experts in their independent fields and come together at the press to make something that is greater than thetwo halves.
-To focus on image while the printer make sure that it is technically possible.

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-Produced on a computer.
-Digital technology into the creation of an image or its printing.
-Not a reproduction but a limited edition work.
-Most digital images that artists made on the computer were transferred photomechanically to traditional printing plates.
-Scan in a drawing, photograph, painting or traditionally generated print.
-Create an entirely new image which is then printed using a computer printer of some sort.
-Prints initially created digitally can also be printed as etchings, lithographs, screen prints and etc, using photographic process.
-Some artist have taken up high-resolution digital printing process on computer controlled printers.

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-Digital printing no need to replace printing plate.
-Quicker turn around time and lower cost in digital printing.

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-Plate or matrices are made with a variety of surfaces such as wooden blocks, linoleum, incising on the plate or using acid on metal plate.
-Any type of plate can be use in fine printing as long as it accepts ink to the surface. Then the plate is inked and pressed on paper with high or low pressure depending on technique.
-In certain type of printing using press must be used to get suitable pressure.

-Relief, intaglio, Planographic, and Stencil is the 4 type of fine art printing.

1) Relief Plate- woodcut, lino or letterpress
2) Planographid plate- monoprint, monotype,lithography
3) Intaglio Plate- etching, photoetching, aquatint, mezotint
4) Stencil- silkscreen

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-The most common method of commercial printing also used for fine.
-It is a planographic method of printing.
-Crated with oily material and the nonmatrix area is differentiated by a chemical treatment that makes it receptive to water.
-Ink is rolled over the entire plate which is sponged with water before each print.

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-Acid etching was and is still used in the reproduction of high quality works of art.
-The process was initially used as a method of getting the artist's work into the hands as many people as possible.
-This substance is resistant to the acid chosen to be used.
-Using a variety of tools, reproduce the original work of art by engraving the image into the waxy ground.
-Submerged in a bath of the mordant after a prescribed time the plate is removed, rinsed off and the ground removed.
-The image left will be an exact copy of the engraver's work.
-The process of acid etching works equally well on the surface of stainless-steel plates, profiles, and sheets and other metal such as aluminum and brass.
-Mat in nature and will be texturally different from the unetched part of the stainless steel.
-Produce a non-slip grip to the surface of the stainless-steel making hand tools safer.
-Various acids commonly available that can be used to etched steel and stainless steel including hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or sulfuric acid.
-Ferric chloride is mixed with water in an one to one ratio and this will form hydrochloric acid in solution.
-Hydrochloric acid is commonly used to etch copper and it also works well on stainless steel.
-Copper sulfate is used to etch mild steels rather than stainless steel.
-Nitric acid is best mixed in a ratio of 1 part nitric acid to 3 parts clean water.

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-The earliest printing method, invented in China in the 8th Century.
-Woodcuts are printed in relief.
-Relief prints are printed from the surface of carved wooden blocks, linoleum, etched metal plates.
-The types of wood blocks used vary wildly depending on local georgraphy.
-The first is that it's perfectly flat and blemish free.
-No knot, cracks, or deep scratches.
-Softwood are generally, easier to carve but won't retain as much as detail as hardwoods.
-The best wood for printmaking is plywood.
-MDF, another manufactured option is a great alternative.
-Cheap, sold in large panel, and available about everywhere.

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High-end choice: Hardwood-veneer plywood

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Hardwood Block

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Softwood Block

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-Retains a fine detail
-Double-sided finish
-Suitable for water and oil based ink
-Sustainable timber
-Reasonably priced

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-Inexpensive
-Readily available everywhere
-Perfectly flat
-Great for large prints

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-High quality carving surface
-Holds super fine detail
-Great structural stability

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-High quality carving surface
-Holds super fine detail
-Easy to source

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-Inexpensive
-Easy to carve for beginner
-Very easy to source
-Leave interesting grain markings

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-Printing inks contain 3 components:
1) the vehicle
2) the colouring ingredients
3) the additives
-Rensponsible for transferring the color ingredients from the ink to the type form
-Generally insoluble in water and only slightly soluble in solvents.
-Stabilize the mixture and give the ink additional desirable characteristics.
-The color black is generally obtained from an organic pigments, carbon black.
-Create to give even coverage and consistency
-Water soluble inks are good for beginner
-Pick up ink created specifically for printing on fabric

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-Used to draw through hard ground or to scribe a line directly into a metal plate.
-Sharp point can be used as and etching needle to a degree.

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-Come in a variety of lengths and sizes.
-Reducing an area of a plate
-Manually removing a mark on a plate
-Will leave any mark on the plate which are can by reduced with sand paper and the a burnisher.

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-Smooth or polish the surface of the plate
-Decreases the etched tooth and the ability of an area to hold ink
-Create highlights in an intaglio prints
-Variety of shapes and sizes

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-Wheel mounted on a shaft with a handle
-Dot patterns, line patterns, or irregular patterns
-Bare copper as a means of quickly creating a texture that will hold ink

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-Carve away large areas or create fine details
-V-gouge is used to carve against the grain, U-gouge carves with the grain
-X-Acto knives to be a handy tool

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-An edition is a copy or replica of a work of art a master. It commonly refers to a series of identical impressions or prints made from the same printing surface, but can be applied to series of other media such as sculpture, photography and video.
-A single plate or printing surface has usually been restricted and declared as a 'limited edition'
-Limited to a specified number
-Dictated by the process
-The plate wears out but more commonly it is restricted by the artist or publisher
-Editioned prints are usually signed, numbered, and often dated by the artist
-An edition of twenty-five will be numbered 1/25, 2/25 and etc
-Accompanied by a number of proof prints, identical to the edition; those produced for artist are marked 'AP' (artist proof) and for printer publisher 'PP'
-'Bon a tirer' (good to print)

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Here are someof the things you can put on your print to identify them in the edition:
-1/5, 2/5; these are the edition number you should use if have 5 prints in the edition. You may also have other prints that are kept by you (an Artist Proof) or other designations to.
-WP; Working Proof
-GP; Guide Proof
-B.A.T; Bon A Tirer ; The perfect print
-AP; Artist Proof
-PP' Printer Proof
-HC; Hours Commerce
-UI; Unique Impression
-EV; Edition Verite
-CP; Cancellation Print

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-Print and numbered are on the left hand side at the foot of the print.
-The title is written in inverted commas in the middle at the foot of the print and we sign on the right hand side
-You can choose whether or not to include a date with signature
-Written in pencil not pen
-Numbered and sign along the bottom edge of the image
-Incorporated into prints

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-Usually use the x/y format where y is the total number in the whole edition and x is the individual number of the print
-Print are not necessarily numbered in the order in which prints were taken.

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-Check the print quality and design before printing an edition
-Shouldn't exceed 10% of the overall number in the edition
-They are usually identical to the edition
-Flawed prints omitted from the dition